cladiri i -curs – sem i

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UTCB Cladiri I -Curs – Sem I

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CLADIRI I -CURS sem I BUILDING DESIGN 1 1 st semester

CLADIRI I -CURS sem I

BUILDING DESIGN 1 1 st semester

s.l.univ. Ruxandra ERBASUCAPITOLUL1/CHAPTER 1Notiuni introductive/Introductive notions1. Particularitati ale produselor constructii si ale activitatilor legatede acestea2. Clasificari functionale aleconstructiilor3. Categorii si clase de importanta4. Elemente de legiferare tehnica aactivitatilor de constructii5. Conceptul de sistem in c-tii6. Conceptul de performanta,principalele elemente de continut7.Directiva Europeana 89/106 CEEsi Legea 10/1995 referitoare lacalitatea in constructii

Peculiarities of constructions asproducts and of activities related tothem2. Functional classification of constructions3. Importance categories and classes4. Technical regulations in constructions 5. System concept in buildings6. Performance concept in buildings7. European directive 89/106/1991 and Romanian Law 10/1995 concerning quality in construction

Particularitati ale produselor constructii si ale activitatilor de c-tii

Produsele constructii au un specific aparte, se individualizeaza prinparticularitati ce tin de procesul de conceptie proiectare ,executie siintretinere exploatare:durata de viata deosebit de mare : nici un produs al activitatii umane nu este proiectat cu o durata de viata in functionare atat de mare ca incadrul constructiilor(70-100) ani. Conceptia, proiectarea , executia siintretinerea unui obiect de constructie trebuie sa-i asigure durabilitate fizicasi functionala. Produsele constructii vor fi utilizate de mai multe generatii, deci performantele lor concepute la un moment istoric, trebuie sa poate fi adaptate la cele ale generatiilor viitoare.lipsa seriei zero: pentru orice produs industrial este obligatorie verificarea solutiei de proiect rezultand prototipul pe care se fac incercari.In c-tii nu se pot testa prototipuri la scara naturala, in regim real deexploatare si cu introducerea factorului timp. Proiectul unei c-tii nu poate fiimbunatatit continuu inainte de realizarea acesteia, iar fiabilitatea depindede o multitudine de factori unii corespunzatori momentului constructiei, altii necunoscuti in timp.

1. Peculiarities of constructions as products and of activities related to them Constructions as products are special, and are individualized throughwhat peculiarities hold on to the process of conception, design,execution and exploitation:considerable increased life time: no other product of human activity is designed with a duration of life in operation so great asbuildings( 70-100) years. The conception, the design, the execution and maintenance of a construction must assure its physical and functionaldurability. Constructions seen as products will be used-up of manygenerations, therefore their performances conceived to a historic moment,must be able to adjust to those of future generations.

the absence of the zero series: for any industrial product the verification of the design solution is compulsory thus resulting the prototype on which tests are performed.In constructions, there is no posibility to testprototypes to the natural scale, in the real regime ofexploitation and with the introduction of the factor of time. The design of a construction cannot be continuously improved prior to its execution and its reliableness depends on an innumerability of factors, some corresponding to the moment of the construction, others unknown in time.

