classical peripheries: emerging areas on the borders of classical civilizations

38
CLASSICAL PERIPHERIES: EMERGING AREAS ON THE BORDERS OF CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS

Upload: afric

Post on 16-Jan-2016

27 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

DESCRIPTION

CLASSICAL PERIPHERIES: EMERGING AREAS ON THE BORDERS OF CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS. THE CLASSIC WORLD. NOMADIC SOCIETY AND ECONOMY. Nomadic peoples Pastoral nomads Clans from common ancestors, with related languages Central Asia's steppes Good for grazing, little rain, few rivers - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: CLASSICAL PERIPHERIES: EMERGING AREAS ON THE BORDERS OF CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS

CLASSICAL PERIPHERIES:

EMERGING AREAS ON THE BORDERS

OF CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS

Page 2: CLASSICAL PERIPHERIES: EMERGING AREAS ON THE BORDERS OF CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS

THE CLASSIC WORLD

Page 3: CLASSICAL PERIPHERIES: EMERGING AREAS ON THE BORDERS OF CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS

NOMADIC SOCIETY AND ECONOMY• Nomadic peoples

• Pastoral nomads• Clans from common ancestors, with related languages

• Central Asia's steppes• Good for grazing, little rain, few rivers • Nomads and their animals; few settlements

• Nomads drove their herds in migratory cycles • Lived mostly on animal products • Produced millet, pottery, leather goods, iron

• Nomads and settled peoples • A love, hate relationship of war and trade• Trade, exchange: Nomads maintained caravan routes• Exchanged horses for finished goods including silk

• Fluidity of classes, gender in nomadic society • Two social classes: nobles and commoners • Patriarchal society but women accorded many rights, privileges

• Religions• Mostly shamanistic• Diviners influence forces of nature, interpret it

• Political and Military organization • Autonomous clans and tribes• Organized confederation of tribes• Loyalty to higher, stronger lord but generally autonomous • Outstanding cavalry forces

Page 4: CLASSICAL PERIPHERIES: EMERGING AREAS ON THE BORDERS OF CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS

THE NOMAD’S WORLD

Page 5: CLASSICAL PERIPHERIES: EMERGING AREAS ON THE BORDERS OF CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS

CENTRAL ASIA 2000 – 1000 BCE

Page 6: CLASSICAL PERIPHERIES: EMERGING AREAS ON THE BORDERS OF CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS

• Obscure pastoral nomads• Central Eurasian pastoral• Lived in area around • Northern Black Sea • Northern Caspian Sea

• Language • Is basis of Indo-European languages • Now spoken on every continent • Spoken by over ½ of world’s people• Spread throughout Eurasia• Left no written records • Deeds remembered orally and written down later

• Often called chariot peoples• Migration split culture into different branches• Hittites were first in “Western” History

INDO-EUROPEANSINDO-EUROPEANS

Page 7: CLASSICAL PERIPHERIES: EMERGING AREAS ON THE BORDERS OF CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS

PROTO-INDO-EUROPEANPROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN

• Groups• Indo-Europeans• Indo-Iranians• Indo-Aryans

• Chariot Peoples• Domesticated horse• Developed metallurgy technologies• Created chariots, archery, cavalry• Herded sheep, horses, cattle

Page 8: CLASSICAL PERIPHERIES: EMERGING AREAS ON THE BORDERS OF CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS

INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES AND GROUPSINDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES AND GROUPS

Linguists cannot date divergence of branchesLinguists cannot date divergence of branches Vocabulary includedVocabulary included

Mother-FatherMother-Father Mutter-Vater (German)Mutter-Vater (German) Matar-Patar (Sanskrit)Matar-Patar (Sanskrit) Madre-Padre (Spanish)Madre-Padre (Spanish) Mater-Pater (Latin)Mater-Pater (Latin)

GodGod Dyas (Sky God – Aryans/Sanskrit)Dyas (Sky God – Aryans/Sanskrit) Zeus (Greek)Zeus (Greek) Deus (God – Latin)Deus (God – Latin) Dios, Dieu (God – Spanish, French)Dios, Dieu (God – Spanish, French)

DreamDream Soma – God of Dreams, SanskritSoma – God of Dreams, Sanskrit Sonar – Dream, SpanishSonar – Dream, Spanish

Fire, CombustFire, Combust Agni – God of Fire, SanskritAgni – God of Fire, Sanskrit Ignite – Explode, combust, EnglishIgnite – Explode, combust, English

Page 9: CLASSICAL PERIPHERIES: EMERGING AREAS ON THE BORDERS OF CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS

FIRST MIGRATIONSFIRST MIGRATIONS

• c. 4500 BCE • First Indo-European cultures north of Caspian Sea

• Sub-division into tribes with distinct cultures

• Early chariots, stone idols, stone circles

• Domestication of the horse

• c. 4000 BCE • Indo-Europeans bury leaders in artificial hills with all belongings

• Anatolian migration begins

• c. 3500 BCE• Animal husbandry, permanent settlements, hill forts

• Subsisting on agriculture and fishing, along rivers.

