clase nº4 -...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 2: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
Outline
• Multicast
• Future Internet
• IPv6
• QoS
• Mobile IP
![Page 3: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
![Page 4: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
IGMP
Routing Protocols
Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
RouterRouter
![Page 5: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
Ethernet
Wireless or satellites (broadcast)
![Page 6: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
Addresses
IGMP
Routing algorithms
Present solutions - protocols
Source Specific Multicast (SSM)
![Page 7: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
0 netid hostid
1 0 netid hostid
1 1 0 netid hostid
1 1 1 0 multicast address
1 1 1 1 uso futuro
0 1 8 16 24 32
Classe A
Classe B
Classe C
Classe D
Classe E
![Page 8: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Internet Group Message Protocol
Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
RouterRouter
![Page 9: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Flooding
Spanning Trees
Reverse –Path Forwarding
RPF e Prunes
Steiner Trees
Center-Based Trees
![Page 10: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
◦ To route the data only to multicast members;
◦ Optimized routes from the sources to destinations;
◦ No loops;
◦ Distributed routes;
◦ Support dynamic members.
![Page 11: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Easy to implement
Simple
Use of resources
![Page 12: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
B
C
A
D
F
E
3
3
7
1
4
1
5
![Page 13: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
B
C
A
D
F
E
3
3
7
1
4
1
5
B
C
A
D
F
E
1
5
6
2
4
3
7
B
C
A
D
F
E
1
5
6
2
4
3
7
![Page 14: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Prune messages
Algorithm
Periodic messages
Dynamic groups
![Page 15: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Prune messages
Graft messages
Dynamic groups
![Page 16: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
B
C
A
D
F
E
1
5
6
2
4
3
7
B
C
A
D
F
E
1
5
6
2
4
3
7
![Page 17: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
Tree with a central node
Join and leave messages (IGMP)
Less information
Unidirectional and bi-directional trees
Problem: centre !
![Page 18: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
Dense-mode
Sparse-mode
![Page 19: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
Distance-vector
RPF
Tunnels
![Page 20: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
Ethernet
A B
C
Ethernet
Ethernet
A B
C
D
RPF, prune and graft
![Page 21: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
B
C
A
D
F
E
1
5
6
2
4
3
7B
C
A
D
F
E
1
5
6
2
4
3
7
CBT
![Page 22: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
PIM-SM
Multicast Source Discovery Protocol
Multicast Border Gateway Protocol
![Page 23: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
Different ISPs
Compatibility of internal routing protocols
Address allocation
![Page 24: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
IGMPv3
MLDv2
Allowed sources
Advantages
![Page 25: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
![Page 26: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
8 4 4 112
11111111 Flags Scope Group ID
• Number of multicast addresses
• Multicast-Ready
• Address allocation
![Page 27: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
Ordered transmission and without errors
TCP vs UDP
Reliable Muticast ◦ Unreliable
◦ Semireliable
◦ Reliable
![Page 28: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
Statistically reliable (%)
K-reliable
Sufficiently reliable (timeouts)
![Page 29: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
Source ordering
Total ordering
![Page 30: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
It is necessary to maintain a list for all receivers that already received ACKs.
Only after receiving all ACKs (from all receivers) to a specific data block, the source will delete that block in memory.
ACKs explosion
![Page 31: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
The source can implement timeout mechanisms
The performance of source-initiated protocols are dependent of the number of participants.
A multicast group with a large number of members implies a large number of positive ACKs, and a large number of NACKs in instable environments,
![Page 32: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
When a receiver detects that it doesn’t receive a packet, it must wait a random period and sends a NACK to the source and to all receivers.
This procedure reduces the number of NACKs in the system.
This procedure can only be applied in small networks (where the number of participants is low).
![Page 33: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
Tree Ring These protocols require less memory, the
source doesn’t need to be aware of all receivers and the system is not dependent of the number of participants.
![Page 34: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
The missing information is recovered by redundant information.
