classification
TRANSCRIPT
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CLASSIFICATION
DIVERSITY OF LIFE
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Taxonomy
• Branch of biology that names groups of organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history
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History of Taxonomy• Aristotle (385-322 BC) classified
organisms into two main groups and then subclassified them into three categories
I. PlantsI. HerbsII. ShrubsIII. Trees
II. AnimalsI. LandII. Sea III. Air
Why is that method inadequate in classifying organims?
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Linnaeus System of Classification
• Developed by Carlos Linnaeus (Sweedish Naturalist) (1707-1778)
• Grouped Organisms by:– Hierarchal Classification– Used morphology
(Physical Appearance)
Evolutionary pattern
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Hierarchal Classification
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
SpeciesPneumonic Device:
Kings Play Cards Often For Great Splendor
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Address Analogy
Your NameRm A303
200 Horace Mann AveRed Lion, PA
USALabel the parts of an address as they would relate to the
following classifications:Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order,
Family, Genus, Species
Why is this method more accurate than Aristotle’s method?
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Binomial Nomenclature• Two word system to identify the species
Homo sapien or Homo sapien
Four requirements of Binomial Nomenclature
1. Always Latinized 2. Genus always capitalized; species identifier
never capitalized3. Written in italics or underlined4. Always need both words
Genus name Species Identifier
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Species Named By:
• Description: Homo sapien = wise human
Chaos chaos = amoeba
• Honor person: Linaea borialis = flower species native of Canada
• Geographic Range:Lynx canadensis
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Sytematics and phylogeny• Systematics: method of organizing
diversity of living things in context of their natural relationship
• Phylogeny: Evolutionary history of species or taxonomic group
• Phylogenic Tree: A diagram that displays the evolutionary history and relatedness of a group of organisms
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Phylogenic Tree
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Morphological ComparisonBrine Shrimp
Frog
Human
Sea Urchin
Tapeworm
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Embryological Comparison
Sea Urchin
Brine Shrimp
Frog
Human
Tapeworm
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Molecular Comparison
Sea Urchin
Tapeworm Brine Shrimp
Frog Human
Sea Urchin X 165 135 117 117
Tapeworm 165 X 187 180 179
Brine Shrimp
135 187 X 159 157
Frog 117 180 159 X 44
Human 117 179 157 44 X
# of DNA nitrogen base sequence differences in a segment of DNA
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Lines of evidence used in systematics
• Fossil record– Provides basic framework and order– Lack of consistent records= inadequate method
• Morphology– Physical features used to determine relatedness
• More homologous traits= more related
• Analogous features can make this inadequate
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Embryological development
• Uses pattern of development to determine relatedness
• Similar organisms tend to share more developmental similarities than adult morphology
• Disadvantage: environmental influences and the inability to see development lead to inaccuracies
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Molecular evidence • Compare subcellular molecules like DNA,
RNA, proteins to determine relatedness– Examples:
• # Amino acid differences
• Karyotype
• DNA & RNA sequence= less difference= more related
– Most accurate method b/c dealing with genetics