CJ?§ferences

REFERENCE

Abraham, J. (1998). Spatial distribution of major and trace elements in shallow reservoir

sediments: an example from Lake Wako, Texas. Environ Geo!. 36(3-4): 349-363.

Ackay, H., Oguz, A. and Karapire, C. (2003). Study of heavy metal pollution and

speciation in Buyak Menderes and Gediz River sediments. Water Research. 37:

813-822.

Ackerman, F., Bergmann, H. and Schleichert, U. (1983). Monitoring of heavy metal

Coastaland estuarine sediments - a question of grain size < 20llm verses < 60llm.

Environ Technol Lett. 4: 317-328.

Adamo, P., Dudka, S. Wilson, M. J. and Mc Hardy, W. J. (1996). Chemical and

mineralogy forms of Cu and Ni in contaminated soils from Sudbary Mining

and Smelting Region, Canada. Environ Po!. 91 (1): 11-19.

Allan, R. J. (1979). Heavy metals in bottom sediments of Greaz Slave Lake (Canada): A

reconnaissance. Environ Oeo!. 3: 305-363.

Allen, H. E. and Hansen, D. J. (1996). The importance of trace metal speciation to water

quality criteria. Water Environ Res. 69:42-54.

Alloway, B. J. (1990). Cadimium In: Alloway BJ (ed.) "Heavy metals in soils". Blackie

and sons, Glagow. pp. 100-124.

Alloway, B. J. (1990). Sorption of trace metals by humic materials III soil. In:.

Alloway B.l (ed.) "Heavy Metals in soils". Blackie Olusgow.

Anderson, J. M. and Ingram, 1. S. I. (1993). Tropical soil and fertility: A handbook of

methods 2nd Edition.

Andrews, D. and Fritchko, 1. (1987). Availability of Zinc to benthic dwelling organisms

from sediment fractions (abstr) OME Technology transfer. Toronto. Nov 30 -

Dec 1. 32pp.

277

Anjaneyulu, Y. (2003). Assessment of Environmental quality of Kolleru Lake and

management plans. In: Lake Kolleru Environmental Status (Past and Present),

(Eds.) Y Anjaneyulu and MK Durga Prasad. BS Publication. pp. 1-15.

APHA, A WW A and WPCF, (1995). Standard methods for the examination of water and

wastewater; 19th edition Washington DC.

Armienta, M. A., Talavera, 0., Morton, o. and Barrera M. (2003). Geochemistry of

metals from mine tailing in Taxco, Mexico. Bull. Environ. Contan. Toxcol. 71:

87-393.

Ase, L. E., (1987). A note on the water budget of Lake Naivasha, Kenya. Geografiska

Annaler. 69A 3-4: 415-429.

Asthana, V. (1976). Limnological studies ofChilka Lake, Orissa Project Report, No. 112

of Indian Programme on man and Biosphere. Department of Science and

Technology Government of India.

Balchand, A. N. and Nair, S. M. (1994). Fractionation of phosphorus in the sediments of

tropical estuary. Environ Geol. 23: 284-294.

Baldi, M. Negri, M. C. and Capodaglio, A. G. (1990). In: Metals speciation, separation

and recovery. 1.W. Patterson. Passino eds., Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsa,

MI, United States.pp 377-392.

Baptista Neto, J. A., Snitu, B. 1. and McAllistes, J. 1. (2000). Heavy metal concentration

in surface sediments in near shore environment, Jurujuba Sound, Southeast Brazil.

Environ. Pol. 109: 1-19.

Beadle, L. C. (1974). The inland waters of Africa: An introduction to Tropical

Limnonogy. Longmans. London. 365 pp.

Bedford, B. L., Wi bridge, M. R. and Aldous, A. (1999). Patterns in nutrient availability

and plants diversity of temperate North America wetlands. Ecology. 80: 2151

2169.

Berner, R. A. and Jilong Rao, (1994). Phosphorus in the sediment of Amazon River and

Estuary: Implication for the global flux of phosphorus in the sea. Geochimica

Acta. 58(10): 2333-2339.

278

Bhosale, U. and Sahu, K. C. (1991). Heavy metal around island city of Bombay, India.

Part II: Distribution of heavy metals between water, suspended particles and

sediments in a polluted aquatic regime. Chern Geol. 90: 285-305.

Biksham, G., Subramanian, V. and Griken, R. Van (1991). Heavy metal distribution in

the Godavari River basin. Environ. Geol. Wat. Sci. 17: 117-126.

Birch, L., Hanselmann, K. W. and Bachofen, R. (1996). Heavy metal conservation in

Lake Cadagno sediments: Historical records of anthropogenic emissions in a

meromictic alpine lake. Water Res. 30: 679-687.

Bodog, I., Polyak, K. and Hlavay, J. C. (1996). Determination of heavy metals in Lake

and river sediments. Int. J Environ Anal Chern. 79: 79-94.

Boggs, S. (1995). Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy, 2nd ed. Prentic Hall. 774

pp.

Borovec, Z., (1996). Evaluation of the concentration of trace elements in stream

sediments by factor and cluster analysis and the sequential extraction procedure.

Sci of the Tot Environ. 177: 237-250.

Borovec, Z. (2000). Elements in size fraction bottom sediment of the Elbe River in Czech

part. Aquatic Science. 62: 232-251.

Bostrom, B., Persson, G.and Broberg, B. (1988). Bioavailability of different phosphorus

forms in fresh water systems. Hydrobiologia. 170: 133-155.

Bourg,A C. M. (1995). In Heavy metals: Problems and Solutions (W. Solomon, U.

Forstner and P. Made reds.) Springer Berlin, German. pp 19-32.

Boyd, R., Niskavaara, H., Kontas, E., Chekushin, V., Pavio, E., Often, M. and Reimann,

C. (1997). Anthropogenic noble metal enrichment of top soil in Monchegorsk

area, Kola Peninsular northwest Russia. J of Geochemical Exploration.58: 283-

289.

Bricker, S. B. (1993). The history of Cu, Pb and Zn inputs to Narragansett Bay, Rhode

Island as recorded by saltmarsh sediments. Estuaries. 16 (3B): 589-607.

Briggs, D. (1977).Sources and methods in geography-sediments. Butterworths London.

192 pp.

Briz-Kishore, B. H. and Murali, G. (1992). Factor analysis for revealing hydrochemical

characteristics of watershed. Environ Geol Water Sci. 19(1): 3-9.

279

,Brockaert, J. A. C., Gucer, S. and Adans, F. (1990). Metal speciation in the environment.

Proc. NATO Adv. Study Inst. Cesme, Turkey, 9-20 Oct. 1989. Springer Berlin.

Brugmann, L., (1995). Metals in sediments and suspended matter of the river Elbe.

The Science of the Tot Environ. 159: 53-65.

Bubb, E. M., Lester, J. (1994). Anthropogenic heavy metal input to lowland river

systems, a case study. The River Stour, UK. Water Air and Soil, Pollut. 78: 279

296.

Bugenyi, F. W. B. (1982). Copper pollution studies in lakes George and Edward,

Uganda: The distribution of Cu, Cd and Fe in the water and sediment. Environ

Poll. (Series B). 3: 129-138.

Bugenyi, F. W. B. and Lutalo-Bosa, A. 1. (1990). Likely effects of salinity on coppert

oxicity to the fisheries of lakes George -Edward, Uganda In: P Kilham and K. M.

Mavuti (eds). Comparative ecology of fresh water and coastal marine ecosystems.

Hydrobiologia. 208: 38-44.

Burner, R. A. and Ji Long Rao. (1994). Phosphorus in sediment of the River Amazon

and Estuary: Implication for the Global flux of Phosphorus to the sea. Geochimca

et Cosmochimica. 58: 2333-2339.

Cambier, P. (1997). Evaluation of the mobility of toxic elements in contaminated soils.

Anal Mag. 25: 35-38.

Casas, J. M., Rosas, H., Sole, M. and Lao, C. (2003). Heavy metals .and metalloids in

sediments from Liobregat basin, Spain. Environ Geol. 44: 325-332.

Chakrapani, G. J. (2002). Water and sediment geochemistry of major Kamayun

Himalayan lakes, India. Environ Geol. 43: 99-107.

Chakrapani, G.J. and Subramanian, V. (1990). Preliminary studies of the geochemistry of

the Mahanadi river basin, India. Chern Geol. 81: 241-253.

Chakrapani, G.J. and Subramanian, V. (1993). Heavy metal distribution and fractionation

in sediments of Mahanadi River Basin, India. Environ. Geol. 22: 80-87.

Chakrapani, G. J. and Subramanian, V. (1996). Fractionation of heavy metals and

phosphorus in suspended sediments of the Yamuna River, India. Environ Monit

and Assess. 43: 117-124.

280

Chang, S. C. and Jackson, M. S. (1957). Fractionation of soil phosphorus. Soil Science.

84: 133-144.

