CLASS 7

HISTORY & CIVICS Prepared by Mrs. Daksha Pednekar,

Mrs. Pramila Manjunath, Mrs. Suruchi Chitre

Edited by Mrs. Hemshikha Gupta

HISTORY DIVIDED INTO THREE PERIODS

Ancient Medieval or Middle

Modern

1. THE MEDIEVAL WORLD

CAUSES THE BIRTH OF JESUS EFFECTS

Romans conquered Palestine

Around 6-4 BCE, Jesus, son of God was born to Mary in Bethlehem in Judea.

Jesus' interpretation of Jewish laws clashed with the ideas of Jewish religious leaders.

Appointed Herod, A puppet ruler - the Jews suffered under him.

Jesus grew up in Nazareth, in Palestine, where he studied Jewish scriptures.

They felt threatened by his growing popularity.

Jews looked forward with hope and faith, the coming of a ‘Messiah’

His baptism took place when he was 30 years old.

Jesus was put on trial and sentenced to death. He is believed to have resurrected.

THE ADVENT OF CHRISTIANITY

SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY

Germanic tribes left Roman

church un-harmed

By 900 CE, most

Europeans converted to Christianity

The power and wealth of church multiplied

Christian monks

organized themselves into religious orders

Monasteries built and they

became centers of

learning and religion

Church became

conservative and

authoritarian

2. MEDIEVAL EUROPE

CRUSADERS THEIR EFFECTS

11th century CE-Turks invaded Constantinople.

Paved the way for the ‘Renaissance’.

Pope appealed all Christians to join the Crusades (the holy wars) against the Turks to recover Jerusalem.

Contributed to the decline of ‘Feudalism’.

Between 11th and 13th centuries CE, the Christians led 8 military expeditions against Turks.

Re-established direct trade contacts between Europe and other parts of the world.

Brought several changes in medieval Europe.

Many new towns and cities were established.

MONASTERIES

Active members of the Monasteries

Features of the Monasteries

Role of the Monasteries

3. ISLAM AND ITS IMPACT ON MIDDLE EAST

THE ADVENT OF ISLAM - LIFE OF PROPHET MUHAMMAD

Prophet Muhammad - born in Mecca in 570 CE - Founder of Islam

Came in contact with Christian and Jewish religious beliefs and practices

Spent lot of time in prayer and meditation

Around 610 CE, God spoke to him and revealed to him the divine message

Declared that Allah was the only God and Muhammad was His Prophet. New religion - Islam, followers of Islam - Muslims

SPREAD OF ISLAM

PROPHET MUHAMMAD

PRINCIPLES

1. There is only one God and Muhammad is His Prophet.

2. Muslims must say their prayers five times a day.

3. They must help he poor and needy by giving away a portion of their wealth in charity.

ABU BAKR 1. Abu Bakr was Muhammad’s faithful friend and follower and was selected as his successor.

2. He took the title of Khalifa or Caliph.

3. He mobilized and transformed the Arabs into an excellent fighting force.

MEDIEVAL PERIOD IN INDIA

MEDIEVAL PERIOD IN INDIA (8TH TO 18TH CENTURY CE

Early Medieval (8th-13th Century CE)

Later Medieval (13th - 18th Century CE)

Delhi Sultanate (1200-1526 CE)

Mughal Period (1526-mid-18th century CE)

MAHMUD OF GHAZNI

4. THE TURKISH INVASION IN INDIA

Invaded India 17 times from 1001-25 CE and plundered its riches

He attacked the Somnath Temple in Kathiawar, which was his most ambitious

and profitable expedition.

The Persian poet, Firdausi, author of the great epic, Shahnama, and the great

Persian historian and mathematician, Al-Beruni, were among the eminent scholars

patronized by Mahmud.

MUHAMMAD GHORI

• He was the founder of the Turkish kingdom in India.

• A new chapter in Indian history had begun.

IMPORTANT BATTLES• First battle of Tarain – 1191 CE –

Prithviraj Chauhan inflicted a crushing defeat on Ghori.

• Second Battle of Tarain – 1192 CE – Ghori routed the Rajput army.

DELHI SULTANATE 1206-1526 CE QUTBUDDIN AIBAK

5. THE MAMLUK DYNASTY

• He founded the Mamluk Dynasty and ruled between 1206-10 CE

• He was a just and generous ruler and was known as ‘lakhbaksh’.

• The great monument Qutb Minar was started by him.

ILTUTMISH • He (120-36 CE was the true founder of the Turkish rule in India. He was a capable ruler.

