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• CLASSICS 181: CLASSICAL WORLD CIVILIZATIONS

• FAMILIARIZE YOURSELF WITH THE WEBSITE

The Roman Empire in 117 AD

Senatorial pro vinces

C:::JImperial provinces

C J Cl ient states

O c e a n u s

·1.--··---

Tr ibutaries

• Capita l City

Other C iies

Edic ts of Ashoka

Buddhist Sites

Synchronous Collapse of Ancient World Systems

Civilization Synchronous

Collapse

Conservation Collapse

Roman

Mediterranean

Principate 27 BC

– 180 AD

235-284 AD

Barracks

Emperors

Later Roman

Empire 284-565

BC

Invasions of

outsiders (Huns,

Germans, Arabs,

etc)

Kushan India ca.

150 BC – 200 AD

Collapse of

Kushan Empire

Ca. 200-320 AD

Gupta Dynasty

320-535 AD

White Huns

Han Dynasty

China ca. 200 BC

– 220 AD

Era of Disunity

220-588 AD

Sequence of

Disturbances

Tang Dynasty

618-907 AD

PREVIOUS ERAS OF SYNCHRONOUSCOLLAPSE

• EARLY BRONZE AGE CA. 2100 BC

• LATE BRONZE AGE CA. 1200 BC

• ROMAN ERA COLLAPSE CA. 500 AD

Working Definitions:

• Culture• State Formation• Civilization• World System• Resilience Theory

Resilience Theory – Societal Development Resembles Patterns in Organic Life

Release

Rapid Growth

Reorganization

Memory (Recursive Institutions)

• Long Fore Loops of Growth and Conservation; Rapid BackLoops of Release and Reorganization

Conservation

Archaeological Means of Dating1. Remote Sensing

2. Pedestrian Field Survey

3. Field Excavation

4. Artifacts

5. Features

6. Assemblage

7. Absolute chronologies

8. Carbon 14 dating

9. Relative Chronology

10. Stratigraphy

11. Seriation

• WRITTEN TEXTS

• literary texts, inscriptions, and coin legends

• Survival of texts

• Literacy

• Aristocratic bias – “great men; great events”

• Archaeological data eventless, la longue

durée

Chapter 3: Prehistory

Paleolithic Era (6.5 million – 10000 BP) Neolithic Era - 8000 – 3300 BC Pleistocene Era (2 million – 12000 BP)

Modes of Inquiry DNA MappingPaleoclimatology Language Families

Primates 35 million BP

Baboons 30 million BP

Gorilla 10 million BP 97%

Chimpanzee 8 million BP 99%

Hominids 6.5 mill. B 100%

Significance of upright posture – largerbrains, fashioning of tools

DATA FOR PLEISTOCENE ERA (2 MILLION - 9000 BP)

AMOUNTS OF OXYGEN 18 ISOTOPE CAPTURED IN ICE CORES IN NORTH ATLANTIC

(LAST GLACIAL ERA

the more Oxygen 18 in the Ice, the

colder the climate)EXTENT OF LAND SURFACES AND ICEMASS DURING

DNA Mapping – Anatomically correct humans (homo sapiens sapiens), ca. 200,000 BP, Eve and the 10 male haplotypes

3 Waves of Human Migration out of Africa:150000 BP, 80,000 BP, 50000 BP

71000 BP 40000 humans total

Genetic Drift / Genetic Bottlenecks

Origins of Race – 500 generations

LGM – 20000-18000 BP

Glaciers 3 miles tallSea level minus 130 meters

Younger Dryas 12900-9500 BP

Warming trend 10000 BP => dessificationGeographic Determinism

two thirds of domesticable cereals and grasses occur naturally in western Eurasia, only 6 grow naturally in east Asia, and only 2 in Australia and South America. Of the 14domesticable animals, nine resided in the Near East, 1 (the llama) in S. America, and nonein N. America, Australia, or sub-Saharan Africa.