Chao L. L. (1972). Selective dissolution of manganese oxides from soils and sediments

with acidified hydroxylamine hydrochloride. Soil Sci. Soc. Arne. Proc. 36: 764

768.

Charlet, L. (1994). In: Chemistry of aquatic s~stems: local and global perspectives (G.

Bidoglio and W. Stumm eds., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston,

London, Netherlands. 534 pp.

Chatterjee T. (1996). The Kolleru lake conservation and management project.A

community-Driven Lake Conservation Plan. In: Conservation and Management of

LakeslReservoirs in India. March 1996. International Lake Environment

Committee Foundation (ILEC). Chern Geo!. 95: 35-62.

Chester, R and Hughes, (1967). A Chemical technique for the separation of

ferromanganese minerals, Carbonate minerals and adsorbed trace element from

pelagic sediments. Chern. Geo!. 2: 249-262.

Chester, R, Kudoja, W. M., Thomas, A. and Towner, J. (1985). Pollution reconnaissance

in stream sediments using non-residual trace metals. Environ Pollut (Ser B). 10:

213- 238.

Chlopecka, A. (1996). Assessment of forms of Cd, Zn and Pb in contaminated calcareous

and greyed soils in Southwest Poland. Sci Total Environ. 188: 253-262.

Choudri, B. S. and Chavadi, V. C. (2000). Anthropogenic deposition of trace elements in

the sediments of Navalur ponds near Dharurad City, Kamataka, India. Eco Env.

Cons. 6 (3): 351-353.

Chow, T. Y. Snyder, C. B. and Earl, J. L. (1974). Isotope ration of lead as pollution

source indicators. Symposium STIPIP03 Conf-741-120 IAEA (m International

Atomic Energy Agency, Viena. pp 95-108.

Claar van der Zee., Caroline, P. and Wim var Raaphorst, (2002). Authigenic formation

and reactive P burial in sediments of the Nazare Canyon on the Iberian margin

(NE Atlantic). Marine Geo!. 185: 379-392.

Clarke, M.C.G., Woodhall, D.G., Allan, D. and Darling G. (1990). Geological

volcanological and hydrological controls on the occurrence of geothermal

281

activities in the area surrounding Lake Naivasha, Kenya. Ministry of Energy,

Nairobi, Kenya. 138 pp.

Cole, S. M. (1950). An outline of the Geology of Kenya. Pitman. (Nairobi).

Comber, S. W., Ounn, A. M. and Whallay, C. (1995). Comparison of partitioning of trace

metals in the Hamber and Mersey Estuaries. Marine Pol Bull. 30: 851-860.

Connor, J. N. and Martin, M. R. (1989). An assessment of phosphorus inactivation. Kezer

Lake, New Hamsphire. Water Res Bull. 24(4): 845-853.

Copeland, R. A. and Ayers, J. C. (1972). Trace element distribution in water, sediments

phytoplankton, zooplankton and benthos of Lake Mihigan: A baseline study with

calculation concern factors and buildup of radioisotopes in the food web. Ann

Arbor, Michigan: Enviromental Research Group. 271 pp.

Copper, C. M. (1993). Biological effects of agriculturally derived surface water

pollutants on aquatic systems. A review, J Environ Qual. 23: 403.

Cottenie, A. and Verlo'o, M. (1984). Analytical diagnosis of soil pollution with heavy

metals. Fresenius Z. Analyt. Chern. 317: 389-393.

Croot, P. L. and Hunter, K. A. (2000). Labile forms of iron in coastal sea water: Otago

Harbour, New Zealand, Mar Fresh Water Res. 51 :193-203.

Cullity, B. D. (1967). Elements of X-Ray diffraction. (3 rd Ed.) Addisson Wesley

Publishing Company inc. USA. 514 pp.

Daily Nation, (2001, February 1st). Who is killing the Lake Naivasha? Editorial Comment

In: Daily Nation Newspaper, Nairobi, Kenya.

Daily Nation, (2004 August, 11 th). Lake Nakuru must be saved. Editorial comment In:

Daily Nation Newspaper, Nairobi, Kenya.

Dalton, M. G. and Upchurch, S. B. (1978). Interpretation of hydrochemical facies by

factor analysis. Ground Water, 10: 228-233.

Dannie!, T. C. Sharpley, A. N. and Leminyon, J. L. (1998). Agricultural phosphorus and

eutrophication. J Environ Qual. 27: 251-257.

Das, B. K. (1999). Environmental pollution of Udaisagar Lake and impact of phosphate

mine, Udaisagar, Rajasthan, India. Environ Geol. 38(3): 244-248.

Das, B. K. and Singh, M. (1996). Water chemistry and control of weathering of Pichola

lake, Udaisagar District, Rajasthan, India. Environ Oeol. 27): 184-190.

282

Das, B. K., Singh, M. and Grieken, V. R. (1995). The element chemistry of sediments in

the Nainital Lake, Kamayun Himalaya, India. Sci Total Environ.l68: 85-90.

Dassenakis, M., Andrianos H., Depiazi G. Korstantas A. Karabela M., Sakettari Aand

Scoullos M. (2003). The use of various methods for study of metal pollution In

marine sediments, the case of Envoikos Gulf Greece. Appliced Geochem. 18:

781-794.

Datta, D.K. and Subramanian, V. (1998). Distribution and fractionation of heavy metals

in . the surface sediments of Ganges Bramaputra-Meghna River system in the

Bengal Basin. Environ Geol. 36: 93-101.

Delaney, M. L., and Anderson, L. D. (1997). Phosphorus geochemistry in Ceara Rise

sediments. Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling program, scientific results

vo1.l54: 457-482. Shekaton, NJ. Curry W.B. Bitcher and Brolower TJ. (eds.).

De Mooy, H. Van Hattum, 1. 1. A. and Vriend, S. P. (1988). R-Q mode factor analysis

program for microcomputers: a Pascal programme, Computer Geoscience. 14(4):

• 449-465.

Dodman, T. and Vallerie, T. 1995. African waterfowl census, 1995.

Dollar, N. L., Souch, C. J., Fillipeli, G. M. and Mastalerz, M. (2001). Chemical

fractionation of metals in wetland sediments: Indiana Dune Lakeshore. Environ

Sci and Technol. 35: 3608-3618.

Donia, N. S. (1998). Integration of GIS and computer modeling to study the water quality

of Lake Naivasha, Central Rift Valley, Kenya. M.Sc. Degree Thesis, ITC:

Enschede. 116 pp.

Droppo, I. G. and Jaskot, C. (1995). Impact of river transport characteristic on

contaminant sampling error and design. Environ Sci Technol. 28: 161-170.

Eagler, R. M. Brannon, 1. M. Rose, J. and Bigham, G. (1974). A practical selective

procedure for sediment characterization 168th meeting Am Chern Soc, New York.

p 17.

Earth Crash News (ECN), (2000 December 17th). Toxic pollution of East African Rift

Valley Lakes in Kenya and Tanzania is decimating flamingos' population ..

Elder, J. F. (1988). Metal biogeochemistry in surface water systems: A review, Principles

and concepts. Denver, Colorado: US Geological Survey, circular 1013. 43 pp.

283

Elder, 1. F. (1994). Distribution and grain size partitioning in bottom sediments of an

experimentally acidified Winkonsin Lake. Water Res Bull.30: 251-259.

Ellsokkary, I. H. and Mueller, G. (1990). Assessment and speciation ofCr, Ni, Pb and Cd

in the sediment of the River Nile, Egypt. Sci Total Environ. 97/98: 455-463.

ENS (Environmental News Service). (2001 January 31). Lake Naivasha faces serious

threat from population growth, development, agriculture and deforestation.

ENS. (Environmental News Service), (2001 January 31). International Help sought for

Kenyan Wetland. 5 pp.

ENS. (Environmental News Service), (2001 June 11 th). Pollution blamed for mystery of

Kenya flamingo death.

Eugester, H. P. (1970). Chemistry and origin of brines of Lake Magadi, Kenya. Mineral

Soc. Am. Spec Pap. 3: 215-235.

Facetti, 1., Dekov, V. M. and Van Grieken, R. (1998). Heavy metals in sediments from

the Paragnay River: A preliminary study. Sci. Total Environ. 209: 79-86.

Fanfani, L., Zuddas, P. and Chessa, A. (1997). Heavy metal speciation analysis as a tool

for studying mine tailings weathering. J of Geochem Explo. 58: 241-248.

Farrah, D. and Pickering, W. F. (1993). Factors influencing the potential mobility and

bio-availability of metals in dried lake sediments. Chemical Speciation Bioavil. 5:

81- 96.

Fernex, F., Valle, P. Z., Sanchez, R. H., Michaud, F., Parron, C., Dalmasso, J.,

Genevieve, B. F. and Mannuel, G. A. (2001). Sedmentation rate in Lake

Chapala (western Mexico): Possible active tectonic control. Chern Geol. 177:

213-228.

Filippeli, G. M. and Dalaney, M. L. (1995). Phosphorus geochemistry and accumulation

rates in the eastern Equatorial Parcific Ocean: results from leg 138. In Pisias, N.G.