• He consolidated his possessions and stabilized his position by shrewd and clever handling of all those challenged his authority.

RAZIA SULTAN • She (1236 – 39 CE) was the first great woman monarch.

• She sat in the open durbar and transacted business.

• The welfare of her subjects was her primary duty.

GHIYASUDDIN BALBAN • He (1266-86 CE) was an experienced and capable ruler.

• He believed in the theory of ‘divine kingship’, i.e. the king was God’s representative on earth.

• The peaceful and stable conditions during his reign were favourable for the development of agriculture, trade and commerce and led to the economic prosperity.

ALAUDDIN KHILJI

6. THE KHILJI DYNASTY

Jalaluddin Khilji was the founder of the Khilji dynasty

• He (1296-1316 CE) declared himself the Sultan and ascended the throne of Delhi.

• He was a brilliant general and a shrewd administrator.

• He dreamt of conquering the whole world.

• He was the first Turkish Sultan to build an empire in India.

ALAUDDIN KHILJI

REORGANIZATION OF ARMY• First to lay

the foundation of standing

army.• Introduced

the system of ‘dagh’

and ‘chehre’

REVENUE REFORMS

• The land was measured and

the share of the state was

fixed.• The Sultan

increased the revenue from one third to

half. It was to be paid in

cash.

MARKET CONTROL POLICY• Price control

was introduced.

• The prices of all commodities were fixed and

prices of essential

commodities were kept low.

• Anyone caught hoarding goods

or cheating customers in

price or weight was severely

punished.

ART AND ARCHITECTURE• Alauddin was

a patron of art and

learning.• Amir

Khusrau, the famous

Persian poet, lived in his

court.• The Alai

Darwaza is the most beautiful specimen

THE TUGHLAQ DYNASTY

GHIYASUDDIN TUGHLAQ

• He was the founder of the Tughlaq Dynasty.

• He was an efficient administrator and a capable military command.

• He introduced several reforms for the welfare of his subjects.

• He restored peace and stability in the Delhi Sultanate.

MUHAMMAD BIN TUGHLAQ

• He (1324-51 CE) was the most learned and accomplished scholar.

• He was gifted with an extraordinary memory and a keen intellect.

• He had mastered logic, philosophy, mathematics, astronomy and physical sciences.

• He was a diligent ruler and undertook many projects as follows.

MUHAMMAD BIN TUGHLAQ’S PROJECTS

TAXATION IN DOAB

• To increase military resources he needed additional revenue.

• The tax in the Ganga-Yamuna Doab was increased

TRANSFER OF CAPITAL

• He shifted his capital from Delhi to Devagiri (renamed as Daulatabad)

TOKEN CURRENCY

• Copper coins, having the same vaue as gold and silver coins, were issued and people were ordered to use these token coins in all their transactions.

EXPANSION SCHEMES

• He dreamt of establishing a world empire.

• He decided to conquer Khurasa, Persia and Iraq.

• A hige arm was mobilized, well eqipped and paid one full year’s salary in advance.

FIROZE SHAH TUGHLAQ

• He (1351-88 CE) was a peace-loving, just and benevolent ruler.

• The welfare of his subjects was his primary concern.

• He introduced numerous welfare schemes to improve the economic condition of his subjects and promote material prosperity.

FIROZE SHAH TUGHLAQ

ECONOMIC REFORMS

PUBLIC UTILITY MEASURES

JUDICIAL REFORMS

PATRON OF ART AND ARCHITECTURE

INVASION OF TIMUR

INVASION OF

TIMUR

• The final blow to the Sultanate was dealt by Amir Timur, the Mongol ruler of Samarkand in Central Asia.

• Taking advantage of the weak Tughlaq rule, Timur invaded India in 1398-99 CE to plunder its wealth.

THE SAYYID AND THE

LODI DYNASTIES

• Khizr Khan overthrew the last Tughlaq Sultan and established the rule of the Sayyid dynasty in 1414 CE.

• The Sayyids ruled Delhi for 38 years.• An Afghan dynasty called he Lodis (1451-

1526 CE) was founded by Bahlul Lodi• Babur invaded India in 1526 CE and

killed Ibrahim Lodi in the First Battle of Panipat, which was turning point in the history of India.

SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE

SOCIETY

ARISTOCRACY

Consisted of the Sultan, the nobles, the Hindu rajas and

princes and the landlords.

PRIESTSConsisted of the ulema, maulvis, qazis and

brahmanas.