• Beginning of Bronze Age

• c. 3000 BCE• Indo-Europeans extend across entire steppe north of Black Sea to China

• Migration begins into Europe from the Volga to the Rhine River

• Rise of distinct, individualized cultures with distinct languages

• Anatolian (Hittite) and Tocharian (in Xingjian Province)

• Loose contact spreads technology

Page 10: CLASSICAL PERIPHERIES: EMERGING AREAS ON THE BORDERS OF CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS

SPREAD OF THE INDO-EUROPEANSSPREAD OF THE INDO-EUROPEANS

SPREAD OF THE CHARIOT & HORSESPREAD OF THE CHARIOT & HORSE

Red—settling up to ca. 2500 BCE Red—settling up to ca. 2500 BCE Orange—settling up to ca. 1000 BCEOrange—settling up to ca. 1000 BCE

Page 11: CLASSICAL PERIPHERIES: EMERGING AREAS ON THE BORDERS OF CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS

BREAK-UP AND SPREADBREAK-UP AND SPREAD• c. 2500 BCE

• Rise of distinct proto-languages due to geographic separation and physical geography• Proto-Greek is spoken in Balkans• Proto-Indo-Iranian is spoken North of the Caspian Sea• Bronze Age reaches Europe

• c. 2000 BCE• Chariot is invented in its modern form• Chariot leads to split, spread of Iranians, Indo-Aryans over Central Asia, Northern India, Iran• Anatolian splits into Hittite and lesser languages

• c. 1500 BCE • Proto-Germanic and Proto-Celts emerge in Central Europe, Scandinavia• Proto-Celts become masters of bronze technology• Proto-Italians migrate into Italian peninsula• Rise of the Rig Veda and Vedic Culture in the Indus-Ganges River Valley• Mycenaean civilization arises in Peloponnesian Peninsula.

• c. 1000 to 500 BCE• Celts spread throughout Western Europe; Germanic culture arises in Scandinavia• Vedic Age gives way to Brahamanism and Upanishads• Medes and Persians establish Achaeamenid Empire in Southwest Asia• Zoroaster arises in Iran and composes the Gathas; Homeric epics written in Greece• Genesis of Italic and Greek alphabets• Thracian, Illyrian, Dacian languages arise in Balkans; Hittite goes extinct

Page 12: CLASSICAL PERIPHERIES: EMERGING AREAS ON THE BORDERS OF CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS

EURASIAN MIGRATIONSEURASIAN MIGRATIONS

Page 13: CLASSICAL PERIPHERIES: EMERGING AREAS ON THE BORDERS OF CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS

MIGRATIONS INTO EUROPEMIGRATIONS INTO EUROPE

Page 14: CLASSICAL PERIPHERIES: EMERGING AREAS ON THE BORDERS OF CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS

LATER MIGRATIONSLATER MIGRATIONS• In Europe

• Celts to Iberia, British Isles c. 750 BCE

• Scythians, Sarmatians c. 500 BCE along Black Sea

• Germans 100 – 600 CE in Central, Western Europe

• Slavs 300 – 700 CE from Eastern to SE, Central Europe

• Scandinavian (Vikings) 600 – 900 CE along rivers, coasts

• In Central Asia• Shang to China, c. 1500 BCE

• Bactrians to Persia, Afganistan 250 BCE

• Parthians to Persia 250 BCE

• Tocarians/Kushans to Afghanistan 100 BCE

• Sakas (Indo-Scythians) to Afghanistan, India 100 CE

Page 15: CLASSICAL PERIPHERIES: EMERGING AREAS ON THE BORDERS OF CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS

SCYTHIANS & SARMATIANS

Page 16: CLASSICAL PERIPHERIES: EMERGING AREAS ON THE BORDERS OF CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS

THE CELTSTHE CELTS• Celts

• History• Arose in Alps, Central Europe 1200 BCE• Settled in France, Spain, Britain, Ireland• Migrated into Italy, Balkans, Greece, Turkey around 1000 BCE• Paul’s Letter to the Galatians = Celt tribe of Turkey• Strong tradition of warfare, raids