Mayer, LL.A., Janecek, T.R., Palmer-Julson. A., and Van Andel. (eds.), Proc.

ODP, Sci results, 138 : college station, TX(Ocean Drilling Program). pp 757-767.

Filippeli, G. M. and Dalaney, M. L. (1996). Phosphorus geochemistry of equatorial

Pacific sediments. Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta. 60: 1479-1495.

Folk, R. L. (1974). Petrology of sedimentary rocks. Hemphil Publishing Company.

Austin,Tx.

284

Forstner, U. (1980). Cd an other metals in polluted sediments. In: Nriagu(Ed.) vol 1.,

Wiley Interscience, New-York., pp 305-363.

Forstner, U. (1990). Inorganic sediment chemistry and elemental speciation. In: Baudo R,

Giesy JP. And Mantau H (Eds) , Sediment-chemistry and toxicity of in-place

pollutants. Chelsea Michigan: Lewis Publishers. pp 61-105.

Forstner, U. (1993). Metal speciation general concept and applications. International

Journal of Analytical Chemistry. 51: 5-23.

Forstner, U. and Muller, G. (1974). Schwerme in Flussen und see. Berlin: Springer.

255 pp.

Forstner, U. and Solomons, W. (1980). Trace metal analysis on polluted sediments part

1: Assessment of sources and intensities. Environ Technol Lett. 1: 494-505.

Forstner, U., Wittmann G. T. W. (1981). Metal pollution in the aquatic Environment. 2nd

edn. Springer, Berlin. Heidelberg, New York. Springer -Verlag. 481 pp.

Foster, I. D. L., (1995). Lake and reservoir bottom sediments as a source of soil erosion

and sediment transport data in the UK. In: Foster IDL, Gurnell AM, Webb BW,

editors, sediment and water quality in river catchments Chichester; Willey. Pp

265- 283.

Foster, I. D. L., and Walling, D. E. (1994). Using reservoir deposits to reconstruct

changing sediment yields and sources in catchment of the old Mill Reservoir,

South Devon, UK, over the past 50 years. Hydrological Sci J. 39: 347-368.

Foster, I. D. L., Lees, J. A., Owens, P. N., and Walling, D. E. (1998). Mineral magnetic

characterization of sediment sources from analysis of lake and floodplain

sediments in catchment of the Old Mill Reservoir and Slapton Lay, South Devon,

UK, over the past 50 years. Earth Surf Processes Landforms, 23 : 685-703.

Froelich, P. N., Bender, M. L. and Luedtke, N. A., (1982). The Marine phosphorus

cycles. J Sci. 282: 47-51.

Fytianos, K. and Lourantou, A. (2004). Speciation of elements in sediments samples

collected at Lake Volvi, N. Greece. Environmental Intemational30: 11-17.

Gachiri, S. J. and Davies, T. C. (1993): The occurrence of geochemistry of fluoride in

some natural waters of Kenya. J ofHydrology.l43: 395-412.

285

Gad, M. A and Leriech, H. H. (1966). A method for separating the detrital and non

detrital fraction of trace elements in residual sediments. Geochem. Cosmochem.

Acta 30: 541-846.

GarbeD., B., Ollivion, D., Carru, A., M. and Chesterikoff, A. (1996). Origin, retention and

release of trace metals from sediments of the River Seine. Water, Air and Soil

Pollut. 87: 363-381.

Gaudet, J. J. and Melack, J. M. (1981). Major ion chemistry in a tropical African basin ..

Freshwater BioI. 11: 309-333.

Gaudet, J. J. and Muthuri, F. M. (1981). Nutrient regeneration in shallow tropical lake

water. IntemationaleVereinigungand fur Theorestiche und Angewandte

Limnologie. 21: 725-729.

Ge, Y., Murray, P. and Hendershof, W. H. (2000). Trace metal speciation and bio-

availability in urban soils. Environ Pollut. 107: 137-144.

George, M. D. (1993). Speciation and behaviour of Cd, Pb and Cu in Zuari Estuary, west

coast of India. Indian J of Mar Sci. 22: 216-220.

Gibbs RJ. (1977). Transport phase of transition metals in the Amazon and Yukon rivers.

Geol Soc Am Bull. 88: 829-943.

Goldberg, E. D., Hodge; V. Koide, M., Griffin, J. and Gamble, E. (1978). Pollution

history ofCheaspeake Bay. Geochim Cosmochim Acta. 42: 1413-1425.

Gomez-Ariza, J. L.,. Giraldez, I, E., Morales, D. Sanchez-Rodas. (1991). Optimization

of a sequential extraction scheme for the characterization of heavy metal

mobility in iron oxide rich sediments. Int J Environ Anal Chern.

Goncalves, E. P. R, Boaventura, R A. R and Van Grieken, R (1992). Sediment and

aquatic mosses as pollution indicators for heavy metals in the Ave river

(Portugal). Sci of the Total Environ. 114: 7-24.

Goncalves, R, Soares, H. M., Boaventura, R. A, Mechado, A. A. and Silva, J. C. (1994).

Seasonal variation of heavy metals in sediments and aquatic mosses from the

Ave River, (Portugal). Sci of the Total Environ.l42: 143-156.

Gonzalez, A E., Rodriguez, M. T., Sanches, J. C. J. and de la Rosa, F. J. B. (2000).

Assessment of metals in sediments in a tributary of Guadalquivil River (Spain):

286

Heavy metal partition and water sediment interaction. Water, Air and Soil

Pollution. 121: 11-29.

Grazebiz, W., Kocialkowski, W. Z. and Chudzinski, B. (1997). Copper geochemistry and

availability in cultivated soils contaminated by a copper smelter. Journal of

Geochemical Exploration. 58: 301-307.

Green-Ruiz, G., and Paez-Osuna, F. (2003). Heavy metal distribution in surface sediment

from a subtropical coastal lagoon system associated with an agricultural basin.

Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 71: 52-59.

Greichus, Y. A. A~~ Greichus, B. D. and Hopcraft, J. (1978). Insectcides, polychlorinated

biphenyls and metals in african lake ecosystems III, Lake Nakuru, Kenya. Bull

Environ Contam Toxcol. 19: 455.

Grim, R. E. 1968. Clay mineralogy. New York McGraw-Hill. 384 pp.

Groot de, A. J. Zschuppe, K. H. and Solomons, W. (1982). Standardization of methods of

analysis for heavy metals in sediments. Hydrobiologia. 92: 689-695.

Groot de, C. J. and Golterman, H. L. (1990). Sequential fractionation of sediment

phosphate. Hydrologia.192: 143-148.

Gupta, S. K. and Chen, K. Y. (1975). Partition of trace metals in selecteive chemical

fractions of near shore sediments. Environ Lett.lO: 129-158.

Gupta, P. K. and Pant, M. C. (1989). Sediment chemistry of Bhmtal, UP, India.Int Rev

HydrobioL 74: 679-687.

Gupta, L. P. and Subramanian, V. (1994). Enviromental geochemistry of the River Gomti

a tributary of the Ganga River. Environ Geol. 24: 235-243.

Gupta, S.C., Rathore, G. S. and Mathura, G. C. D. (2001): Hydrochemistry of Udaipur

Lakes. Indian J Environ Hlth. 43(1): 38-44.

Gupta, L. P. and Subramanian, V. (1998). Geochemical factors controlling nature of

water and sediments in Gomti River, India. Environ Geol. 36(1-2): 102-108.

Gupta, S. K., Vollmer, M. K., and Kreb, R. (1996). The importance of mobile,

mobilisable and pseudo total heavy metal fractions in soil for three-level risk

assessment and risk management. Sci Total Environ. 178: 11-20.

Handerson, 1. G. (1987). The summer distribution, abundance and habitat use of the birds

of Lake NaivashA, Kenya. University of Leisester UK. Report.

287

Hakanson, L. and Jansson, M. (1979). Principles of lake sedimentology. Springer-verlag.

Berlin Heiderberg, New York Tokyo. 366 pp.

Haque, M. A. and Subramanian, V. (1982). Cu, Pb and Zn pollution of soil environment.

CRC Critic Rev Environ Control. 100: 13-90.

Harper, D. (1987). The ecology and distribution of zooplankton in lakes Naivasha and

Oloiden. In D.M. Harper (ed) University of Leicester Studies on the Lake

Naivasha ecosystem. 1982-1984. final report to the Kenya Government, pp 101

121.

Harper, D. M., Mavuti, K. M. and Muchiri, S. M. (1990). Ecology and management of

Lake Naivasha Kenya in relation to climatic change, alien species introduction

and agricultural development. Environ Conserv. 17(4): 328-336.

Hecky, R. E. and Kilham, P. (1973). Diatoms in alkaline, saline lakes, Ecology and

geochemical implications. Limnol Oceano gr. 18: 53-71.

Heyvaert, A. C., Reuter, J. E., Slotton, G. E. and Goldman, C. R. (2000).