TOWN DWELLERSConsisted of

officials, artisans,

craftspeople, merchants, slaves and domestic servants.

PEASANTSThe life of the peasants was one of hard

work, drudgery and

poverty.

8. THE LIFE UNDER THE DELHI SULTANATE

LIFE UNDER THE DELHI SULTANATE (CONT.)

MUSICAND DANCE * Hindustani music was the

outcome of the fusion of the Perso-Arabic and

Indian classical

music styles. *Invention of sitar by Amir

Khusrau *Qawwali

and Kathak dance forms.

OTHER CULTURAL CHANGES *Clothing –

pyjama-kurtas, kaftans, salwar- kameez. *Food – biryani,

bread, wine. *Turkish

rulers assimilated

many Hindu cultural triats.

KRISHNADEVARAYA

Administration

ECONOMIC CONDITION

•Imposed custom duties

•Promoted agriculture

CAPITAL CITY

• Developed around Hampi.

•Streets were paved and well laid

•Precious Stones openly sold in bazars

RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE

• No Caste discrimination

9.THE VIJAYNAGAR KINGDOM

Allaudin Hassan-Established-Under the title Allaudin Bahman Shah

Bahmani kingdom reached the height –Mahmud Gawan

scholarship to poor and deserving students. Led a spartan lifestyle. A capable administrator.

Bahmani kings –great builders. Chand Minar, forts of Faizabad, GolGumbaz, tomb of Adil Shah

THE BAHMANI KNGDOM

BABUR–The Founder of the Mughal Empire

The First Battle of Panipat

Defeat of Sultan

of Delhi

Battle of Khanwa

Supreme Control over

Central India

Battle of Chanderi and

Battle ofGhagra

Babur’s memoirTuzk-I-Baburi

OR Baburnama

10.THE EARLY MUGALS

HUMAYUN

Empire divided between

himself and threebrother's.

Military ExpeditionChunar, Gujarat, Malwa,Bengal

Battles fought with Sher Khan

Battle of Chausa ,Battle of Kanauj

Humayun’s ExileHumayun Returns

Founder of Afghan Rule

Central and Provincial Administration.

Empire divided into 47 Provinces or

Sarkars.

Military Organization

Dagh –branding Horses.

Chehra descriptiveroll of soldiers were

Revived.

Communication System &

Grand Trunk RoadSarais –rest house and

Dak Chaukis were built.

Trade and CommerceSilver coin

issued-Rupia

Religious PolicyLiterature and

architectureRohtasgarh,Own tomb

11.SHER SHAH SURI

AKBAR

CONQUEST

ADMINISTRATION

Malwa, Gondwana,North West ,Deccan

Subjugation of Rajputs

Conflict with MaharanaPratap

Wazir, diwan, qazi, Diwan-i-Khas, Diwan-i-Aam

The Mansabdari system

Revenue system,Todar MalBandobast

12.AKBAR THE GREAT

Akbar’s Religious Policy

Social and CulturalAchievements

One nation, equal statusIbadat Khana

Akbar’s Religion (Sulh-i-kul)Din-i- Ilahi

Rajput policy

Social Reforms, Educational ReformLiterature, Paintings

Architecture, MusicNine Gems

Arrival of East India Company

SALIM-Ascended the throne under title of JAHANGIR

Conquest Mewar, Deccan, Kangra

Rebellion of Khusrao

Nur Jahan

13. JAHANGIR

CULTURAL ACHIEVEMENTS

BUILT MAGNIFICENT BUILDINGS

EXPULSION OFPORTUGESE

DECCAN CAMPAIGN CENTRAL ASIA

MAIN EVENTS

SHAHJAHAN

North-East, North-WestFrontier

East India and The Jats

The Satnamis The Bundelas

The Sikh The Rajputs

THE REIGN OF AURANGZEB AND THE MARATHAS

Vast empire and administration led to revolts

14. THE REIGN OF AURANGZEB AND THE MARATHAS

Defeat of Afzal Khan and Shaista Khan

Treaty of Purandhar

Shivaji’s Coronation

Administration- Revenue-SwarjyaMughlai,Chauth,Sardeshmukhi

Political System- Asthapradhan

Military System- Guerilla warfare

MARATHA KING - SHIVAJI

Moinuddin Chisti-Founder

SUFI

MOVEMENT Monastic organization-Silsilas,Chisti, Suhrawardi popular in India.

Teachings of Sufism

Only one god

RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS15. RELIGIOUS MOVEMENT

BHAKTI MOVEMENT

Teachings of Bhakti Saints

Everyone should lead a pure life.