dependenta performantelor de amplasament: performanteleconstructiilor sunt in stransa legatura cu caracteristicile amplasamentului. In primul rand, siguranta mecanica si stabilitatea depind de caracteristicileterenului, interactiunea sol structura fiind de importanta primara in procesul de proiectare, de asemenea, amplasamentul influenteaza prin particularitatile lui climatice: vant, zapada, componenta fizico-chimica aaerului, etc..impactul asupra mediului natural: constructiile sunt produse artificiale imobile si de mare durata a caror prezenta modifica esential mediul natural, stricandu-i echilibrul si armonia. S-a introdus conceptul de dezvoltaredurabila a societatii care urmareste satisfacerea nevoilor generatieiactuale fara a compromite sansa generatiilor viitoare de a satisface propriile cerinte prezervand resursele si echilibrul mediului naturalprocesul de realizare are loc in mare parte in aer liber: executia de calitate devine foarte dificila cand aceasta are loc in aer liber sub actiunea directa a factorilor climatici exteriori. Resursele tehnico-materiale ocupa unvolum mare, necesita spatiu de depozitare, deci operatiile de aprovizionare si productie sunt mai complexe decat in cazul altor produse.dependency of their performances on the location: the performances of the constructions are related to the features of its location.Mechanical safety and stability depends on the ground caracteristics, the soil structure interaction being of primary importance in the process ofdesign. In the same time, the location influences through its climaticpeculiarities: wind pressure, snow quantity, physico-chemical component ofthe air, etc..the impact upon the surroundings: the constructions are artificialproducts,motionless and of considerable life time, whose presence esentially modifiy the surroundings,damaging their equilibrium and harmony. Thedurable development concept of the society was introduced in the attemptof satisfying the needs of the current generation without compromising thechance of the future generations to satisfy their own requirementspreserving the resources and the equilibrium of the surroundings the execution process is in progress mainly outdoor:keeping the high standards of the execution quality becomes very difficult when this is inprogress in the open space, influenced directly by the climatic exteriorfactors.The tehnical and mechanical resources require space of storage,therefore the operations of supply and production becomes more complex

2. Clasificari functionale ale constructiilor

Fiecare constructie are o destinatie functionala precisa, tiut de proiectani, constructori i utilizatori. Criteriul de funcionalitate este cel mai important, in funcie de acesta constructiile sunt mprite n:

cladiri civile industriale Constructii agrozootehnice constructii ingineresti

Construciile civile mai pot fi clasificate in:cldiri rezidentialecladiri social culturalecladiri administrativecladiri comerciale si de administratie publicacladiri pentru transporturicladiri pentru culte

2.Functional classification of constructionsEach construction must have a well specified functional destination, known by the designers, constructors and users. The functionality criteria is the most important , function of which constructions aredivided in: civilbuildings industrial (def) agro-zootechnical Constructionsengineering constructions

Civil buildings may be:- residentialsocial-culturaladministrative. commercial and for public alimentationbuildings used for transport purposesreligious buildings3.Categories and classes of building importanceSpecific regulations issued in Romania a few years ago stipulatedesigners obligations to establish the category of importance assigned to any building as a prerequisite of the design process.Accordingly, the following categories are defined:category A: buildings of exceptional importance;category B: buildings of special importance;category C: buildings of normal importance;category D: buildings of minor importance.The practical procedure to assign a certain category of importance toa building is based upon a number of factors ,namely:qualification for vital importance;social-economical or cultural importance;environmental implications;period of utilisation;adaptability to site and environmental conditions;amount of required resources (materials, energy, labour).

category A (exceptional importance):buildings whose damage could bring about catastrophic consequences, as well as buildings whose uninterrupted function is considered vital to society;category B (special importance): buildings whose survival in case of disastrous events is necessary in order to remove the consequences of these events. Here should be also included buildings having special cultural and historical value;

category C (normal importance): the majority of buildings, which do not belong to other categories of importance;

category D (minor importance): building whose damage entails minor consequences to peoples life and health.

The category classification is a global one, regarding the construction as a whole, without referring precisely to certain exigencies.more specific, and referring to the seismic behavior exigency, the Constructions are divided in classes of importance as follows:

Class I includes buildings of vital importance to society, whose functionduring and immediately after an earthquake must be guaranteed.

Examples:hospitals, emergency (ambulance) stations, fire stations;building for national and regional authorities with assigned duties in organising post-earthquake emergency activities;buildings for national and regional communication systems; electrical power plants with essential role for the national system;museums of national importance.

Class II includes buildings of special importance, whose damage must be restricted, accounting for their potential consequences.

