Classical Conditioning

Classical ConditioningIvan Pavlov – Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov – Russian physiologist given credit for classical conditioning given credit for classical conditioning

Classical conditioning is reacting in a Classical conditioning is reacting in a certain way to something (a stimulus) certain way to something (a stimulus) that one would not originally have that one would not originally have responded to .responded to .

Defined: a learning procedure in Defined: a learning procedure in which associations are made between which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a neutral a natural stimulus and a neutral stimulusstimulus

Classical Conditioning

Starts with a neutral stimulus (something that you Starts with a neutral stimulus (something that you normally wouldn’t respond to); normally wouldn’t respond to); In our experiment: the bellIn our experiment: the bellIn Pavlov’s experiment: the tuning forkIn Pavlov’s experiment: the tuning fork

Take the neutral stimulus and turn it into a conditioned Take the neutral stimulus and turn it into a conditioned stimulus (you now want a reaction to take place)stimulus (you now want a reaction to take place)

Conditioned stimulus – neutral event that causes a Conditioned stimulus – neutral event that causes a response after a time of trainingresponse after a time of trainingIn our experiment: the bellIn our experiment: the bellIn Pavlov’s experiment: the tuning forkIn Pavlov’s experiment: the tuning fork

Classical Conditioning

You also have an unconditioned response You also have an unconditioned response (it’s called unconditioned because this (it’s called unconditioned because this happens naturally) based on an happens naturally) based on an unconditioned stimulusunconditioned stimulus

Unconditioned response (UCR) – natural Unconditioned response (UCR) – natural response to somethingresponse to somethingIn our experiment: mouth water/ salivationIn our experiment: mouth water/ salivationIn Pavlov’s experiment: mouth water/ In Pavlov’s experiment: mouth water/ salivationsalivation

Classical Conditioning

Now, you take your unconditioned stimulus Now, you take your unconditioned stimulus (something that will have a certain (something that will have a certain response without training)response without training)and combine it with your conditioned and combine it with your conditioned stimulusstimulusIn our experiment: Fun DipIn our experiment: Fun DipIn Pavlov’s experiment: meatIn Pavlov’s experiment: meat

In other words, Fun Dip (sour taste) causes In other words, Fun Dip (sour taste) causes salivation, now we want to make the bell salivation, now we want to make the bell cause salivation.cause salivation.

Classical Conditioning

Through repetition, you present the Through repetition, you present the conditioned stimulus (bell) with the conditioned stimulus (bell) with the unconditioned stimulus (lemonade) to get the unconditioned stimulus (lemonade) to get the response (salivation).response (salivation).

Eventually, if you take away the unconditioned Eventually, if you take away the unconditioned stimulus (lemonade) and just used the stimulus (lemonade) and just used the conditioned stimulus (bell) you should get conditioned stimulus (bell) you should get your conditioned response (salivation).your conditioned response (salivation).

Classical Conditioning

Generalization – responding to something similar Generalization – responding to something similar to the conditioned stimulus (alarm/buzzing instead to the conditioned stimulus (alarm/buzzing instead of a bell)of a bell)

Discrimination – being able to tell the difference Discrimination – being able to tell the difference between the conditioned stimulus and the similar between the conditioned stimulus and the similar oneone

Extinction – when the conditioned stimulus is no Extinction – when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus, longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus, gradually the unconditioned response will fade (no gradually the unconditioned response will fade (no more lemonade at sound of bell, no salivating)more lemonade at sound of bell, no salivating)

Classical Conditioning -

ExamplesJohn Watson – Little Albert experimentJohn Watson – Little Albert experiment

- 11 month old baby- 11 month old baby

- played with lab rats- played with lab rats

- loud sound every time rats around- loud sound every time rats around

- Albert associates rats with loud sounds- Albert associates rats with loud sounds

- Albert terrified of rats.- Albert terrified of rats.

SO MEAN. SO MEAN.

Classical Conditioning -

ExamplesMy dad – the veterinarian. My dad – the veterinarian.

Method to keep cats inside: throw them out Method to keep cats inside: throw them out in the snow when they went near the door in the snow when they went near the door repeatedly until they no longer went near repeatedly until they no longer went near the doorthe door

Method to keep cats out of Christmas tree: Method to keep cats out of Christmas tree: shock pads. Some real, some fake (possible shock pads. Some real, some fake (possible generalization/ discrimination? Nope, they generalization/ discrimination? Nope, they weren’t smart enough) weren’t smart enough)

Classical Conditioning -

ExamplesMethod to keep dog from barking obnoxiously: Method to keep dog from barking obnoxiously: shock collar. Works until the dog jumps in the shock collar. Works until the dog jumps in the pool.pool.

Classical Conditioning -

ExamplesTaste Aversion - Taste Aversion -

Eating certain foods that have “made you sick” Eating certain foods that have “made you sick” (even though it could have been something else) (even though it could have been something else) – no longer want to eat those, or feel sick at the – no longer want to eat those, or feel sick at the thought/sight/smell of that particular food.thought/sight/smell of that particular food.

