classification. taxonomy branch of biology that names and groups organisms according to their...
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ClassificationClassification
TaxonomyTaxonomy Branch of biology that names and groups Branch of biology that names and groups
organisms according to their organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary historycharacteristics and evolutionary history
Can you classify these?Can you classify these?
AristotleAristotle first person to classify organismsfirst person to classify organisms
classified living things as plants or animalsclassified living things as plants or animals
grouped animals as grouped animals as land dwellersland dwellers air dwellersair dwellers water dwellerswater dwellers
he groups plants into 3 groups based on their he groups plants into 3 groups based on their stemsstems
his system was based on common nameshis system was based on common names
Why Doesn’t That System Why Doesn’t That System Work?Work?
many animals that live in the same environment many animals that live in the same environment are more closely related to others in another are more closely related to others in another environmentenvironment for example: whales are classified with fish in the water for example: whales are classified with fish in the water
and bats with birds in the air. Actually bats and whales and bats with birds in the air. Actually bats and whales are more closely related to each other as mammalsare more closely related to each other as mammals
common names vary from place to placecommon names vary from place to place for example: a dog in English is a chien in French, a cane for example: a dog in English is a chien in French, a cane
in Italian and a perro in Spanishin Italian and a perro in Spanish
descriptions are not always accuratedescriptions are not always accurate for example: jellyfish are not fishfor example: jellyfish are not fish
LinnaeusLinnaeus
devised a system that has hierarchical devised a system that has hierarchical categories categories
used morphology (form and structure) used morphology (form and structure) to categorizeto categorize
7 levels of organization7 levels of organization
what we use todaywhat we use today
Linnaeus’ levels of Linnaeus’ levels of classificationclassification
KingdomKingdom largest and most inclusive (there are 6 of them)largest and most inclusive (there are 6 of them)
PhylumPhylum called division in plantscalled division in plants
ClassClass OrderOrder FamilyFamily GenusGenus SpeciesSpecies
smallest and least inclusivesmallest and least inclusive only one organism type/species (eg. dog)only one organism type/species (eg. dog)
LionLion Great White Great White SharkShark
Percula Percula ClownfisClownfis
hh
Common Common OctopuOctopu
ssKingdoKingdo
mmAnimaliaAnimalia AnimaliaAnimalia AnimaliaAnimalia AnimaliaAnimalia
PhyluPhylumm
ChordatChordataa
ChordataChordata ChordataChordata MolluscaMollusca
ClassClass MammaliMammaliaa
ChondrichthyChondrichthyeses
OsteichthyeOsteichthyess
CephalapoCephalapodada
OrderOrder CarnivorCarnivoraa
LamnifomesLamnifomes PerciformesPerciformes OctopodaOctopoda
FamilFamilyy
FelidaeFelidae LamnidaeLamnidae PomacentridPomacentridaeae
OctopodidOctopodidaeae
GenusGenus PantherPantheraa
CarcharodonCarcharodon AmphiprionAmphiprion OctopusOctopus
SpeciSpecieses
leoleo carchariascarcharias perculapercula vulgarisvulgaris
More specifically within mammals:
LionLion JaguarJaguar OrangutaOrangutann
HumanHuman DogDog
KingdoKingdomm
AnimaliaAnimalia AnimaliaAnimalia AnimaliaAnimalia AnimaliaAnimalia AnimaliaAnimalia
PhylumPhylum ChordataChordata ChordataChordata ChordataChordata ChordataChordata ChordataChordata
ClassClass MammaliMammaliaa
MammaliMammaliaa
MammaliaMammalia MammaliMammaliaa
MammaliMammaliaa
OrderOrder CarnivorCarnivoraa
CarnivorCarnivoraa
PrimatePrimate PrimatePrimate CarnivorCarnivoraa
FamilyFamily FelidaeFelidae FelidaeFelidae PongidaePongidae HominidaHominidaee
CanidaeCanidae
GenusGenus PantheraPanthera PantheraPanthera PongoPongo Homo Homo CanisCanis
SpeciesSpecies leoleo oncaonca pygmaeuspygmaeus sapiensapien familiarisfamiliaris
(there are different breeds of dogs, but they are all the same species)
Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature
bi = 2 nomial = name nomen= bi = 2 nomial = name nomen= naming cloture= systemnaming cloture= system
The scientific name of an organism has The scientific name of an organism has two partstwo parts
GenusGenus speciesspecies
Ursus maritimus Trachemys scripta
Writing the NameWriting the Name italicized (or underlined if hand written)italicized (or underlined if hand written)
genus is always capitalizedgenus is always capitalized
species is always lower casespecies is always lower case
eg- eg- Panthera leoPanthera leo is the scientific name of a lion is the scientific name of a lion Canis familiarisCanis familiaris is the scientific name is the scientific name
of a dogof a dogCanis lupusCanis lupus is the scientific name of a wolf is the scientific name of a wolf
(notice the close relationship between the dog (notice the close relationship between the dog and wolf-they are in the same Genus together)and wolf-they are in the same Genus together)
Canis familiarisCanis familiaris Canis lupusCanis lupus
Important Vocabulary Prokaryotic: No Nucleus – BACTERIA Eukaryotic: Has Nucleus – Everything Else Autotrophic: “Self-feeding” – Producers / Make own
sugar.. Photo/chemo – synthesis. Heterotrophic: “other eaters” – consumers Locomotion: Can move from place to place. Cell Wall: outside of cell membrane. Provides protection
and shape. Multicellular: Made up of more than 1cell (cells specialize
and depend on each other.) Unicellular: Made up of only one cell. Not dependent on
others.
