ENY-864

Classical Biological Control of Air Potato in Florida1

T. D. Center, W. A. Overholt, E. Rohrig and M. Rayamajhi2

1. This document is ENY-864, one of a series of the Entomology and Nematology Department, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date October 2012. Revised November 2015. Please visit the EDIS website at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu.

2. T. D. Center, USDA/ARS Invasive Plant Research Laboratory, Fort Lauderdale, FL; W. A. Overholt, UF/IFAS Indian River Research and Education Center, Fort Pierce, FL; E. Rohrig, Florida Department of Agriculture, Division of Plant Industry, Gainesville, FL; M. Rayamajhi, USDA/ARS Invasive Plant Research Laboratory, Fort Lauderdale, FL.

The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research, educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function with non-discrimination with respect to race, creed, color, religion, age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, national origin, political opinions or affiliations. For more information on obtaining other UF/IFAS Extension publications, contact your county’s UF/IFAS Extension office. U.S. Department of Agriculture, UF/IFAS Extension Service, University of Florida, IFAS, Florida A & M University Cooperative Extension Program, and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating. Nick T. Place, dean for UF/IFAS Extension.

IntroductionAir potato (Dioscorea bulbifera) is an herbaceous, perennial twining vine that attains lengths of 20 m or more, enabling it to overtop and smother native vegetation (Schmitz et al. 1997, Figure 1). Although originally thought to have an African origin (Overholt et al. 2003), subsequent genetic analysis determined that Florida material most likely originated in China (Croxton et al. 2011).

Air potato was introduced to Florida in 1905 when it was sent by the USDA to Henry Nehrling, who later noted its invasive potential (Morton 1976). It has since become extremely aggressive (Hammer 1998). By the 1980s, air potato vines were growing in thickets, waste areas, and hedges or fencerows in many parts of south and central Florida (Bell and Taylor 1982). By 1999, air potato was

recognized as transforming plant communities by displac-ing native species, changing community structure, and disrupting ecological functions (FLEPPC 2003).

Biology of Air PotatoVegetative propagation occurs primarily through aerial tubers—the “potatoes” that give the plant its common name. Aerial tubers, also called bulbils, form in leaf axils during late summer. These bulbils, which may weigh up to 1 kg (2 lbs), drop to the ground when the vines die back during the cooler months. Vines re-sprout during autumn from subterranean tubers or from bulbils lying on the ground. Seed production is rare in Florida, where air potato spreads mainly through human dispersal of the bulbils (Schultz 1993). Besides Florida, air potato has also been reported from most of the Gulf Coast states, Puerto Rico, and Hawaii. Climate matching models suggest that air potato could also spread along the Atlantic Coast as far as Charleston, South Carolina (Overholt et al. 2014).

The Air Potato Leaf Beetle, Lilioceris cheniLilioceris cheni Gressit & Kimono (Coleoptera: Chrysome-lidae) is a rather large (approximately 9 mm or about 3/8 inch long) orange-red Asian leaf beetle in the subfamily Criocerinae (Figure 2) (Tishechkin et al. 2011). It was first collected in Nepal in 2002, and later in China in 2010 and 2011 (Center et al. 2013). The beetle is a host-specific

Figure 1. Air potato infestation at Snyder Park in Fort Lauderdale. This was one of the first Lilioceris cheni release sites.

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specialist that feeds and develops only on D. bulbifera (Pemberton and Witkus 2010). Permission to release this beetle was acquired from USDA-APHIS in 2009 and the first releases were made in late 2011.

Release ProgramAn ambitious release program was initiated in 2012 through a partnership of the USDA-ARS, the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, and the University of Florida. Beetles are mass reared in Fort Lauderdale, Fort Pierce, and Gainesville and distributed throughout the state. By the end of 2015, approximately 450,000 beetles have been released at more than 2000 loca-tions in Florida (Figure 3). A statewide survey in the fall of 2015 revealed that beetles or beetle damage were found at 99 of 113 sites visited. The majority of sites without beetles were in the panhandle (Figure 3).

Impact of Lilioceris cheniImpact studies at five locations in Florida from 2012–2015 revealed reductions in vine density and bulbils production of 25-70% within the 3-year period. It is expected that the performance of air potato will decline throughout Florida as beetles spread and their density increases.

Biology of Lilioceris cheniPale white, oblong eggs of L. cheni are deposited in loosely aggregated clusters on the undersides of young, expanding leaves of its host plant. The process of oviposition appar-ently deforms the expanding leaf, causing it to curl at the edges so that it cups around the eggs (Figure 4).

Females deposit an average of 1900 eggs during their lifetime. The eggs become yellowish as the embryo develops (Figure 5). Embryonic development requires about 4 days.

Figure 2. Adult Lilioceris cheni beetle.

Figure 3. Locations where Lilioceris cheni was released from 2012–2015 (left) and locations where beetle damage was found in 2015 (right).