Usually after awhile extinction takes placeUsually after awhile extinction takes place

Operant Conditioning

Operant Conditioning

BF SkinnerBF Skinner

Learning in which a certain action is reinforced Learning in which a certain action is reinforced or punished, resulting in corresponding or punished, resulting in corresponding increases or decreases in occurrenceincreases or decreases in occurrence

In other words, operant conditioning is In other words, operant conditioning is learning from the consequences of behavior learning from the consequences of behavior (both good and bad)(both good and bad)

Difference from Classical

Conditioning In classical conditioning, the stimuli are In classical conditioning, the stimuli are presented regardless of the participant’s presented regardless of the participant’s behavior, whereas in operant conditioning the behavior, whereas in operant conditioning the participant behaves a certain way first, then participant behaves a certain way first, then gets some sort of outcome.gets some sort of outcome.

Classical – Behavior afterClassical – Behavior after

Operant – Behavior firstOperant – Behavior first

Reinforcement

Anything that will increased the likelihood Anything that will increased the likelihood that a certain behavior will be repeatedthat a certain behavior will be repeated

Positive & Negative ReinforcementPositive & Negative Reinforcement1. Positive – a reward or treat that 1. Positive – a reward or treat that encourages a certain behavior.encourages a certain behavior.Ex. – Kindergarten classesEx. – Kindergarten classes2. Negative – when something unpleasant 2. Negative – when something unpleasant is taken away after a certain behavior.is taken away after a certain behavior.Ex. – Alarm ClockEx. – Alarm Clock

Reinforcement

Two Types of Reinforcers:Two Types of Reinforcers:

1. Primary – naturally rewarding (such as 1. Primary – naturally rewarding (such as food, water, etc); it satisfies a biological needfood, water, etc); it satisfies a biological need2. Secondary – something that is rewarding 2. Secondary – something that is rewarding when it is paired with a primary reinforcer when it is paired with a primary reinforcer (money – rewarding because you use it to BUY (money – rewarding because you use it to BUY food, water, etc.)food, water, etc.)

Negative Reinforcement

Removing or preventing a painful stimulus Removing or preventing a painful stimulus

Ex. Rock stuck in shoeEx. Rock stuck in shoe

Two Types:Two Types:

1.1. Escape – a person’s actions remove or Escape – a person’s actions remove or terminate the unwanted stimulusterminate the unwanted stimulus

2.2. Avoidance – a person’s actions prevent the Avoidance – a person’s actions prevent the unwanted stimulus before it startsunwanted stimulus before it starts

Schedules of Reinforcement

Fixed Ratio – reinforcement after a fixed Fixed Ratio – reinforcement after a fixed number of responses (being paid for a certain number of responses (being paid for a certain number of work)number of work)

Variable Ratio – reinforcement after varying Variable Ratio – reinforcement after varying number of responses (slot machine)number of responses (slot machine)

Fixed Interval – reinforcement of first response Fixed Interval – reinforcement of first response after a fix amount of time has passed (pay after a fix amount of time has passed (pay check)check)

Variable Interval – reinforcement of first Variable Interval – reinforcement of first response after varying amounts of time (busy response after varying amounts of time (busy signal)signal)

Shaping

Technique in which the desired behavior is Technique in which the desired behavior is “molded” by first rewarding any act similar to “molded” by first rewarding any act similar to that behavior and then requiring ever-closer that behavior and then requiring ever-closer approximations to the desired behavior before approximations to the desired behavior before giving the rewardgiving the reward

Example – Dolphin TrainingExample – Dolphin Training

Punishment

Unpleasant consequence occurs and Unpleasant consequence occurs and decreases the frequency of the behavior that decreases the frequency of the behavior that produced it.produced it.

THIS IS NOT NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT. THIS IS NOT NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT.

Social Learning

Learning by observing and imitating the Learning by observing and imitating the behavior of othersbehavior of others

Albert Bandura Albert Bandura

Two types:Two types:

Cognitive learningCognitive learning

ModelingModeling

Cognitive Learning

Cognitive = thinkingCognitive = thinking

Cognitive learning = thinking about Cognitive learning = thinking about information and learning from itinformation and learning from it

Two types :Two types :

Latent learningLatent learning

Learned helplessnessLearned helplessness

Latent Learning

Mentally processing information without even Mentally processing information without even realizing itrealizing it

Ex. 200/700 building stairs are closedEx. 200/700 building stairs are closed

In other words, you unintentionally store In other words, you unintentionally store information in your head that you use at a later information in your head that you use at a later timetime

• Cognitive map – mental picture created of places, Cognitive map – mental picture created of places, things, eventsthings, events

Learned Helplessness

• Condition when after repeated attempts to Condition when after repeated attempts to control situations don’t work, a person control situations don’t work, a person believes that the situation is uncontrollablebelieves that the situation is uncontrollable

• Three components:Three components:

– Stability – permanent/temporary reasonsStability – permanent/temporary reasons

– Globality – specific/global reasonsGlobality – specific/global reasons

– Internality – internal/external reasonsInternality – internal/external reasons

Modeling

• Modeling – following the example of others, Modeling – following the example of others, copying the behavior of others (or NOT)copying the behavior of others (or NOT)

• Observational learning – watching someone Observational learning – watching someone “perform” and then later using those “perform” and then later using those observations to do the same thingobservations to do the same thing

• Disinhibition – watching someone do a Disinhibition – watching someone do a threatening activity; deciding if it’s ok to do as threatening activity; deciding if it’s ok to do as wellwell