![Page 35: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
Fragmentation/desfragmentation
Address/Routing
![Page 36: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
32 bits
Networks ID
Host ID
Routing
![Page 37: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
Dotted-decimal notation
Ex: 193.212.12.21
![Page 38: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38
Routing and management
Subnetting – Sub-network management
Ex: 223.1.1.0/24
![Page 39: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39
1)
IP address: 138.251.26.12
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
Binary: 10001010.11111011.00011010.00001100
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
2)
IP address: 199.124.16.137
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.192
Binary: 11000111.01111100.00010000.10001001
11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000
(Network 199.128.16.128, terminal 9)
![Page 40: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40
Binary Decimal
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 255.255.255.0
11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000 255.255.255.128
11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000 255.255.255.192
11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000 255.255.255.224
11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000 255.255.255.240
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111000 255.255.255.248
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111100 255.255.255.252
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111110 255.255.255.254
![Page 41: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
41
0 netid hostid
1 0 netid hostid
1 1 0 netid hostid
1 1 1 0 multicast address
1 1 1 1 uso futuro
0 1 8 16 24 32
Classe A
Classe B
Classe C
Classe D
Classe E
![Page 42: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42
50 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Numero do primeiro elemento
Identificador do Pacote
Mais fragmentos
50 0 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Numero do primeiro elemento
Identificador do Pacote
Mais fragmentos
50 8 0 8 9
Numero do primeiro elemento
Identificador do Pacote
Mais fragmentos
![Page 43: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
43
Source IP address
Header checksum
TOSVersion IHL
Time to live Protocol
Identification Fragment offset
Total length
Flags
Destination IP address
Options Padding
User data
20 bytes
4-40
bytes
32 bits
![Page 44: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
44
VER (4 bits) ◦ Version (version 4)
IHL (4 bits) ◦ Internet Header Length – units of 4 bytes. By
default it is 5 (20 bytes). ◦ This is necessary as the header length is not
constant (options).
ToS (8bits) ◦ Type of Service
TL (16 bits) ◦ Total Length – datagram length (bytes),
header+data
![Page 45: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
45
ID (16 bits) ◦ Identify the datagrams from the same segment.
Flag (3 bits) ◦ ―Don’t fragment‖ ◦ ―More fragments‖
FO (3 bits) ◦ Fragment position in the original datagram (unities of 8
bytes)
TTL (8 bits) ◦ Time To Live .
PROT (8 bits) ◦ Protocol
Header Checksum (16 bits)
![Page 46: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
46
![Page 47: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
47
Rede
10.0.0.0Router A
Rede
20.0.0.0Router B
Rede
30.0.0.0Router C
Rede
40.0.0.0
10.0.0.5 20.0.0.5 20.0.0.6 30.0.0.6 30.0.0.7 40.0.0.7
Router B
Estação na rede Encaminhamento
20.0.0.0 Directo
30.0.0.0 Directo
10.0.0.0 20.0.0.5
40.0.0.0 30.0.0.7
![Page 48: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
48
Address allocation poorly managed at the beginning
Solutions ◦ Address re-distribution (?)
◦ IPv6
◦ NAT
![Page 49: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
49
Mapping of public addresses – private addresses ◦ 10.0.0.0 a 10.255.255.255 (1 network of
class A) ◦ 172.16.0.0 a 172.31.255.255 (16 networks
of class B) ◦ 192.168.0.0 a 192.168.255.255 (255
networks of class C)
NAT (using ports) ◦ Static ◦ Dynamic ◦ Overloading ◦ DHCP
Security support
Rede
Privada
Internet
![Page 50: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
50
IANA – Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
Public addresses
Private addresses
NAT (Network Adress Translation)
![Page 51: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
51
Adresses
Routing
Anycast
Auto-configuration
Multicasting
QoS support
Security
![Page 52: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
52
Source IP address
Version
Next Header Hop limitPayload length
Flow label
40 bytes
32 bits
Traffic class
Destination IP address
Base HeaderExtension
Header 1
Extension
Header nData...
![Page 53: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
53
Hop by Hop Options Header
Destination Options Header
Routing Header
Fragment Header
Authentication Header
Encapsulation Security Payload Header
IPv6 HeaderNext Header =
Routing
Routing
Header
Next Header =
TCPTCP Header Data
![Page 54: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
54
v4: 196.132.204.12
v6:
196.132.204.12.196.132.204.12.196.132.204.12.196.132.204.12
fce0:a3c2:0000:2020:aa63:43a4:0000:a1a1
![Page 55: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
55
TLA - Top-Level Aggregation Identifier RES - Reserved for future use NLA - Next-Level Aggregation Identifier SLA - Site-Level Aggregation Identifier Interface ID - Interface Identifier
Unicast
Multicast
![Page 56: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
56
First bits Representation Type of address
00…0 (128 bits) ::/128 Não especificado
00…1 (128 bits) ::1/128 Endereço loop-back
11111111 FF00::/8 Endereços multicast
1111111010 FE80::/10 Endereços link-local
1111111011 FEC0::/10 Endereços site-local
restantes Endereços globais unicast
![Page 57: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
57
Rede IPv 6
Rede IPv 6
Router
Router
IPv 4
IPv 4
IPv 4
IPv 4
![Page 58: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
58
Data (e-mail, FTP, Telnet, WWW)
Audio (Voice over IP, Hi-fi)
Video (HDTV, VoD, videoconferencing)
Distributed processing (CAD, simulations)
Other (virtual reality, tele-medicine)
Applications
![Page 59: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
59
What is it? ◦ Different levels of service for different types of
traffic Relevant parameters
Throughput
Delay
Jitter
Loss
◦ Fairness Competing traffic flows
Provide level of service according to SLAs
IP Quality of Service
![Page 60: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
60
Isn't over-provisioning enough to solve IP QoS problems?