Paleolimlnological reconstruction of historical atmospheric lead and mercury

deposition at Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada. Environ ScTechnoi. 34: 3588-3597.

Hieltjes, A. H. M. and Lijklema, L. (1980). Fractionation of inorganic phosphate in

calcareous sediments. J Environ Qual. 9.:405-407.

Hirst, D. W. and Nikollis, R. G. (1958). Techniques in sedimentary geochemistry.

separation of detrital and non-detrital fractions of limestone. 1. sediment Petrol.

28: 841-846.

Horowitz, A. 1. (1991). A primer on sediment trace element chemistry. 2nd ed. Chelsea,

Michigan: Lewis Publisher. 136 pp.

Horowitz, A. J. and Erick, K. A. (1987). The relation of stream sediment surface area

grain size and composition of trace element chemistry. Appl Geochem. 2: 437-

451.

Hosomi, M. Okada, and Suda, R. (1982). Release of Phosphorous from lake

sediments. Env. IntI. 170: 19-34.

Huang, W., Campredon, R., Abrao, J. J., Bernat, M. and Latouche, C. (1994). Variations

of heavy metals in recent sediments from Piratininga Lagoon (Brazil):

288

interpretation of geochemical data with the aid of multivariate analysis. Environ

Geol. 23: 241-247 .

. Huy, N. Q., Luyen, T. V., Phe, T. M. and Mai, N. V. (2003). Toxic elements and heavy

metals in sediments in Than Luong Canal, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

Environ Geo1.43: 836-841.

Illera, V., Walter, I., Souza, P. and Cala, V. (2000). Short term effects of bio-solids and

municipal solid wastes on heavy metal distribution in a degraded soil under a

semi arid environment. Sci of the Total Environ. 255: 29-44.

Ingram, R. L. (1970). Sieve analysis. In: Procedures, in the Sedimentology Petrology,

(Eds.), R.E. Carver, Wiley Interscience, New-York. pp 49-67.

Irabren, M. J. and Vesco, F. (1999). Heavy metals in Oka River sediments Urbaibai

National Biosphere Reserve, (North Spain), Lithogenic and anthropogenic effects.

Environmental Geo!. 37(1-2): 54-63.

Izquierdo, C., Usero, J. and Gracia, I. (1997). Speciation of heavy metals in" sediments

from salt marshes on the southern Atlantic coast of Spain. Mar PolIut BulL 34:

123-128.

Jackson, M. L. (1973). Soil chemical analysis, Advanced course. Madison Winconsin.

530 pp.

Jaezold, R. and Schimdt, H. (1983). Farm management handbook of Kenya. Vol (ii).

Central Kenya.

Jagadesh, (1999). Studies on speciation of some heavy metals in aquatic environments.

[Ph.D. Thesis], Jawaharlal Nehru University.

Jenne, F. A. (1968). Controls of Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn concentrations in soils and

waters: the significance of hydrous Mn and Fe Oxides. Am. Chern. Soc. Adv.

Chern. Ser., 73: 337-387.

Jenne, E. A. and Luoma, S. (1977). Forms of Trace elements in soil, sediments and

associated wastes: An overflow of their determination and biological availability.

In: Biological Implication of Metals in the environment (RE Wikling and H.

Druken (eds.) NTIS, Springfield, VA. pp 110-143.

Jenne, E., Kennedy, V., Burchard, J. and Ball, R. (1980). Sediment collection and

processing for selective extraction and for total metal analysis. In Backer, R.

289

(Eds) Contaminants andSediments vol. 2. Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann

Arbor, MI. pp 169-189.

Jha, P. K., Subramanian, V., Sitasawad, R. and Van Grieken, R. (1990). Heavy metals in

sediments of Yamuna River (a tributary of the Ganges), India. Sci of the Total

Environ. 95:7-27.

Jones, B. and Turki, A. (1997). Distribution and speciation of heavy metals in surficial

sediment from the Tees Estuary, northeast England. Marine Pol Bull. 34(10): 768-

779.

Jose, P. J. (1995). Nature of distribution and fractionation of Hg, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn In

the sediment of Ganges Estuary. [Ph.D. Thesis]. Jawaharlal Nehru University.

150 pp.

Kairu, J. K. (1991). Studies of the concentration of organbchlorine pesticides and metal

residues in fish and birds of Lake Nakuru, Kenya. MSc thesis. Agriculture

University of Norway.

Karanja, A. K., China, S. S. and Kundu, P. (1989). The influence of land - use on Njoro

River catchment between 1975 and 1985. Proceedings of the 3rd National

workshop on soil and water concervation in Kenya, Nairobi.

Kariu, J. K. (1999). Organochlorine pesticide and metal residues in fish from L. Nakuru,

Kenya. In J. Salt Lake Research. 8: 253-256.

Keeley, J. W. and Engler, R. M. (1974). Discussion of reguratory for ocean disposal of

dredged materials. Elutriation test rationale and implementation guidelins J Sed

Petrol. 28: 841-846.

Kemp, A. L. W. and Dell, C. I. (1976). A pleriminary comparison of composition of

bluffs and sediments from Lakes Ontaria and Erie. Can J Earth Sci. 13: 1070

1081.

Khasim, I. D. and Panduranga Rao, C. C. (2003)Status of heavy metal concentration In

fishes from Lake Kolleru. In: Lake Kolleru Environmental Status (Past and

Present), (Eds.) Y Anjaneyulu and MK Durga Prasad. BS Publication. pp. 41-47.

Kersten, M. and Forstner U. (1986). Chemical fractionation of heavy metals in anoxic

estuarine and coastal sediments. Water Sci Technol. 18: 121-130.

290

Kersten, M. and Forstner U. (1989). Speciation of trace elements in sediments. In: Trace

element speciation, Analytical methods and problems, ed . G. E. Batley. CRC

Press, Boca Raton, Florida. pp 245-317.

Kilham, P. (1971). Biogeochemistry of African Lakes and rivers. Hydrobiologia. 56: 49-

61.

Kiratli N. I. and Ergin, M. (1996). Partitioning of heavy metals in surface Black Sea

sediments. Applied Geochemistry, Vol. I I. pp 775-788.

Kitaka, M~ (2000). Phosphorus supply to a shallow tropical lake and its consequences.

Lake Naivasha: [Ph.D. thesis]. University of Leisester. Leisester.

Klovan,1. E. (1975) Rand Q mode factor analysis. In: Mc Cammon (ED), Concepts I

Geostatistics. Springer Verlag, Berlin. Pp 11-69.

Knight, B.P. Chaundri, A.M., Mc Grath, S.P. and Giller, K.E. (1998). Determination of

chemical availability of Cadmium and Zincin soil using inert soil moisture

samplers. Environ Pol. 99: 293-298.

Down To Earth. (1993). Kolleru is going. http://www. Rain water harvesting.

orgiCrisislKolleru _ etc.htm#degr.

Koeman, J. H., Pennings, J. H. De Goeji, J. J. Tijoe, P. S. Olindo, P. M. and Hopcraft, J.

(1972). A pleriminary survey of the possible contaminationof Lake Nakuru in

Kenya with some metals and chlorinated hydrocarbons. J App Ecol. 9: 411.

Koyo, A. J., Kariuki, W., Kaburu, H., Gichuki, C. M. and Mungai, T. (2001). Constraints

to conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity of rift valley lake in Kenya. A

report on the rift valley lakes. GEF Project, 36 pp.

Krishanamurty, G. S. R., Huang, P. M., Van Rees, K. C. J., Kozak, L. M. and Rostad, H.

P. W. (1995). Speciation of particulate-bound Cadmium of soils and its bio-

availability. Analyst. 120: 659-665.

Kulecho, A. and Asila, J. (2000). Baseline Study of Lake Naivasha. A preliminary

chemical and biological survey. A Kenya wildlife Society (KWS) report. 35 pp.

Kuo, S., Heilman, P. E. and Baker, A. S. (1983). Distribution and forms of copper, Zinc

Cadmium, Iron and Manganese in soils near a copper smelter. Soil Sci. 135: 101-

109.

291

Kwacha, C. P. H. J. (1998). Vulnerability of soils to change in agricultural use around

Lake Naivasha, Kenya. MSc Thesis.

KWS (Kenya Wildlife Society). (2001). Death of Flamingos in Rift Valley alkaline

lakes, Biodiversity and Research.

KWS (Kenya Wild life Service). (2002). Lake Nakuru National Park. Integrated

Management Plan. 16 pp.

Lacerda, L.D. Fernandez, M. A. Calazans, C. F. and Tanizaki, K.F. (1992).

Bid-availability of heavy metals in sediments of two coastal lagoons in Reo De

Jenairo, Brazil, Hydrobiologia. 228: 65-70.

Lebo, M. (1991). Particle bound phosphorus along an urbanized coastal plain estuary,

Marine Chemistry. 34: 225-246.

Lee, G. E. (1973). Role of phosphorus in eutrophication and diffuse source control.