Impact of Religious Movements

Exposed the futility of rites and rituals.

BHAKTI MOVEMENT

Spirit of Enquiry

Humanism

Scientific Spirit

Rationalism

FEATURES

16. THE RENAISSANCE

Geographical Discoveries

Science

Literature

Art and Architecture

IMPACT

CLASS 7

CIVICS

Chapter 17: THE MAKING OF OUR CONSTITUTION

THE CONSTITUTION•The Preamble- an introduction to constitution•Source of the Constitution- Wee the people of India

NATURE OF THE STATE

•Sovereign•Socialist•Secular•Democratic•Republic

OBJECTIVE OF THE CONSTITUTION

•Justice •Liberty•Equality •Fraternity

Chapter 18: FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND DUTIES

Fundamental Rights

• Right to Equality• Right to Freedom• Right to Freedom of Religion• Right against Exploitation• Cultural and Educational Rights• Right to Education

Fundamental

Duties

• Respect the Constitution, National Flag and the National Anthem

• Protection of Sovereignty, Unity, brotherhood and Integrity

• Preservation of Cultural Heritage and National Environment

Chapter 19: DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY

• Equal distribution wealth • Utilization of resources for

all• Adequate means of

livelihood• Equal pay for both men and

women• The right to work• Assistance for the old, sick

disabled and the unemployed

• Free and compulsory education

• Promotion of cottage industries

• Improvement of general health of the people

• Establishment of village panchayat

• Promotion of international peace and security

• Just and honorable relations with other countries

• Safeguard forests and wildlife

• Protect objects, places and monuments of national importance

• The right to free and compulsory education

• Welfare schemes for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled tribes

• Equal pay for both men and women

PRINCIPLES PROMOTING ECONOMIC EQUALITY

GHANDIAN PRINCIPLES

GENERAL PRINCIPLES

Chapter 20: THE UNION AND STATE LEGISLATURE

• Functions of the government• The three list of subjects of Legislation – The Union List, The

State List and the Concurrent List

PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF

GOVERNMENT

• THE LOK SABHA-Composition, Qualification, voting by secret Ballot, Universal Adult Franchise, Term and the Speaker

• THE RAJYA SABHA-Composition, Qualification and the chairperson

THE UNION LEGISLATURE

• Law making functions • The Budget• Control over the Executives • Judicial Functions• Elective Functions

FUNCTION OF THE

PARLIAMENT

THE STATE LEGISLATURE

• COMPOSITION• TERM• QUALIFICATION

THE VIDHAN SABHA

• COMPOSITION• TERM• QUALIFICATION

THE VIDHAN PARISHAD

• MAKE LAW ON SUBJECTS UNDER THE STATE AND COCURRENT LIST

• MAKE BUDGET FOR THE STATE• EXERCISE CONTROL OVER THE CHIEF MINISTER AND

COUNCIL OF MINISTERS• CAN PASS VOTE OF NO-CONFIDENCE

FUNCTIONS OF THE STATE LEGISLATURE

Chapter 21: THE UNION EXECUTIVE

THE PRESIDENT

Qualification• Election and

termination

Powers• Executive• Military• Legislative• Financial• Judicial• Emergency • Discretionary

THE VICE PRESIDENT

Qualification• Term

Function• Chairperson of the

Rajya Sabha• Takes over functions

of President in his absence

THE PRIME MINSTER

Election• Term• Role of council

Functions• Advice to President• Selection of Council• Distribution of portfolios• Vital link between the

President and the Cabinet

Chapter 22: THE STATE EXECUTIVE

THE GOVERNOR

Qualification• Salary and

allowances

Powers• Executive• Legislative• Financial• Judicial• Discretionary

THE CHIEF MINISTER

Qualification• Term • Powers

Function• Appoints the

Council• Distributes

Portfolios to the ministers

THECOUNCIL OF MINISTERS

ElectionTerm

Functions• Executive

decisions taken in the cabinet

• Heads of the state departments

Chapter 23: THE JUDICIARY

The Supreme Court

Appointment of the judges

Qualification and the term of judges

Powers • Original Jurisdiction • Appellate

Jurisdiction• Advisory

Jurisdiction

The High Court

CompositionQualification

Term

Powers • Original Jurisdiction • Appellate Jurisdiction• Supervises

functioning of Subordinate courts

The Subordinate Courts

MeaningAppointment of

the judges

Meaning and working of• Panchayat

Courts• Lok Adalats