• Civilization at Ancient Bronze Age similar to Mycenae Greece• Some cities but generally fortified hill sites• Grew wheat and barley and kept sheep, cattle and some pigs • Developed crafts, strong artistic tradition; pottery• Controlled salt deposits as source of trade• Strong trade with Mediterranean, Greeks, Etruscans

• Developed Iron technologies around 1000 BCE• Structures and hierarchies

• Organized into clans, tribes ruled by kings and druids• Polytheistic, deified nature: priests = druids

• Strong tradition of bards, story tellers, ballads, heroes, saints• Rome and the Celts

• Romans conquered Celts, Romanized Celts• Caesar conquered Gaul; later emperors added Britain• Organized Celtic lands into provinces, built cities• Blended Celtic-Latin culture: Assimilation• Exterminated Druid priests as they opposed Rome

• Ireland, Scotland retained independence • Christianity reached Celts by 3rd century CE

• Irish Christianity never effected by collapse of Rome

Page 17: CLASSICAL PERIPHERIES: EMERGING AREAS ON THE BORDERS OF CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS

CELTIC MIGRATIONS

Page 18: CLASSICAL PERIPHERIES: EMERGING AREAS ON THE BORDERS OF CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS

CELTIC WORLDCELTS

BECAME

TreveriHelvetiParisiVenetiRegniIceni

CaledonesCeltiberi

ANDLATER

IrishWelshScots

BritonsCornishManx

Page 19: CLASSICAL PERIPHERIES: EMERGING AREAS ON THE BORDERS OF CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS

THE GERMANS• Early Bronze Age History

• Original Homeland = Sweden• Migrated into Germany, Denmark

• Sometimes allies, slaves of Celts• later established independence of Celts

• Settled 2/3 of Europe• Eastern Europe, Central Europe, steppes of Ukraine• Pushed up to Rhine, Danube border

• Germans and Romans• With defeat of Celts, Germans became threat to Rome• Germans were stronger than Celts, defied Romans• In 1st century, defeated Romans, remained independent• Romans erected elaborate defense systems against Germans• Late 3rd century: Germans become Roman mercenaries• Late 4th century: Germans allowed to settle in Roman empire

• Society• Agrarian society: small villages, fortified areas; some trade• Strong tribes, loyalty to warlords; raiding very important

• Two classes: nobility and commoners; both owned land• Women had many rights in Germanic society

• Religion was a militaristic bloody polytheism• Christianity and Germans

• Missionaries moved, settled amongst Germans• St. Ulfias converts Germans to Arian Christianity

Page 20: CLASSICAL PERIPHERIES: EMERGING AREAS ON THE BORDERS OF CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS

THE GERMAN WORLDTeutonsBecame

GothsVisigoths

OstrogothsVandalsFranks

BurgundiansSueviAlansAnglesSaxonsJutes

LombardsNorsemenGermansAustrian

DutchFlemishEnglishSwiss

SwedesDanes

NorwegiansIcelanders

Page 21: CLASSICAL PERIPHERIES: EMERGING AREAS ON THE BORDERS OF CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS

GERMANIC MIGRATIONSGERMANIC MIGRATIONSThe Volkerwanderung

Page 22: CLASSICAL PERIPHERIES: EMERGING AREAS ON THE BORDERS OF CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS

THE EARLY SLAVIC MIGRATIONSSlavs wereOriginallyPart of the

GermanWorld.

The tribes were allied.

When theGermansMoved

West, SlavsWere ruled

First byHuns and

LaterIndependent.

They filledHun and German vacuum.

Page 23: CLASSICAL PERIPHERIES: EMERGING AREAS ON THE BORDERS OF CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS

SLAVIC MIGRATIONSSLAVIC MIGRATIONS Homeland: Pripet Marshes (Belarus)Homeland: Pripet Marshes (Belarus) 400 – 650 CE 400 – 650 CE

• Come to dominate Central, Eastern Europe Come to dominate Central, Eastern Europe

• Filled in for exiting GermansFilled in for exiting Germans

• Spread across CarpathiansSpread across Carpathians

650 – 750 CE650 – 750 CE• Spread into Southeast Europe, BalkansSpread into Southeast Europe, Balkans