Water Res. 111-128.

Legret, M. (1993). Speciation of heavy metals in sewage sludge and sludge-amended soil.

Int. J. Environ Anal Chern. 51: 161-165.

Leleyter, L. and Probst, J. (1999). A new sequential extraction procedure for the

speciation of particulate trace elements in river sediments. Intern. J. Environ Anal

Chern. 73(2): 109: 128.

Lim, P.E. and Kiu, M.Y. (1995). Determination and speciation of heavy metals in

sediments of the Juru River, Penang, Malaysia. Environ Monit Assess. 35: 85-95.

Lincer, J. L., Zalkind, D. Brown, L. H. and Hopcraft, 1. (1981). Organochlorine residues

in Kenya's Rift Valley lakes. J Appl Ecol. 18: 157-172.

Lindolm, R. C. (1987). Practical approach to sedimentology. Allen Publications. 276 pp.

LNROA. (1993). Lake Naivasha Riparian Owners Association. A three phase

Environmental Impact study of recent developments around Lake Naivasha. By

J. Goldson Associates. 108 pp.

Loberg, B. (1999). Geologi. 6th edition. Bokforlaget Prisma, Stockholm, Sweden.

Lopez-Sanches, J. F. R., Rubio, Samitier, C. and Rauret, G. (1996). Trace metal

partitioning in marine sediments and sludge deposited off the coast of Barcelona

(Spain). Water Res. 30: 153-159.

292

Loring, D. H. (1981). Normalisation of heavy-metal data from estuarine and coastal

sediments. ICES. J Mar Sci. 48: 101-115.

Lowler, A. 1. and Tipping, E. (2003). Metals in bulks deposition and surface waters at

two upland locations in northern England. Environ Poll. 121: 153- 167.

Luoma, S. N. (1986). A comparison of two methods for determining copper partitioning

in oxidized sediments. Mar Chem. 20: 45-59.

Luoma, S. N. and Davis, J. A. (1983). Requirement for modeling trace partitioning in

oxidized estuarine sediments. Marine Chem. 12: 159-181.

Luoma,.s. N. and Jenne, E. A. (1977). The availability of sediment bound cobolt, silver

and zinc to a deposit feeding clam in Biological implication of metals in the

Environment (Ed. H. Drucker and R.E. Wildung) ERDA Symp. Ser. No. 42:

pp 213-230.

Maher, W. A. (1984). Evaluation of a sequential extraction scheme to study associations

of trace elements in estuarine and oceanic sediments. Bull Environ Contam

Toxicol. 32: 339-344.

Maiz, I. Arambarri, I., Garcia, R. and Milla, E. (2000). Evaluation of heavy metal

availability in polluted soils by two sequential extraction procedures using

factor analysis. Environ Poll. 110: 3-9

Manjunatha, B. R, Balakrishna, K., Shankar, R and Mahalingan, T. R (2001).

Geochemistry and assessment of metal pollution in soil and river components of a

monsoon dominated environment near Karwar, southwest coast of India. Envron

Geol. 40: 1462-1470.

Martin, J. M .. ,Nirel, P. and Thomas, A. G. (1987). Sequential extraction techniques:

promises and problems. Mar Chem. 22: 313-341.

Matricic, D., Kwokal, Z. and Branica, M. (1990). Distribution of Zn, Pb, Cd, Cu

between different size fractions of sediments. Sci. Tot. Environ. 95: 217-225.

Mat, I, Maah, M. J. and Johari, A. (1994). Trace metal geochemical associations in

sediments from the culture bed of Anadara Granosa. Mar Pollut Bull. 28: 319-

323.

Matagi, S.V., Swai, D., and Mugabe, R (1998). A review of heavy metal removal

mechanism in wetlands. Afr J. Trop Hydrobiol Fish. 8: 23-35.

293

Mathu, E. M. and Davies, C. T. (1996). Ge~logy and the environment in Kenya. J

African Earth Sciences. 23: 511-539.

Mavura W. and WangiIa P. (2002). The pollution status of Lake Nakuru, Kenya: Heavy

metals and pesticide residues, 1999/2000. African Journal of Aquatic Science.

27: 91-96

Meguellati, N., Robbe, D., Marchandise, P. and Astruc, M. (1983). A new chemical

extraction procedure in the fractionation of heavy metals in sediments

interpretation. Proceedings of the International Conference on Heavy Metals in

the Environment, Edimburg CEP. Consulting. pp 1090-1093.

Melack, J. M. (1976). Limnology and dynamics of phytoplankton in equatiorial African

lakes. [Ph.D. Thesis]. Duke University. Durham, N.C.,453 pp.

Mitall, R. (1993). Management plan for Kolleru Bird Sanctuary. Forest Department ,

Government of Andra Pradesh, India. 318 pp.

Mitchel, R. L. (1964). In Chemistry of Soil (Ed. Bear FE). New York: Reinhold, pp 320-

368.

Morgan, (1998). Groundwater recharge estimation of the Malewa catchment, Naivasha

Kenya. M.Sc.Degree Thesis, ITC: Enschede, 115 pp.

Mohanachandran, G. (1992). Distribution, fractionation and deposition of heavy metals in

the sediments of three major peninsular estuaries (Godavari, Krishna and

Cauvery) and associated coastal regions. [Ph.D. Thesis]. Jawaharlal Nehru

University, 209 pp

MOW (Ministry of works) 1958. The hydrology of Lake Naivasha. 10 pp.

Mudroch, A. and Duncan, G. A. (1986). Distribution of metals in different size fractions

of sediment from the Niagara River. Journal of Great Lakes Research. 12(2): 117-

126.

Muller, G. (1979). Schwermettalle in den sedmentendes Rheins:Venderungemseit.

Umsch Wiss Tech 79: 778-783.

Murimi, S. K. and Prasad, H. (2001). Modeling potential erosion in Lake Nakuru

drainage Basin. In Ecohydrology Eds. V Subramanian and AL Ramanathan,

Capital Publishing Co. New Delhi, India. pp 403-414.

294

Muthuri, F. M. (2002). Lake Nakuru conservation and development project-KE0069.

World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), End of project Evaluation. 30pp.

Nagaraju, M., Gossmann, H. and Lacaze, B. (1994) Trace element geochemistry in the

waters ofPulicat Lake, South India. Geo Journal. 34(4): 393-396.

Nageswara Rao, K. (1985). Evolution of landforms in the area between Krishna and

Godavari deltas. The Indian Geographical Journal. 60(1): 30-36.

Nageswara Rao, K., Murali Krishna, J. and Herma Malini, B. (2004) Kolleru Lake is

vanishing- a revelation through digital processing of IRS-Id LISS-III sensor Data.

Current Science. 86(9): 1312-1313.

Nair, C. K. and Balchand, A. N. (1993). Speciation of trace metals in sediments of a

tropical estuary. Environ Geo1.21: 96-102.

Nelson,Y. M., Thampy, R. J. Motelin G. K., Raini, J.A, Difante C. I and Wilson, L.

1998.Yarrow N. Motelin G., Thampy R. Raini J. (1998). Model for trace metal

exposure in filter- feeding flamingos at alkaline Rift Valley lakes, Kenya. Publ.

Paper. Environ Toxico and Chern. 17: 2302-2309.

Ngene, S. M. (2002). The management of water quality in Lake Nakuru and

itscatchment.A report presented as partial fulfillment to the award of a

certificatein lake water quality management by International Lake certificate

Committee (ILEC) foundation. Shiga Prefecture, Japan, 20 pp

Nirel, P. M. V. and Morel, F. M. (1990). Pitfalls of sequential extractions. Water Res.

24: 1055-1056.

Niskavaara, H., Reimann, C., Chekushin, V. and Kashulina, G. (1997). Seasonal

variability of total and easily leachable element content in top soil (0-5 cm)

from eight catchments in European Arctic (Finland, Norway and Russia).

Environ Poll. 96: 261-274.

Nissenbaum, (1972). Distribution of several methods in chemical fractionation of

sediment cores of Okhots Isr J. Earth Sci. 21: 143-154.

Njenga, J. W. (2004). Comparative studies of water chemistry of four tropical lakes in

Kenya and India. Asian J. of Water Environ and Poll. 1 and 2: 87-97.

Njenga, J., Ramanathan, AL. and Subramaanian, V. (2003). Study of water quality in

Lake Naivasha Kenya. In: Recent trends in hydrogeochemistry (case studies fro

295

surface and subsurface waters of selected countries). Eds. AL. Ramanathan and R.

Ramesh. Capital Publishing company, India. pp 37-42.

Njuguna, S. G. (1982). Nutrient productivity relationship in tropical Naivasha Basin

Lakes, Kenya. [Ph.D. Thesis]. University of Nairobi. 300 pp.

Nriagu, 1. O. (1996). A history of global metal pollution. Science. 227: 223-224.

Numberg, H. W. (1984). The voltametric approach in trace metal chemistry of natural

water and atmospheric precipitation. Anal Chim Acta. 164: 1-21.