◦ Network resources (e.g., bandwidth) are not infinite
◦ Existing network resources are a trade-off between
cost/investment and performance
◦ There is the need to guarantee the agreed service level to applications, even when resources are not enough QoS is also a business opportunity
The need for quality of service
![Page 61: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
61
How to guarantee that a network initially engineered for the support of elastic traffic (the Internet) can properly carry inelastic traffic?
The only networking technology designed from scratch for the
support of all types of traffic is ATM
How to guarantee that applications with different needs
get the resources they need (and that have paid for) even under global resource shortage?
How to guarantee fairness among different traffic flows?
IP QoS provision problems
![Page 62: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
62
Throughput Peak rate
Mean rate
Delay Maximum delay
Delay variation (jitter, delay jitter)
Losses Due to congestion
Error rate
Needs of applications
![Page 63: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
63
ITU-T Rec. G.114 defines three categories of applications in terms of end-to-end delay
Delay < 150 ms — acceptable delay for most applications
150 < delay < 400 ms — significant delay for some applications
Delay > 400 ms — unacceptable delay for most applications (namely telephony and conferencing)
Transit delay
![Page 64: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
64
Acceptable loss/error rates
10-4 , for voice applications and file transfer applications
10-6 , for interactive data applications
10-7 , for image transfer applications
10-8 , for interactive compressed image transfer applications
Loss/Error rate
![Page 65: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
65
Throughput
(Mbps)
De
lay
(ms
)
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
1
10
100
1000
VoiceAudio
Hi-Fi
VoD/
Moving
images
HDTVVirtual
reality
Interactive
dataStill images
Intensive
data
Mainframe
interconn.
E-mailFile
transfer
Delay and throughput needs
![Page 66: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
66
Data Network
Best-effort paradigm
New paradigms ◦ Integrated Services
◦ Differentiated Services
![Page 67: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
67
Routers
Resource procedures
Individual and group flows
![Page 68: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
68
Guaranteed Services (GS)
Controlled Load Services (CLS)
![Page 69: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
69
Unicast / Multicast
IPv4 / IPv6
Soft-State
![Page 70: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
70
Type of Service
Per Hop Behaviour (PHBs)
Service Level Agreement (SLAs)
![Page 71: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
71
Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
Router
![Page 72: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
72
Layer 2
Layer 3
![Page 73: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
73
HA
FA
Permanent address
Care-of-address
Foreign
Agent Home
Agent
Corresponding
node
Corresponding
Agent
Mobile
Node
1
2
3
![Page 74: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
74
Overcome the triangle routing problem
But adds complexity ◦ Learn the new COA ◦ Notify protocol to
the alert the CN ◦ Anchor foreign
agent
Foreign
Agent Home
Agent
Corresponding
node
Corresponding
Agent
Mobile
Node
1
2
3
4
![Page 75: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
75
Organisations rely more and more on information processing
Networking plays a vital role in (distributed) information processing
There is a growing demand for bandwidth ◦ Increasing utilisation ◦ Many applications rely on high bandwidth consumption ◦ Information systems heavily rely on networking
IP networking is ubiquitous ◦ If applications are carried over IP they will also be
ubiquitous
IP Networking
![Page 76: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
76
FA HA
CN
MN
Rede
Hospedeira
Rede
Base
Cabeçalho
OriginalNovo Cabeçalho
Pacote IP original
Source=HA
Dest=COASource)CN
Dest=MN
![Page 77: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
77
Discovery Protocol
Registration Procedure
Encapsulation Procedure
![Page 78: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
78
Sequence numbers
Life-Time
Flags
COAs
![Page 79: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
79
Basic (RFC 2003)
Minimum (RFC2004)
Generic Routing Encapsulation (RFC 1701)
![Page 80: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
80
128 bits addresses
Autoconfiguration ◦ Plug and Play
Low process in routers ◦ Path MTU Discovery
◦ Reduced routing tables
◦ Simplified headers
![Page 81: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
81
v4: 196.132.204.12
v6:
196.132.204.12.196.132.204.12.196.132.204.12.196.132.204.12
fce0:a3c2:0000:2020:aa63:43a4:0000:a1a1
![Page 82: Clase Nº4 - repositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ecrepositorio.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/bitstream/28000/4960/1/Anexo 2... · 7 0 netid hostid 1 0 netid hostid 1 1 0 netid hostid 1 1](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020318/5be50adb09d3f2f9648d65b3/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
82
Nodes mobile-ready
Redirects
There in no FA