Prepottery Neolithic A (PPNA, 9500-8500 BC)Gobekli Tepe

(PPNB, 8700 - 6000 BC).Tel el Jarmo; Gobekli Tepe (11-10000)

Oldest CitiesJericho (10-9000 BC), Chatal Huyuk (7300-6200

BC)

I. POLYTHEISTIC COSMOLOGY - PANTHEON OF GODS

SKY GODS (Olympic); EARTH GODS (Chthonic):

Anthropomorphic deities

• NUMINA – spirit forces

• HUBRIS – arrogance, to deny the existence of the gods

• SYNCRETISM = merging of religious world views

II. Principle Means of Communication with Ancient Deities:

Ritual,

Sacrifice, and Divination

• Oaths – combined prayer and curse

• Templum – ritually cleansed precinct for divine

communication

III.AFTER LIFE BELIEF SYSTEMS –Ancestor Cults, Hero

Cults, Mystery Cults

Sumerian gods:

Anu - sky god (Uruk)Enlil (Marduk, Zeus) air god (Nippur)Inanna (Ishtar, Aphrodite) - love and fertilityEnki (EA) earth and water, life giving (Eridu)Utu (Shamash) - JusticeNanna (Sin) - mood goddess (UR)Hadad - storm god

Bronze Age World ChronologyEarly Bronze Age 3100-2100 BC – Sumer and Akkad Middle BronzeAge 2100-1600 - BabylonLate Bronze Age - 1600-1200 BC

Bronze Age Near Eastern ChronologyPre-Dynastic Sumer: Uruk Phase 3700-3300; Jemdet Nasr Phase 3300-3000[Early Bronze Age 3100-2200]Early Dynastic Sumer 3300-2300 BC (Death Pit at Ur, 2600 BC)Akkadia 2300-2150 (Sargon the Great, 2334-2279 BC, Naram-Sin 2190-2154)Climate flicker - Akkadian regional collapse 2150 (Collapse of Old Kingdom Egypt 2180) Third Dynasty of Ur 2119-1940Early Bronze Age Regional Collapse ca. 1940-1750[Middle Bronze Age 2100-1600]Rise of Assyria, Babylonia, and Mari ca. 1800Hammurabi's Babylonia ca. 1790-1750 (dynasty lasted until 1590)Middle Bronze Age Regional Collapse ca. 1600-1500; More Invasions, Hurrians, Kassites, Mitanni (Indo-Europeans) (Collapse of Egyptian Middle Kingdom, ca. 1720; Hyksos Invasions) Minoan destruction c. 1600)[Late Bronze Age 1600-1200 BC]Competing Territorial States, Mitanni (1600-1400), Assyria (1800-through end of Bronze Age) andKassite Babylonia (1600-1200), New Kingdom Hittite Empire (1450?-1100), New Kingdom Egypt(1550-1070), the Mycenaeans (1600-1200 BC)Collapse of Late Bronze Age world system ca. 1200-1000 BC

• Hydraulic Civilizations• Sumerian Kings’ List and Sargon of

Akkad• Language Families• Semitic languages, Sumerian,

Elamite, Indo-European

• Hammurabi’s Law Code: status /women

Writing Technology – cuneiformLanguage families:Sumerian – agglutinative languagesAkkadian Semitic languagesHittite- Indo-European languagesElamite – Dravidian languages.

The Behistun inscription of the Persian King Darius I (522 BC) discovered by Sir Henry Rawlinson, in 1838.

Mesopotamian social organization: Households – ration bowlsHammurabi’s Law Code, ca. 1750 BC

Lex talionis – eye for and eye

Social Status According to the Law Code

KING

NOBLES CITY COUNCIL PRIESTS

SOLDIERS MERCHANTS, ARTISANS, TRADERS SCRIBES, HIERODULES, SERVANTS

FARMERS FARMERS FARMERS

Dependents and Slaves Dependents and Slaves Dependents and Slaves

Mesopotamian Society:

Farmers – laoi – Corvée labor

Slavery – warfare, debts, impoverishment

Women - separate but parallel - women were not regarded asequals, but they were recognized as crucial to the wellbeing ofBabylonian society.

Marriage – contractually based

trial by ordeal; women outside the family were of “ill repute”

• women enjoyed social status best described as separate but parallel in this era. Since women could not serve in the military nor engage in public life, they lackedcommensurate socio-political status. However, they were recognized as the social agents most responsible for the reproduction of the family, the maintenance of household, and the preservation of society. Respectable, free-born, property-holding women were accorded enormous respect.

• in Mesopotamia marriages were arranged and the agreements were decidedly contractual, with women being exchanged as commodities. In essence, the woman was sold to the husband to furnish him with children and to establish and maintain his household. The tendency of early agricultural societies to view women as property appears to explain the uniquely separate” character of female status.