Nyamweru, C. K. (1983). Rifts and Volcanoes: A study of the east African system.

Thomas Nelson and sons, Nairobi. 128 pp.

Ochumba, P. B. O. (1987). Periodic mass fish kills in the Kenya part of the Lake

Victoria. Water Qual Bull. 11: 119-122.

Ochumba, P. B. O. (1990). Massive fish kills within the Nyanza Gulf of Lake Victoria.

Kenya. Hydrobiology. 208: 93-99.

Odada, E. 0., Olago, D.O., Bugenyi, F., Kulindwa, K., Karimumuryango, 1., West, K.,

Ntiba, M., Wandiga, S., Obudho, a. P. and Achola, P. (2003). Environmental

assessment of the East African Rift Valley Lakes. (Overview article) Aquatic Sci.

65: 254-271.

Okalebo, J. R., Gathua, K, W. and Woomer, P. L. (1993). Laboratory methods of soil and

plant analysis: A working manual. Soil Sci. Soci. East Africa Tech. Pub. No.1:

30-31.

Oldfield, F., Wake, R., Boyle, J., Jones, R., Nolan, S. and Gibbs, Z. (2003). The late

Holocene history of Gormire Lake (NE England) and its catchment : a

multyproxy reconstruction of past human impact. Holocene, 13: 677-690.

Padmalal, D. Maya, K. and Saralathan, P. (1997). Geochemistry of Cu, Co, Ni, Zn, Cd

and Cr in the surface sediment of a tropical estuary southwest coast of India: a

granulometric approach. Environ Geol. 31: 85-93.

Padmavathi, P. and Durga Prasad, M. K. (2003). Lake Kolleru vis-a-vis the fish ponds- a

study on the water quality and zooplankton. In: Lake Kolleru Environmental

Status (Past and Present), (Eds.) Y Anjaneyulu and MK Durga Prasad. BS

Publication. pp 16-24.

296

Panda, D. Subramanian, V. and Panigrahy, R. C. (1995). Geochemical fractionation of

heavy metals in Chilka Lake (east coast of India) - A tropical coastal lagoon.

Environ Geol. 26: 199-210.

Pande, J. and Das, S. M. (1980) Metallic contents in water and sediments of Lake

Nanital, India. Water Air Soil Poll. 13: 3-7.

Panograhy, R. C. (2000). The Chilka Lake, A sensitive coastal Ecosystem of Orrisa, east

Coast of India Ocean. J oflndian Ocean Studies, 7(2,3): 223-242.

Pardo, R., Barrado, E., Castrillejo, Y., Velasco, M.A. and Vega, M. (1993). Study of the

contents and speciation of heavy metals in the river sediments buy factor analysis

Anal Lett. 1719-1739.

Pardo, R., Barrado, E., Perez, L. and Vega, M. (1990). Determination and speciation of

heavy metals in sediments ofPisuerga River. Water Res. 24: 373-379.

Pederson, T. F. and Price, N. B. (1982). The geochemistry of manganese carbonate in

Panama basin sediment. Geochim chosmochim Acta. 46: 59-69.

Pempkowiak, J. Sikora, A. and Biemake, E. (1999). Speciation of heavy metals in marine

sediments vs their bioaccumulation by mussels. Chemosphere 39: 313-321.

Pizarro J., Rubio M. A. and Castillo. X. (2003). Study of Chemical Speciation in

sediments: An approach to vertical metal distribution in Rapel Reservoir

(Chile). J Chilean Chemical Soc. 48. N3 ISSSII 0717-9707.

Prasad Durga, M. K. and Padmavathi, P. (2003). Lake Kolleru- the biggest freshwater

wetland ecosystem in South India: biodiversity and status. In: Lake Kolleru

EnvironmentalStatus (Past and Present), (Eds.) Y Anjaneyulu and MK Durga

Prasad. BS Publication. pp 143-157.

Pucket, L. J. (1995). Identifying the major sources of nutrients water pollution. Environ

Sci Technol. 29: 408-414.

Puente, X., Villares, R. Caral, E. and Carbarreila, A. (1996). Nacreous shell of Mytilus

galloprovincialis as a biomonitor of heavy metal pollution in Galiza (NW Spain),

Sci. Total Environ. 183: 205-211.

Qiang, T, Xiao-quan, S. and Zhe-ming, N. (1994). Evaluation of a sequential extraction

procedure for the fractionation of amorphous iron and manganese oxides and

organic matter in soils. Sci Total Environ. 151: 159-165.

297

Ramanathan, AL. and Vaidhyanatahan, P., Subramanian, V. and Das, B. K. (1996).

Sediment and heavy metal accumulation in the Cauvery Basin.Environ. Geol.

27:164-169.

Ramani, K. V. and Anjaneyulu, Y. (2003). Pollution studies of Kolleru Lake by

industrial, agricultural, domestic wastes and corrective management plans. In:

Lake Kolleru Environmental Status (Past and Present), (Eds.) Y Anjaneyulu

and MK Durga Prasad. BS Publication. pp 52-60

Rapin, F. (1984). Speciation of heavy metals in a core from Baie de Nice (Mediterranean

Sea). Proceedings, symposium on heavy metals in the environment.

Heidelberg. pp 1005-1008.

Rapin, F., Tessier, A., Campbell, C. G. B. and Carignan, R. (1986). Potential artifacts in

the determination of metal partitioning in sediments by a sequential extraction

procedure. Environ Sci. Techno!. 20: 836-840.

Rauret, G., Rubio, R., Lopez-Sanchez, 1. F. and Casas, E. (1988). Determination and

speciation of copper and lead in sediments of a Mediterranean river (River Tenes,

Catalonia, Spain). Water Res. 22 (4): 449-455.

Ray, S. and Macnight, D. (1984). Trace metal distribution in Saint John Harbour

sediments. Mar Poll Bull. 15(1): 12-18.

Rees, H. c., Grant, D. W. and Jones, E. B. (2004). Diversity of Kenyan soda lake

alkaphiles assessed by molecular methods. Extremophiles. 8: 63-71.

Reimann, C., Banks, D. and Caritat, P. (2000). Impact of airborne contamination on

regional soil and water quality: the Kola Peninsular Russia. Environ Sci and

Techno!. 34: 2727-2732.

Reuther, R., Wright, R. F. and Forstner, U. (1981). Distribution and chemical forms of

heavy metals in sediment cores from two Norwegian lakes affected by acid

precipitation. In Proc. Symp. Heavy metals in the environment. Amsterdam. CEP

consultant Edinbugh, pp 318-321.

Richardson, J. L. and Richardson, A. E. (1972). History of an African Rift Lake and its

climatic implications. Ecology and Monography. 42(4): 499-534.

Rickard, D. T. (1971). The Chemistry of Copper in natural aqueous solutions.

Stockholm controls. Geo!. 23: 1-63.

298

Romic M. and Romic D. (2003). Heavy metals distribution in agricultural top-soils in

urban area. Environ Geo143: 795-805.

Rose, B. B., (1983). Comparative studies of Copper and Manganese mineralization in

Torlesae, Waipapa and Haist Schist terranes, Newzealand [Ph.D Thesis], Victoria

University of Wellingtone.

Roulet, M., Lucotte, M., Canuel, R, Farela, N., Courcelles, M. and Guimaraes, J. R D.

(2000). Increase in mercury contermination recorded in lucuistrine sediments

following deforestation in the central Amazon, Chern Geol. 165: 243-263.

Ruban, V., Lopez Sanchez J.F., Pardo, P., Rauret, G. Muntau H. and Quevauviller, Ph.

(1999). Selection and evaluation of sequential extraction procedures for

determination of phosphorus forms in lake sediments. Environ. Monit. 1: 51-56.

Rubio, R, Lopez-Sanchez, J. F. and RauretG. (1991). La especiacion solida de trazas de

metales en sedimentos. Aplicacion a sedimentos muy contaminados. Anal Quim

87: 599-605.

Rupasingha, R A. P. (2002). Use of GIS and RS for assessing lake sedimentation

processes: case study for Naivasha Lake, Kenya. [M.Sc. Degree Thesis], ITC:

Enschede, 115 pp.

Ruttenberg, K.C. (1990). Diagenesis and burial of phosphorus in marine sediments:

implications for the marine phosphorus budget. [Ph.D. thesis], Yale Univ. New

Haven, CT.

Ruttenberg, K. C. (1992). Development of a sequential extraction method for different

forms of phosphorus in marine sediments. Lirnnol Oceano gr. 37: 1460-1482.

Ruttenberg, K. C. and Berner, R A. (1993). Authigenic apatite formation and burial in

sediments from non-upwelling continental margin environments. Geochimica et

Cosmochimica ACTA 57: 991-1007.

Saeki, K., Okazaki, O. and Matsumoto, S. (1993). The chemical phase changes in heavy

metals with drying and oxidation of the lake sediments. Water Res. 27: 1243

1251.