Examples:other buildings (than those specified for Class I) concerning health protection;schools, nurseries, kinder-gardens, hostels for children, disabled and old people; buildings with people agglomeration, churches, auditoriums, show halls, sports halls, large stores and supermarkets;buildings that shelter special artistic, historical and scientific valuable assets;industrial building and facilities with high risk of fire or emanation of toxic matters;industrial buildings that shelter special machinery and/or equipment, economically very valuable; buildings that store products of strict necessity for people in case of emergencies.

Class III includes buildings of normal risk (others than those belonging to classes I, II, IV), such as:residential buildings, hotels, hostels (except those included in Class II);current-type industrial and agro-zootechnical buildings.Class IV includes building of minor importance, such as:low importance agro-zootechnical buildings (e.g. greenhouses, one-storey buildings and facilities for domestic animals);one or two-storey individual residential buildings; other buildings that shelter low-value items and where a restricted personnel carries out activities.

Presently, according to the in force regulations, both importance categories and classes must be specified on any project written and draw part.

4.Reglementari tehnice in constructiiDenumite pana in 1990 prescriptii tehnice intrucat aveau un caracter descriptiv si prescriptiv, reglementarile tehnice reprezinta principalacomponenta a sistemului de reglementari din constructii.Acestea cuprind in principal:Normative tehnice (coduri)GhiduriSpecificatii tehnicePentru caracterizarea fiecarui tip de reglementare pot fi avute in vedereurmatoarele definitii:NORMATIVE GENERALE= reglementari cu caracter general, obligatorii, care cuprind notiuni si principii generale , terminologii si clasificari, modul de considerare a agentilor, etc.NORMATIVE TEHNICE sau CODURI=reglementari tehnice cu caracter obligatoriu care detaliaza cerintele de calitate, definesc niveluri minime de performanta pentru constructii in ansamblu sau pentru diferitele diviziuni fizice ale lor si stabilesc modalitatile de evaluare verificare ale acestora.

4. Technical regulations in buildingsThe widespread and complex activities performed in connection withbuilding construction had to be necessarily governed by comprehensive compulsory rules, aiming and guaranteeing in the first place public health, safety and welfare.

Technical regulations form an important part of this ensemble of compulsory rules for constructions and are intended to achieve:high - performance, correct, safe and sound, as well as economical design;high quality production of materials, components, elements and subensembles;high quality execution of site works, through correct application of technologies and procedures.

Due to their compulsory character, technical regulations bring an essentialcontribution to the unification of criteria for analysis and selection of solutions for various technical and economical problems in building construction. On the other hand, due to the same compulsory character, technical regulations obviously exert constraints upon and impose limits to various parameters in the design, manufacturing of products and executionof constructions.

GHIDURI=reglementari tehnice cu caracter obligatoriu ce contin elemente exigentiale si elemente descriptive necesare conceptiei, proiectarii siexecutiei unui anumit tip functional de constructie. SPECIFICATII TEHNICE= reglementari tehnice cu caracter obligatoriu care precizeaza pentru un anumit tip de constructie setul specific de criterii si niveluri de performanta, alaturi de elementele necesare pentru verificarea si evaluarea performantelor.STANDARDELE= reglementari tehnice speciale, sunt documente aprobate de un organism specializat care furnizeaza reguli, linii directoare, caracteristici tehnice, simboluri, terminologie, in scopul de a se obtine un grad ridicat de ordine conceptuala si terminologica intr-un domeniu dat. In mare, acestea pot fi impartite in urmatoarele categorii:Standarde referitoare la materialeStandarde referitoare la echipamente si diferite tipuri de elementeStandarde de proiectare CODURILE sunt mult mai detaliate decat STANDARDELE.