• most ancient societies were patriarchal; the oldest surviving male controlledeveryone and everything in his household. The male patriarch was the dominant figure at the core of most ancient social structures.

• the range of freedom enjoyed by a woman in ancient society depended very much on her status. Female aristocrats and members of royal dynasties, enjoyedconsiderable freedom and opportunity; those in the middle of society wereconstrained by norms of propriety, but their status was protected and accorded respect. Those living at the bottom of society survived at a low threshold of existence.

CHRONOLOGY OF BRONZE AGE EGYPT

Old Kingdom - 2700-2200 BC (dynasties 4-6; era of pyramids; and the godlike Pharaoh)

First Intermediate Period (collapse of unified kingdom, anarchy, return to nomic levels of hierarchy)

Middle Kingdom - 2120-1780 (dynasty 12; the classic era of Egyptian scribalculture)

Second Intermediate Period (the period of Hyksos Invasions and the likelytime of Hebrew infiltration of Egypt, as recorded in the Old Testament)

New Kingdom (1550-1069) (dynasties 18-20; era of external empire, expansion into Canaan and Mesopotamia, mercenary armies and imported wealth from conquest and tribute)

Collapse of Bronze Age Mediterranean Societies (abandonment of external empire; invasion of Sea Peoples; survival of Egypt as isolated population

EGYPTIAN POPULATION ESTIMATES THROUGHTIMEBefore 3100 BC, less than 1/2 million3000 - 1 million2500 - 1.5 millionNew Kingdom (1400 BC) - 3 million100 AD - 7.5 million1882 AD - 7 millionToday - over 90 million

Hieroglyphics - Rebus script – Rosetta Stone – Champollion

Egyptian Ruler cult – Osiris Cult, Atum Creation Myth, Ma’at,sympathetic transference

Ka – vital essence or soul; Akh – glorified being of lightBa – personality, name, heart, shadow – possibility of afterlife –mastaba tomb, mummification

Pyramid – ramp and step to the sun, leads to the Akhet or horizon between world of light, and world of darkness; the Ba kept thespirit grounded to the earth, through supplication and ritual

By Middle Kingdom , Osiris the Judge of the Dead, afterlife possible for people besides pharaohs

2nd IM – Hyksos migrationsNew Kingdom – Egyptian world empire; great warrior pharaohs, Tutmose III (ca. 1450), 17 military campaigns in 30 year careerCanaan, Canaanite jars

FLOW CHART OF NEW KINGDOM HIERARCHY

1550-1069 BC

PHARAOH

GENERALS AND OFFICERS 2 VIZIERS CHIEF PRIESTS OF LUXOR AND KARNAK

CHARIOT WARRIORS MINISTERS AND LOCAL ADMINISTRATORS

SUBORDINATE ADMINISTRATORS

SCRIBES SCRIBES SCRIBES

INFANTRY WARRIORS SERVANTS SERVANTS AND ARTISANS

FARMERS AND SLAVES FARMERS AND SLAVES FARMERS AND SLAVES

Religious Turmoil – Hatshepsut (1450) and Akhnaton (1350)The Aton Cult, Akhetaton the new capital in the desertEvidence of calamity, royal deaths, renunciation of cult by Tutankhamon;military coup of 19th Dynasty

Despite professions of strength, evidence of military weakness during 20th Dynasty, Ramses II 1279 BC, Treaty of Kadesh, Sea Peoples (1220 BC)

BRONZE AGE AEGEAN CIVILIZATIONS:

• Minoan Crete (c. 3000-1500; high period 2000-1500); Main site: Knossos; West Semitic (Canaan)

• 2200-2000 Indo-European Invasions

• MYCENAEAN CIVILIZATION (c. 2000-1100,

high point, 1600-1100 BC); Mycenae; Indo-

European

• THE HITTITE EMPIRE (c. 2000 - 1200); Bogazkoy(Hattusas) Indo-European

Minoan Crete (c. 3000-1500; highperiod 2000-1500) Sir Arthur EvansKnossos, Palace-based economyWriting: Linear A script

INDO-EUROPEAN MIGRATIONS,2200-2000 BC – Hittites,Mycenaeans, Hurrians (Maryannu)

MYCENAEAN CIVILIZATION (c. 2000-1100, high

point, 1600-1100 BC)