• Byzantines too weak to preventByzantines too weak to prevent

• Bulgars (Turks) adopt Slavic customsBulgars (Turks) adopt Slavic customs

• Spread across Northern European Plain Spread across Northern European Plain

Page 24: CLASSICAL PERIPHERIES: EMERGING AREAS ON THE BORDERS OF CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS

LATE INDO-EUROPEAN STEPPE PEOPLES IN CENTRAL ASIALATE INDO-EUROPEAN STEPPE PEOPLES IN CENTRAL ASIA

Page 25: CLASSICAL PERIPHERIES: EMERGING AREAS ON THE BORDERS OF CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS

BORDERS OF CHINABORDERS OF CHINA

• Relative Location• Korea, Vietnam borders of China• Japan located off coast of East Asia

• Physical Characteristics• Korea, Vietnam

• Mountainous, cut by river valleys• Population located on plains

• Japan• Volcanic islands, very mountainous• Deep valleys with plains

• Demography• Peoples related to Chinese• Populace generally heavy on plains• Rice was principal crop• Cities exist but rarer than China

• Cities: centers of Chinese culture• Countryside: resistant to Sinification

Page 26: CLASSICAL PERIPHERIES: EMERGING AREAS ON THE BORDERS OF CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS

THE CONFUCIAN WORLD

Page 27: CLASSICAL PERIPHERIES: EMERGING AREAS ON THE BORDERS OF CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS

YUE, YUEH: WHO ARE THEY?YUE, YUEH: WHO ARE THEY?• Yangzi and South

• China: Two cultural hearths where agriculture arose• Yellow River were clearly Chinese or Han

• The peoples south of the Yangzi were not Chinese

• Rice, yams cultivated; pig, water buffalo, chicken domesticated

• Strong aquaculture and use of sea-borne technologies

• 1st Wave: Voluntary migration to Taiwan, Philippines

• The Yue and the Chinese • Ancient Chinese name for peoples south of Yangzi

• Chinese identify 100 different peoples

• Qin and Han push control south• Increasingly brought under Chinese influence – language, customs

• Ethnic Chinese settled throughout area

• People forced to migrate to hills, leave area• Second Wave: Westward into hills of Sichuan

• Third Wave: Southward into Vietnam

Page 28: CLASSICAL PERIPHERIES: EMERGING AREAS ON THE BORDERS OF CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS

MIGRATION IN EAST AND SOUTH-EAST ASIAMIGRATION IN EAST AND SOUTH-EAST ASIA

Conquests by Qin and Han armies plusConquests by Qin and Han armies plusPressure from Han peasants migratingPressure from Han peasants migratingTo south began the migrations.To south began the migrations.

Page 29: CLASSICAL PERIPHERIES: EMERGING AREAS ON THE BORDERS OF CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS

MALAYO-POLYNESIANSMALAYO-POLYNESIANS• Theories for Origin

• They migrated from Taiwan, Philippines

• They migrated from New Guinea

• They migrated from Yunnan down Mekong

• Dates• Hard to define

• Thought to be have begun around 2000 BCE

• Migration Pressures• Over-population

• Technology allowed ease of sailing, navigation

• Areas Settled• Indonesia, Philippines, Malay Peninsula, South Vietnam

• Madagascar, New Zealand, Hawaii

• New Guinea, Micronesia, Melanesia, Polynesia

Page 30: CLASSICAL PERIPHERIES: EMERGING AREAS ON THE BORDERS OF CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS

MAPPING THEIR MOVEMENT

Page 31: CLASSICAL PERIPHERIES: EMERGING AREAS ON THE BORDERS OF CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS

THE POLYNESIANS: OCEANIC NOMADS• Polynesians

• Originated in New Guinea• Developed shifting agriculture, portable agriculture

• Farm one area intensively, move on• Raised banana, taro, sweet potato, fish, pigs, chickens

• Sailing Technology• Double hulled canoes; central platform with sail• Use stars, winds, wave patterns, air/sea patterns, islands, atolls, birds

• Migrated across island chains in boats• By 1500 BCE settled Madagascar; by 300 CE Easter Island• By 500 CE settled Polynesia, Micronesia, Hawaii• By 1000 CE settled New Zealand – totally different climate

• Social Structures• Migration needed to avoid overpopulation

• Depleted resources, shortages, environmental degradation, conflict • Eastern Island was example of this problem

• Hamlet and villages• Hamlets on volcanic islands, up to 5 houses; often one family• Villages on larger islands, up to 30 houses; often an important chief, king• Society organized by extended families, clans

• Many taboos or prohibitions, laws regulating societies• Division of labor

• Men fished, women worked shore and land• Coastal Polynesians traded fish for inland products

