Classical Conditioning

+ Intro to Operant Conditioning

Learning UnitMrs. Craig

Conditioning= LearningMeans the same as Learning

How do we know learning has taken place????

Learning is a permanent change in behavior

Ivan Pavlov- Russian scientist 1900’s First to discover classical conditioning Experimented with dog’s digestive system Famous experiment Discovered a neutral stimulus (bell,

footsteps) could be taught to dog to create salivation

Normally food creates salivation. First discovery on how learning occurs

Classical Conditioning Most primitive learning Starts with something that is born in the

organism—UCS UCS= unconditioned (unlearned) stimulus UCR= unconditioned (unlearned) response NS= neutral stimulus (no connection to UCS)

the NS becomes the CS over time CS= conditioned (learned) stimulus CR= conditioned (learned) response

Pavlov’s Formula for CC UCS to UCR (food to salivation)

NS + UCS to UCR (bell+food to salivation) or

“learning by association”

CS to CR!!! (bell to salivation)

Learning has occurred!!!

John B Watson Baby Albert Experiment Uses classical conditioning to teach fear Discrimination- fear of a specific stimulus

Generalization- fear of a general rather than a specific stimulus

Experiment with Baby Albert considered unethical today.

WHY??

Review of Classical Conditioning Starts with an unlearned relationship

(UCS to UCR) NS paired with UCS over time Learning takes place when the CR is

triggered by the CS (the original NS). Humans have very few inborn

unlearned relationships sooo……very few classical conditioning learning opportunities.!!!

OPERANT CONDITIONINGAnother form of learningCalled S-R-R theoryS= StimulusR= ResponseR(2nd one)= ReinforcementClassical Conditioning does NOT

use reinforcement at all!!!!!

REINFORCEMENT ALWAYS increases a behavior

happening again!!! Positive Reinforcement= praise/feels

good

Negative reinforcement= avoid something to increase a behavior“proactive”

Punishment decreases a behavior

Happens after aBehavior occurs“reactive”

Primary & Secondary Reinforcement Primary are necessary ex. Food

Secondary – can be turned into primary Ex. Money or grades

Punishment – 2 types Undesirable event following the behavior

A desirable event ends following the behavior

4 schedules of reinforcement Reinforcement that occurs after the next

correct response are based on time and behavior

Fixed and Variable Interval Fixed and Variable Ratio Interval means time Ratio means behavior

Fixed Interval Reinforcement after a specific amount of

time

Variable Interval

Requires a period of time before a reinforcement is given

but the time is variable- you never know how quickly

or how long it takes before receiving a reinforcement

Example- pop quiz or a nibble/bite during fishing

Fixed Ratio Reinforcement based on predetermined

number of behaviors ( you know how many behavior you need to perform to receive your reward!)

Variable Ratio Must perform undetermined number of

behavior before getting reward.( could be one or many more!) very strong motivator

could be addictive!