Sahu, K. C. and Bhosale, U. (1991). Heavy metal pollution around the island city of

Bombay India,. Part 1: Quantification of heavy metal pollution of aquatic

299

sediment and recognition of environmental discriminants. Chemical Geology.

91: 263-283.

Sahuquillo, A., Lopez-Sanchez, 1. F. Rubio R, Rauret, G., Thomas, R P. and

Davidson, C. M. (1999). Use of a certified reference material to assesss sources of

uncertainity in the BCR three stage sequential extraction procedure. Analytica

Chi mica Acta. 382: 317-327.

Samanidou, V. and Fytianos, K. (1987). Partitioning of heavy metals into selective

chemical fractions in sediments from rivers in northern Greece. The Sci of the

Total Environ. 67: 279-285.

Samanidou, V. and Fytianos, K. (1990). In: Metal Speciation and Recovery. (J.W.

Patterson and R Pasino Eds.,) Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsa, MI United States ..

pp 463-472.

SAPS (Special Assistance for Project Sustainability), (2000). Greater Nakuru Water

Supply Project in the Republic of Kenya.

SAPS (Special Assistance for Project Sustainability). (2001). Greater Nakuru Water

Supply Project in the Republic of Kenya. Field Report, July, 2001.

SAPS (Special Assistance for Project Sustainability). (2002). Greater Nakuru Water

Supply Proj(jGt in thy Rep'UMi.~ of~Jmya. Summa1'Y1 January? 2002. Sarojini, G., Singonam, M.,Somasekhare, R. K. Babu, S. M. and Ratnakar, A. (i 997).

Monitoring the status of Kolleru area villages' water resources. Indian J environ

Protection. 7(7): 481-484.

Saxby, 1. D. (1973). Diagenesis of metal-organic complexes in sediments: formation of

metal sulphides from crystalline complexes. Chern Geo1.12: 241-288.

Schintu, M., Kudo, A., Sarritzu, G. and Contu, A. (1991). Heavy metal distribution in

sediments from a drinking water reservoir near a mining area. Water, air and Soil

Poll. 58-58: 329-338.

Schumann, L. M. (1985). Soil Sci.140, 11-22.

Schropp, S.1. and Windon, H.L. (1988). A guide to the interpretation of metal

concentration in estuatine sediments. Florida Department of Environmental

Regulation USA.

300

Seiki, T., Date, E. and Izawa, H. (1991). Eutrophication in Hiroshima Bay.Mar Pol Int

Bull. 23: 95-99.

Seshagiri Rao, B. V. (1988). The impact of fisheries on Lake Kolleru, a wetland

ecosystem. In: Lake Kolleru Environmental Status (Past and Present), (Eds.)

Y Anjaneyulu and MK Durga Prasad. BS Publication. pp 118-123.

Seshavatharan, V. (1982). An ecology study of the vegetation of Kolleru Lake. Bull. Bot.

Survey ofIndia. 24: 70-75.

Seshavatharan, V. (1992): Ecological Status of Kolleru Lake. A review In: Wetlands of

India (K.J.S. Chathran Editor). pp 172-200.

Shapiro, L. and Brannock, W. W. (1962). Rapid Analysis of silicate, carbonate and

phosphate rocks. US Geol. Snov. Bull. No. 1143, 56 pp.

Shibu, M. P., Jacob, C. and Balchand, A. N. (1995). Speciation and estuarine

modification of Zinc during transport in a tropical fluvial environment. Toxicol

and Environ Chern. 47: 23-36.

Shivaji Rao, T. (2003). Conflict between development and environment of Kolleru Lake

(A case study of environmental impact analysis). In: Lake Kolleru Environmental

Status (Past and Present), (Eds.) Y Anjaneyulu and MK Durga Prasad. BS

Publication. pp 168-196.

Simpson, S. I., Rochford, S. I. and Birch, G.F. (2002). Geochemical influences on meta

partitioning in contaminated estuarine sediments. Mar Freshwater Res.53: 9-17.

Sims, T. J., Simard, R. R. and Joem, B. C. (1998). Phophorus loss in agriculture drainage.

History perspective and current research. J Env Qual. 27: 277-293.

Singh, A. K., Hasnain, S. I. and Benerjee, D. K. (1999). Grain size and geochemical

partitioning of heavy metals in sediments of the Damodar River - a tributary of

the lower Ganga, India. Environ Geo. 39(1): 90-98.

Singh, H. P., Ma, L. Q., Tack, F. M. G. and Verloo, M. G. (2000). Trace metal

leacheability of land - deposed dredged sediments. J Environ Qual. 29: 1124

1132.

Singh, M., Ansari, A. A., Muller, G. and Singh, I. B. (1997). Heavy metals in freshly

deposited sediments of the Gomti River. (a tributary of the Ganga River): Effect

of human activities. Environ Geol. 29(3/4): 246-253.

301

Singh, S. K. and Subramanian, V. (1984). Hydrous Fe and Mn oxides- scavengers of

heavy metals in the aquatic environment. CRC Crit. Rev Environ Control 14(1):

33-90.

Smith, K. A., Chalmers, A. G., Chambers, B. J. and Christie, P. (1998). Organic manure,

phosphorus accumulation, mobility and management. Soil Use and

Management. 14: 154-159. I

Snow, P. D. and Di Giano, F. A. (1976). Mathematical modeling of phosphorus exchange

between sediments and overlying water in shallow eutrophic lakes. A report

ENVE 54-76-3 to the Massachusetts Division of water resources department of

environmental quality, 244 pp.

Soares, H. M. V. M., Boaventura, R. A. R., Machado, A. A. S. C. and Esteves da Silva,

J. C. G. (1999). Sediments as monitors of heavy metal contamination. In the

Ave river basin (Portugal) using multivariate analysis of data. 105: 311-323.

Solomons, W. and Forstner U. (1980). Trace metal analysis on polluted sediments. Part

II: Evaluation of environmental impact. Environ Technol Lett. 1: 506-517.

Solomons W., Forstner, U. (1984). Metals in the Hydrocycle. New York Springer Verlag.

349 pp.

Solomons, W., De Rooji, N. H., Kerdijk, M and Brill, 1. (1987). Sediment as a source for

contaminants? Hydrobiologia, 147: 13-30.

SPSS Inc (2000) . SYSTAT version 10.0 for Windows, Computer Statistical software.

Sreenivasa Rao B.V. (1997). [Ph.D. Thesis] "Studies on pollution problems of Kolleru

Lake with special reference to pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and

heavy metals. Andra University Visakhapatman.

Sreenivasa R. and Ramamohan R. P. (2001). Pesticides in the ambient Air of the Lake

Kolleru.. Indain J Environ Hlth. 42(2): 70-74.

Sreenivasa R. and Ramamohan R. P. (2001). Heavy metal concentration in the sediments

from Kolleru Lake, India. India J Environ. HLTH 43(4): 148-153.

Sreenivasa, R. A., Ramamohana, P. R. and Someswara, R. (1999). Degradation of water

quality of Kolleru Lake. Indain J Environ Hlth. 41 (4): 300-311.

302

Sreenivasa, A. R., Ramamohana, R. P. and Someswara, N. R. (2001). Quality of drinking

water from ponds in villages of Kolleru Lake region. Ind. J. Envron. Hlth. 43(1):

45-52.

Steinberg, C. E. W. and Tayarani-Dastmallian, TH. (1993). Changes in metal speciation

in a sediment core from an acidified Black Forest Lake (Wildsee, Germany).

Water Air and Soil Pollution. 68: 525-537

Stonne, M., and Droppo, I. G. (1996). Distribution of lead copper and Zinc in size

fractionated river bed sediment in two agricultural catchments of Southern

Ontario, Canada. Environ pollut. 93(3): 353-362.

Stumm, W. and Morgan, J. J. (1970). Aquatic Chemistry. Wiley, New York NY. 583 pp.

Subramanian, V. (2000). Transfer of phosphorus from the Indian subcontinent to the

adjacent oceans. In; Marine Authigenesis: From global to Microbial SEPM

special Publication. No. 66, pp 77-88.

Subramanian, V. and Mohanachandra, G. (1990). Heavy metal distribution in the

sediment of east coast of India. Marine Poll Bull. 21: 324-330.

Subramanian, V., Van't D. L. and Grieten, R. (1987). Heavy metal distribution in the

sediment of Ganges and Brahmaputra river. Environ Geo water Sci. 9: 93-103.

Sujatha, S. D. Sathyanayaranan, S., Satish, P. N., and Nagaraju, D. (2001). A sewage and

sludge treated lake and its impact on the environments, Mysouri, India.

Environ Geol. 40: 1209-1213.

Surfer Version 8.0 Copyright (2002). Contouring and 3D surface mapping for

scientists and engineers. Golden Software, Inc. Colorado, USA.

Sutherland, R. A. (2003). Lead in grain size fraction of road deposited sediment.

Environ pollut. 121: 293-237.