Cateva dintre cele mai reprezentative coduri pentru constructii se refera la:proiectarea functionala ( a cladirilor cu diferite destinatii)siguranta la focproiectare si analiza structurala (pt. diferite tipuri de structuri)geotehnica si fundatiiproiectare de echipamente si instalatiiproiectare de termoizolatii, hidroizolatii, invelitoriproiectare de elemente si solutii de inchidere

Harmonised standards are being produced in three maincategories,namely:

category A standards: standards of design, codes of practice, etc. for the whole construction works (e.g. structural Eurocodes);category B standards: specifications for materials and products;category Bh standards, which may apply across a wide range of products, being related to testing methods and procedures, standards for measurement, etc.

The Construction Products Directive, together with the Public Works and Service Directives, form the legal basis for the development of technical standards and harmonisation. A special technical committee is producing a series of nine basic codes - Eurocodes that set out design rules and standards, covering design criteria for most types of construction works and the structural materials used. The codes are first published in the form of pre standards (ENVs), that intended to be used for the design in order to provide feedback information for modifications and improvement, where necessary, to be incorporated into the final European Standards (ENs). These latter will be transposed to replace gradually the existing national standards of the EU member states.

In the last decades a system of new technical regulations has beendeveloped in Romania. They are organised on several hierarchiclevels, interconnected to each other, and are being subjectedto periodical revision and updating, in according with national and international scientific and technological progress. Lately, new editions of Romanian technical regulations are being orientated towards gradual harmonisation with those issued within the framework of the European Union.

The standards are technical regulations that establish characteristics for construction materials, elements, subensembles, equipment etc, as well as basic concepts, principles and data for design, execution and acceptance of buildings. Some typical categories of such standards are:standards for materials (e.g. steel reinforcement bars, laminated profiles and others steel products; natural and artificial aggregates, cement, lime, water, additives for concrete; concrete - normal or with special characteristics - mortars; bricks and ceramic blocks; timber and other wooden products; thermal-insulating, acoustical-insulating and waterproofing materials, finishing materials etc);

standards for elements and equipment (e.g. plain, reinforced or prestressed prefabricated elements; partitioning elements; doors and windows; equipment for heating, ventilation and air-conditioning, water supply and drainage, waste disposal, electrical supply, telecommunication, mechanical transportation, and so on);standards for design (e.g. actions on buildings; soil mechanics and foundations ; design of plain, reinforced and prestressed concrete, steel, masonry and timber structures,; thermotechnics, acoustics and illumination of buildings; performances; modular co-ordination and tolerances; drawings etc).

The codes are more specific, are technical regulations that apply basicconcepts, principles and data established by standards to variouscategories or types of buildings, as well as to specific or complementaryproblems related to their design, execution and acceptance. Somerepresentative kinds of present Romanian codes for building construction(many of them labelled with the old term norms) are listed below, inrelation with:

functional design (e.g. buildings destined to various functions, such as dwellings, hotels, schools, hospitals, theatres, sports halls, offices et al);fire safety;protection against deterioration due to natural and artificial agents;structural design and computation analysis (e.g. earthquake-resistance design, reinforced concrete structures of various types with frames or shear walls, cast-in-place or prefabricated -, masonry, steel and timber structures etc);geotechnics and foundations (e.g. shallow and deep foundations of various types, foundations on soil with special properties, strengthening of weak soils etc);reinforced concrete design and construction specific cases (e.g. lightweight concrete, cold-formed wire-mesh reinforcement, welded joints of reinforcement, formworks, concrete curing et al);masonry and walls (e.g. stone, brick, lightweight concrete and cellular concrete blocks masonry, partition walls of various types, watertightness of exterior walls joints etc);

steel design and construction specific cases (e.g. cold-formed profile elements, high-strength bolt joints et al);design and execution of roofing, insulation, waterproofing, finishes etc);design and execution of systems and equipment for heating, ventilation and air conditioning, water supply an drainage, electrical supply, gas supply, telecommunications, mechanical transportation, etc);maintenance and repair works.

Other technical regulations, focused on limited and specific matters include:technical instructions, technical specifications, technological cards and procedures, as well as catalogues with unified or typified details.