Mycenae, Linear B, Megaron, Grave Circle A,

Tholos Tombs, Cyclopean Walls, Stirrup-jars

Mycenaean Hierarchy Flow Chart

King King among kings

King

Retinue ofWarriors

Retinue ofWarriors

Retinue ofWarriors

Artisans andscribes

Artisans andscribes

Artisans andscribes

Farmers and slaves Farmers and slaves

Farmers and slaves

MycenaeanStirrup Jars

THE HITTITE EMPIRE (c. 2000 - 1200)Bogazkoy (Hattusas),King Suppiluliumas I (c. 1344-1322 BC)conquered Syria, defeated the Mitanni, andsent his son, Zannzannza, to marrydaughter of the New Kingdom Pharaoh AkhnatonTreaty of Kadesh 1258 BC

The Ahhijawa and Alaksandar of Wilusa, ca.1250 BC

Societal Collapse of Late Bronze Age Empires 1250-1100 BC

The International Hierarchies – a family of nations, hierarchies distancedthemselves from their subjects (walled precincts.

Three likely scenarios:

•Habiru• Sea Peoples• Climate Change

• Treaty of Kadesh 1258 BC• Fall of Troy – 1250-1220 BC• Stele of Pharaoh Merneptah 1220 BC – Sea Peoples,

Israelites• Cyclopean Walls ca. 1200• Sea Peoples, 1180, 1096 BC, Named:

• Ekwesh (Akaiwasha) Ahhijawa, Achaioi• Peleset, Philistines, Kaphtor (Crete)• Tursha, Tyrsenoi, Etruscans, Aeneas => Romulus King of

Rome

Fired destruction of numerous sites; collapse of BA Aegean, Hittite realms, break down in regional trade and interconnectivity

Assyria, Babylon, Egypt survive, but diminished; new generatorswould be elsewhere

Ramses III and the Sea Peoples

1086 BC

IRON AGE CIVILIZATIONS:(Iron tools, Aramaians, the camel, horse cavalry)

• Phoenicia (1100-600 BC, high point c. 1000-800 BC)• The Assyrian Empire (1000-612 BC, high point c. 850-

612)• Neo-Babylon or Chaldea (626-539 BC)• Persia (c. 640-331 BC)

• ANCIENT ISRAEL• Era of the Patriarchs, c. 1850-1000 BC• 1200-1000 BC, Period of Judges; Settlement in Canaan• United Kingdom (1000-922 BC)

• King David 1000-961• King Solomon 961-922

• Divided Kingdom 922-721 BC

Phoenicia (1100-600 BC, high point c. 1000-800 BC)• reconstruction of the trade lines• the first true alphabet (22 letters• important innovators of material comfort and style

The Assyrian Empire (1000-612 BC, high point c. 850-612)Neo-Babylon or Chaldea (626-539 BC) Persia (c. 640-331 BC)• Persepolis, Ecbatana, Susa• Satrapies• Royal Road• Eyes and Ears of the King• Zoroastrian Religion• Iranian Hegemony

• ANCIENT ISRAEL• Era of the Patriarchs, c. 1850-1000 BC• 1200-1000 BC, Period of Judges; Settlement in Canaan• United Kingdom (1000-922 BC)

• King David 1000-961• King Solomon 961-922

• Divided Kingdom 922-721 BC• Assyrian Destruction of Samaria 721• Babylonian Destruction of Jerusalem 586 BC

• Babylonian Captivity 586-539 BC• Restoration of Judaea – Judaism, 539- ca.300 BC

Pastoral Origins => Settled agricultural Existence; Decalogue of “J”12 Tribes, suffetes, Yahweh, prophets; nomad austerity, transhumance, autonomyUnited Kingdom flow chart; prytany system, taxes, foreign hierarchy

KING

MERCENARY GENERALS FOREIGN PRINCESSES PRIESTS

OFFICERS AND ADMINISTRATORS ROYAL ATTENDANTS PRIESTLY ATTENDANTS

FOREIGN FINANCIERS FOREIGN FINANCIERS FOREIGN FINANCIERS

FOREIGN ARTISANS AND TRADERS FOREIGN ARTISANS AND TRADERS FOREIGN ARTISANS AND TRADERS

CITIZEN/SOLDIER/FARMERS CITIZEN/SOLDIER/FARMERS CITIZEN/SOLDIER/FARMERS

SLAVES AND NON CITIZENS SLAVES AND NON CITIZENS SLAVES AND NON CITIZENS

Indian Chrolonogy:

Indus Valley Civilization 2600-1900 BCInvasion of Indo-Iranians ca. 1700 BC Vedic Era – 1200-1000 BCEpic Era 1000-600 BCMagadha Empire 500-300 BCMauryan Dynasty 300-200 BCKushan Empire 50 BC -200 ADGupta Dynasty 300-500 AD

Mahajanapadas – Tribal entities of Epic Era India

Upanishads – Proto-Hindu Philosophy c. 1000-700 BC – Bhaghavad Gita – Battle ofKurukshetra

Shramana – Renouncing Philosophies – Jainism, Buddhism (Gautama’s Initial Debate– 61 opposing speakers)

S i \M A

v

M a g a d h a E m pir e (c a . 3 3 0 B C )

·-K us h a n E m pir e ( c a . 1 0 0 A D )

Upanishads – Proto-Hindu Philosophy c. 1000-700 BC – Bhaghavad Gita– Battle of Kurukshetra

Vedic Hymns – Brahman caste – highly ritualistic

Caste system – During the Epic Era, 1000-600 BC, they organized a strictlyordered caste system of social hierarchy. The caste system originallyrecognized the supremacy of the warrior caste, the Kshatriyas, followedby priests or the Brahman caste (who served as teachers, judges, assessors, and ministers), merchants and farmers (Vaisyas), and subsistence laborers (Sudras). A fifth group, the Dasyas or untouchables,gradually evolved outside the recognized orders. The Dasyas consisted of Dravidian elements that failed to merge successfully with the Indo-Iranian

In the Mahabharata the events of the Battle of Kurukshetra were related to the Kuru King by his minister Sanjaya. Below is dialogue that occurred between Krishna and Prince Arjuna regarding the need for action. Seeing his relatives arrayed for battle against him and recognizing the grave implications of his decision to send his forces into combat, Arjuna contemplates the adverse consequences of his action (not least of which to his soul) and the possibility of suicide.

"The Holy One said,--'Thou mournest those that deserve not to be mourned. Thou speakest also the words of the so-called wise. Those, however, that are really wise, grieve neither for the dead nor for the living. It is not that, I or you or those rulers of men never were, or that all of us shall not hereafter be. Of an Embodied being, as childhood, youth, and decrepitude are in this body, so also is the acquisition of another body. The man, who is wise, is never deluded in this…Do thou, therefore, fight, O Bharata. He who thinks the soul to be the slayer and he who thinks it to be the slain, both of them know nothing; for it neither slays nor is slain. It is never born, nor doth it ever die; nor, having existed, will it exist no more. Unborn, unchangeable, eternal, and ancient, it is not slain upon the body being perished. That man whoknoweth it to be indestructible, unchangeable, without decay, how and whom can he slay or cause to be slain?…Then again even if thou regardest it as constantly born and constantly dead, it behoveth thee not yet, O mighty- armed one,to mourn for it thus. For, of one that is born, death is certain; and of one that is dead, birth is certain.Therefore, it behoveth thee not to mourn in a matter that is unavoidable…The Embodied soul, O Bharata, is ever indestructible in everyone's body. Therefore, it behoveth thee not to grieve for all those creatures. Casting thy eyes on the prescribed duties of thy order, it behoveth thee not to waver, for there is nothing else that is better for a Kshatriya than a battle fought fairly. Arrived of itself and like unto an open gate of heaven, happy are those Kshatriyas, O Partha, that obtain such a fight. But if thou dost not fight such a just battle, thou shalt then incur sin by abandoning the duties of thy order and thy fame. People will then proclaim thy eternal infamy, and to one that is held in respect, infamy is a greater evil than death itself. All great chariot-warriors will regard thee as abstaining from battle out of fear, and thou wilt be thought lightly by those that had hitherto esteemed thee highly. Thy enemies, decrying thy prowess, will say many words which should not be said. What can be more painful than that? Slain, thou wilt attain to heaven; or victorious, thou wilt enjoy the Earth. Therefore, arise, O son of Kunti, resolved for battle. Regarding pleasure and pain, gain and loss, victory and defeat, as equal, do battle for battle's sake and sin will not be thine.

This proto-Hindu world view gradually supplanted the minimalist world viewof the Vedic tradition while reinvigorating it at the same time with complex concepts filled with high spiritual content.

Shramana – Renouncing Philosophies – Jainism, Buddhism (Gautama’s Initial Debate – 61 opposing speakers)