Szefer, P., Kusak, A. and Szefer, K. (1998). Evaluation of anthropogenic influx of

metallic pollutants into Puck Bay, southern Baltic. Applied Geochemistry. 13:

293-304.

Tack, F. M., Callewaert, O. W. J. J. and Verloo, M. G. (1996). Metal solubility as a

function of pH in contaminated, dredged sediment affected by oxidation. Env

Poll. 91 (2): 199-208.

303

Tack, F. M. G. and Valoo, M. G. (1995). Chemical speciation and fractionation in soil

and sediment heavy metal analysis: a review. Int J Environ. Anal Chern. 59: 225-

238.

Talling, J. F. and TaIling, I. B. (1965). The chemical composition of African lake waters.

International revue des Gesamtem Hydrobiologie 50. 421-463.

Tam, N. F. Y., Li, S. H., Lan, C. Y., Chen, G. Z., Li, M. S. and Wong, Y. S. (1995). Nutrients

and heavy metal contamination of plant and sediments in Futian Mangrove forest.

Hydrobiologia. 295: 149-158.

Tessier, A. and Campbell, P. G. C. (1988). Partitioning of trace metals. In Kramer JR and

Allen HE (Eds.) Metal speciation: Theory, analysis and application. Lewis Publ.,

Chelsea, MI, pp 183-189.

Tessier, A., Campbell, P. G. C. and Bisson, M. (1979). Sequenstial Extraction procedure

for the speciation of particulate trace metals. Anal Chern. 51: 844-851.

Tessier, A., Carigan, R., Dubreuil, B. and Rapin, F. (1989). Partitioning of zinc between

the water column and oxic sediments in lakes. Geochim. Cosmochim Acta. 53:

1511-1522.

Tessier A. and Turner D. (1995). (Eds). "Metal speciation and bioavailability in aquatic

systems" PGC Campbell Interaction between trace metals and aquatic organisms:

critique of free-ion activity model" John Wiley and Sons Ltd. England. pp 45-

102.

Thomas, R. L. (1969). The qualitative distribution of feldspar in surficial bottom

sediment from Lake Ontario. Proc. 12th Conf. Great Lake Res. Pp 364-679.

Thompson, A.D. and Dodson, R.G. (1963): Geology of the Naivasha area. Report No.55.

Geological survey of Kenya Rept. No 35. Government Printer. 80p.

Tipping, E., Hetherington, N.S. Hilton, 1., Thompson, D.W., Booles, E. and Hamilton

Taylor, J. (1985). Artifacts in the use of selective chemical extraction todetermine

distribution of metals between oxides of manganese and Iron. Anal Chern. 57:

1944-1946.

Todorovic, Z., Polic. P., DrodjeviC' D. and Antoniyevic S. (2001). Lead distribution in

water and its association with sediment constituents of the "Barje" Lake

(Leskovac, Yugoslavia). J Serb Chern Soc. 66(10): 697-708.

304

Trefry, J. H., Metz, S., Trocine, R. P. and Nelson, T. A. (1985). A decline in lead

transport by the Mississippi River. Science. 23: 439-441.

Tuite, C. H. (1978). The lesser flamingo (p. minor Geoffroy) Aspects of its ecology and

Behaviour in the Eastern Rift Valley Lake of Kenya and Northern Tanzania, a

Ph.D. thesis submitted to the Univ. Bristol.

Tunney, H., Foy, R. H. and Carton, O. H. (1998). In: Eutrophocation in Irish waters:

Wilson GJ. (Ed.), RIA. Dublin. Pp25-39.

Turekian, K. K. and Wedepohl, K. H. (1961). Distribution of some major elements in

some major units of the earth's crust. Geol Soc Am Bull. 72: 175-192.

Ure, A. M., Quevauviller, Ph., Muntau, H. and Griepink, B. (1993). Speciation of heavy

metals in soils and sediments. An account of the improvement and harmonization

of extraction techniques undertaken under the auspices of the BCR of the

Commission of the European Communities. Int J Environ Anal Chern. 51: 135-

151.

Ure, M., Thomas, R., Littlejohn, D. (1993). Ammonium Acetate extracts and their

analysis for the speciation of metal ions in soils and sediments. Int J Environ

Anal Chern. 51: 65-68.

Vaithianathan, P., Ramanathan, AL. and Subramanian, V. (1993). Transport and

distribution of heavy metals in Cauvery River waters. Water, Air and Soil Poll.

71: 13-28.

Vareschi, E. (1978). The ecology of Lake Nakuru (Kenya). I. Abudance and feeding of

the lesser flamingo. Oecologia (Ber!.). 32: 11-35.

Vareschi, E. (1982). The ecology of Lake Nakuru (Kenya). III. Abiotic factors and

primary production. Ibid. 55: 81-101.

Villaescusa-Celaya, J. A., Gutielez- Galindo, E. A. and Flores-Munoz, G. (2000). Heavy

metal in the fine fraction of coastal sediment from Baja California (Mexico) and

California (USA). Environ Pol. 108: 453-462.

Villares, R., Puente, X. and Calballeira, A. (2003). Heavy metals in sandy sediments of

the Rias Baixas (NW Spain). Environ Monit and Assess. 83: 129-144.

305

Vollenweider, R. A. (1969). Scientific fundamentals of eutrophication of lakes and

flowing waters with special reference to Nitrogen and Phosphorus as factors in

eutrophication. OECD, Paris.

Wallman, K., Kersten, M., Gruber, J.and Forstner, U. (1993). Artfacts in the

determination of trace metal binding forms in anoxic sediments by sequential

extraction. Int J Environ Anal Chern. 51: 187-200.

Wandiga, S. and Onyari, J. (1987). The concentration of heavy metals: Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn,

Cd and Pb in sediments and fish from Winam Gulf of Lake Victoria and fish

bought in Mombasa market. Kenya Journal of Science. 8: 5-18.

Wardas, M. Budek, L. and Rybicka, E. H. (1996). Variability of heavy metal content in

bottom sediments of the Wilga River, a tributary of the Vistula River ( Krakow

area, Poland). App Geochem. 11: 197-202.

Wentworth, C. K. (1922). Grade and class terms for clastic sediments. 10unal of Geol. 30:

377-392.

Wetzel, R. G. The phosphorus cycle. In: Limnology, W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia.

743 pp.

Whitney, P. R. (1975). Relationship of manganese - iron oxides and associated heavy

metals to grain sizein stram sedimentsJ. Geochem Explor. 4: 251-263.

Williams, J. D. H., Syers, S. K., Harris, R. F. and Armstrong, D. E. (1971). Fractionation

of inorganic phosphate in calcareous lake sediments. Soil Sci Soc Amer Proc.

35: 556-561.

Xu, T. Z. (1999). Water quality assessment and pesticide fate modeling in the lake

Naivasha area. [MSc Thesis], International Institute for Aerospace survey and

Earth Sciences, Netherlands, 60 pp.

Yamada, H. and Kayama, M. (1987). Distribution and dissolution of several forms of

phosphorus in coastal marine sediments. Oceanologica Acta 10: 311-321.

Yang, H. and Rose, L. (2004). Trace element pollution records in some UK lake

sediments, their history, influence factors and regional differences.

Yang, H., Rose, L. N. and Buttarbee, W. R. (2002). Distribution of some trace elements

in Lochnagar Scotish mountain lake ecosystem and its catchment. The Sci of the

Total Environt. 285: 197-208.

306

Yu, L. and Oldfield, F. (1993). Quantitative sediment source ascription using magnetic

measurements in a reservoir catchment system near Nijar, SE Spain. Earth Surf

Landforms Processes. 18: 441-454.

Yu, S., He, Z. L., Huang, C. Y., Chen, G. C. and Calvert, D.V. (2004). Copper

fractionation and extractability in two contaminated variable charge soils.

Geoderma, 123: 163-175.

Yuretich, R. F. (1979). Modem sediment and sedimentary processesss in Lake Rudolf

(Lake Turkana), Eastern Rift Valley, Kenya. Sedimentology, 26: 313 -331.

Yuretich, R. F. (1982). Possible influence upon lake development in east African rift

valley. J. Geo1.90: 329-337.

Yuretich, R. F. and Ceriing, T. E. (1983). Hydrogeochemistry of Lake Turkana, Kenya:

mass balance and mineral reactions in an alkaline lake. Geochim Cosmochim.

Acta. 47: 1099-1109.

Zhang, M. K., He, Z. L, Stoff ella, P. J., Calvert, P. V., Yang, X. and Sime, P. L. (2003).

Concentration and solubility of heavy metals in muck sediments from the St.

Lucie Estuary, USA. Environ Geol. 44: 1-7.

Zhang, J., Huang, W. W., and Martin, J. M. (1988). Trace metal distribution in Huanghe

(Yellow River) estuary sediments. Estuary Coast Shelf Sci. 26: 494-516.

Zhang, 1. G., Huang, W. W. and Wary, Q. (1990). Concentration and partitioning of

particulate trace metals in the Changjiang. Water, Air and Soil pollut. 52: 57-70.

307