Page 32: CLASSICAL PERIPHERIES: EMERGING AREAS ON THE BORDERS OF CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS

POLYNESIAN WORLD

KEY1. Polynesia 2. Hawai‘i

3. New Zealand 4. Easter Island

5. Samoa 6. Fiji

7. Tahiti

Page 33: CLASSICAL PERIPHERIES: EMERGING AREAS ON THE BORDERS OF CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS

OCEANIC NOMADSOCEANIC NOMADS

Page 34: CLASSICAL PERIPHERIES: EMERGING AREAS ON THE BORDERS OF CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS

MICRO, MELA, POLY-NESIAMICRO, MELA, POLY-NESIA

Micro = Small IslandsMela = Black Islands (Volcano)Poly = Many Islands

Page 35: CLASSICAL PERIPHERIES: EMERGING AREAS ON THE BORDERS OF CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS

EARLY KOREAEARLY KOREA• Pre-Historic Korea

• Region had extensive Paleolithic, Neolithic settlements• Evolved into pottery producing societies• Evolved both dry field, wet field production of rice• Practiced elite burial

• Gojoseon• Claimed to be the first Korean historical state• Founded c. 2300 BCE• People were descendants of Altaic tribes migrating from Manchuria• First capital was Liaoning but later moved to Pyongyang

• Bronze Age Culture to 400 BCE• Feudal culture became centralized• Agriculture expanded with new crops

• Iron Age Culture• Warfare in China pushed Chinese refugees into Korea• Refugees brought iron technology into Korea leading to collapse of state• Period saw rise of culture in Southern Peninsula which traded with Japan

• Han China• Qin and Han conquered Northern Korea, ruled them as four provinces• Fall of Han saw Korea independent with three rival states• Confucianism entered with bureaucracy

Page 36: CLASSICAL PERIPHERIES: EMERGING AREAS ON THE BORDERS OF CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS

EARLY JAPANEARLY JAPAN• Ancient Japan

• Earliest inhabitants were nomadic Caucasians (Ainu) from Northeast Asia• Japanese related to Koreans, migrated into islands, pushed Ainu north• Ruled by several dozen states dominate by clans, 1st millennium BCE• Shinto: Ancestor veneration with deification of nature, spirits (kami)

• Nara Japan (710-794 C.E.) • Yamato clan claimed imperial authority

• The imperial court modeled on that of the Tang • Built a new capital (Nara) in 710 C.E., modeled on Chang'an

• Adopted Confucianism, Buddhism, but maintained Shinto • Heian Japan (794-1185 C.E.)

• Moved to new capital Heian (modern Kyoto) in 794 • Japanese emperors as ceremonial figureheads and symbols of authority

• Effective power in the hands of the Fujiwara family, bureaucrats • Emperor did not rule; lived in splendid isolation along with court elite

• Chinese learning dominated Japanese education, culture • The Tale of Genji• Women contributed most to Japanese literature and writing

• Decline of Heian Japan • Equal-field system failed; Aristocratic clans accumulated lands• Rivalry between court nobility and landed aristocracy • Taira and Minamoto, the two most powerful clans, engaged in wars

Page 37: CLASSICAL PERIPHERIES: EMERGING AREAS ON THE BORDERS OF CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS

DAI VIET OR VIETNAMDAI VIET OR VIETNAM• Yue People

• Chinese name for Vietnamese

• Settled in Red River Valley

• Subject to Chinese rule until 900 CE

• Vietnamese State• Many Chinese cultural forms

• But distinctive Vietnamese qualities

• Constant battle with Chinese

• Later State• Pushed south along coast

• Settled Vietnamese peasants to farm rice, raise fish

• In early modern era, absorbed Champa

• Pushed up Mekong River against Khmer People

Page 38: CLASSICAL PERIPHERIES: EMERGING AREAS ON THE BORDERS OF CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS

THE VIETNAMESE & CHAMPATHE VIETNAMESE & CHAMPA• Genetic Markers

• Indicate an origin in South China• Southern Chinese (Yue, Intermarriage)• The Thai, Malayo-Polynesians

• Originated as the Yue People of South China• Came under increasing Chinese presence• Migration to avoid assimilation• Moved into Red River Valley

• Tributary to China for 1500 years• From 500 BCE to 1000 CE were tributary to China• Around 900 began successful revolt to throw off Chinese

• Vietnamese state expanded• Expanded south along coast – absorbed related Champa• Push inland from coast up to highlands

• Champa• A Malayo-Polynesian state establish in South Vietnam