Six Kingdom SystemSix Kingdom System
PlantsPlants Animals Animals Fungi Fungi ProtistsProtists EubacteriaEubacteria ArchaeArchaebacteria bacteria
““Archae” means ancient:Archae” means ancient: Found in Found in very hostile (acidic / hot) environments very hostile (acidic / hot) environments like that of ancient Earth.like that of ancient Earth.
Six Kingdom SystemSix Kingdom System
Kingdom: ArchaebacteriaKingdom: Archaebacteria prokaryoticprokaryotic
unicellularunicellular
autotrophic and heterotrophicautotrophic and heterotrophic
many live in harsh environments like hot many live in harsh environments like hot sulfur sulfur springs and very salty lakessprings and very salty lakes
““archae” means ancient and seems to be archae” means ancient and seems to be direct direct descendants or very similar to the descendants or very similar to the 1st organisms 1st organisms on Earthon Earth
Kingdom EubacteriaKingdom Eubacteria
prokaryoticprokaryotic unicellularunicellular autotrophic and heterotrophicautotrophic and heterotrophic ““eu” means trueeu” means true includes many bacteria that affect includes many bacteria that affect
your life (like the ones that cause your life (like the ones that cause tooth decay, make foods like yogurt tooth decay, make foods like yogurt and cause food poisoning)and cause food poisoning)
Kingdom ProtistaKingdom Protista
eukaryoticeukaryotic unicellular and multicellularunicellular and multicellular autotrophic and heterotrophicautotrophic and heterotrophic look like plants but lack specialized look like plants but lack specialized
tissuestissues include giant kelp, euglena and include giant kelp, euglena and
amoebaeamoebae
Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungi
eukaryoticeukaryotic unicellular and multicellularunicellular and multicellular heterotrophicheterotrophic absorb nutrientsabsorb nutrients include mushrooms, mildews and include mushrooms, mildews and
moldsmolds
Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae
eukaryoticeukaryotic multicellularmulticellular autotrophic (rarely heterotrophic)autotrophic (rarely heterotrophic) most live on landmost live on land most use photosynthesis for energymost use photosynthesis for energy includes mosses, ferns, trees and includes mosses, ferns, trees and
flowering plantsflowering plants
Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia
eukaryoticeukaryotic multicellularmulticellular heterotrophicheterotrophic symmetrical body organizationsymmetrical body organization move about their environmentmove about their environment includes dogs, insects, birds, fish, includes dogs, insects, birds, fish,
coral…coral…
Three Domain SystemThree Domain System
A. developed by Carl Woese of the A. developed by Carl Woese of the University of IllinoisUniversity of Illinois
B. a classification system based B. a classification system based on molecular biologyon molecular biology
* compares sequences of * compares sequences of ribosomal RNAribosomal RNA
DomainsDomains
1. bacteria1. bacteria * eubacteria in six-kingdom * eubacteria in six-kingdom
systemsystem 2. archae2. archae * archaebacteria in 6 kingdom * archaebacteria in 6 kingdom
systemsystem 3. eukarya3. eukarya * includes 4 eukaryotic * includes 4 eukaryotic
kingdoms: protista, fungi, plantae and kingdoms: protista, fungi, plantae and animaliaanimalia