Figure 4. A deformed expanding leaf of air potato (top) and the Lilioceris eggs enclosed within (bottom).

Figure 5. Lilioceris cheni eggs (top) and a freshly emerged first instar larva (bottom).

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Larvae are yellowish at first, becoming grayish in later instars, with black legs, head capsule, and prothoracic shield. They are often covered with a sticky secretion to which fecal material adheres. Larvae feed gregariously and skeletonize the leaves from the underside. Young, tender leaves are preferred but they also consume older, tougher leaves and are able to feed on the aerial bulbils. Complete development of the four instars requires about 8 days, with each stage lasting about 2 days.

When fully grown, larvae drop from the host plant and enter the soil. They then produce a whitish oral secretion that hardens into a foam-like cocoon. Pupation occurs gregariously, often with several pupae clumped together within a matrix of this material. Adults emerge in about 16 days, begin mating in about 10 days, and initiate oviposi-tion about 5 days later. The adults live for 5 months or longer.

Both adults and larvae feed on air potato foliage, skeleton-izing the leaves (Figures 6 and 7). Larvae can often be found in aggregations on the growing tips. This damage inhibits vine elongation and may reduce the ability of the plant to climb vertical structures.

The host plant drops its leaves during the winter, which forces the adult beetles to go several months without food, presumably in a resting state (diapause) beneath leaf litter or other debris on the ground. The overwintered adults

emerge during spring. Females initially lay about 90 eggs/day during a 13-day period of ovipositional activity.

ReferencesBell, C.R., and B.J. Taylor. 1982. Florida Wild Flowers and Roadside Plants. Laurel Hill Press, Chapel Hill, N.C.

Center, T. D., M. Rayamajhi, F. A. Dray, P. M. Madeira, G. Witkus, E. Rohrig, E. Mattison, E. Lake, M. Smith, J. Zhang, M. Purcell, A. Konstantinov and D. Schmitz. 2013. Host range validation, molecular identification and release and establishment of a Chinese biotype of the Asian leaf beetle Lilioceris cheni (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Criocerinae) for control of Dioscorea bulbifera L. in the southern United States. Biocontrol Science and Technology 23: 735-755.

Croxton, M.D., M.A. Andreu, D.A. Williams, W.A. Over-holt, and J.A. Smith. 2011. Geographic origins and genetic diversity of air-potato (Dioscorea bulbifera) in Florida. Invasive Plant Science and Management 4: 22–30.

FLEPPC Plant List Committee. 2003. Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council’s 2003 list of invasive species. Wildland Weeds 6: suppl.

Hammer, R.L. 1998. Diognosis: Dioscorea. Wildland Weeds 2:8–10.

Langeland, K.A., and K. Craddock Burks. 1998. Identifica-tion and Biology of Non-native Plants in Florida’s Native Areas. University of Florida, Gainesville.

Morton, J.F. 1976. Pestiferous spread of many ornamental and fruit species in south Florida. Proceedings Florida State Horticultural Society 89:348–353.

Figure 6. An aggregation of late instar Lilioceris cheni larvae feeding on air potato leaves.

Figure 7. Air potato leaves defoliated by Lilioceris cheni at Snyder Park less than one month after release.

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Overholt, B., C. Hughes, C. Wallace, and E. Morgan. 2003. Origin of air potato identified. Wildland Weeds 7:9

Overholt, W. A., L. Markle, M. Meisenburg, L. Raz, G. Wheeler, R. Pemberton, J. Taylor, M. King, D. Schmitz, and G.R. Parks.2008. Air Potato Management Plan. Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council. Available at http://www.fleppc.org/Manage_Plans/AirpotatoManagementPlan_Final.pdf.

Pemberton, R.W., and G.L. Witkus. 2010. Laboratory host range testing of Lilioceris sp. near impressa (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) – a potential biological control agent of air potato, Dioscorea bulbifera (Dioscoreaceae). Biocontrol Science and Technology 20: 567–587.

Schmitz, D.C., D. Simberloff, R.L. Hofstetter, W.T. Haller, and D. Sutton. 1997. The ecological impact of nonindig-enous plants. Pp. 39–61 in D. Simberloff, D.C. Schmitz, and T.C. Brown, eds., Strangers in Paradise: Impact and Management of Nonindigenous Species in Florida. Island Press, Washington, D.C.

Schultz, G.E. 1993. Element Stewardship abstract for Dioscorea bulbifera Air potato.The Nature Conservancy, Davis, Calif.

Tishechkin, A.K., A.S. Konstantinov, S. Bista, R.W. Pem-berton, and T.D. Center. 2011. Review of the continental Oriental species of Lilioceris Reitter (Coleoptera, Chryso-melidae, Criocerinae) closely related to Lilioceris impressa (F.). ZooKeys 103: 63–83.