PRE-HISTORY (time before writing or this class:)

Scientists who search for human origins• Archeologists excavate early settlements & study evidence (artifacts, bones)• Anthropologist study culture thru artifacts• Paleontologists study fossils

• Artifacts - human made objects such as tools & jewelry (can tell us how people dressed, worked or worshipped)• Culture-people’s unique way of life

• LUCY (complete skull of an female adult hominid who lived 3.5 mil yrs ago) found by David Johanson in Ethiopia in 1974

• 1978 near Laetoli Tanzania, Mary Leakey found

prehistoric footprints made 3.6 mil years ago

• Prints left by australopithecines (human like beings) aka:• Hominids, a group that includes humans & other species that walk upright• dev opposable thumbs (crucial to make tools, hold objects)

• Paleolithic or Old Stone Age (2.5 mil to 8000 BC) had:

a. invention of tools b. Dev of language c. Mastery of fire*AKA the Ice Age as glaciers advanced & retreated

• Neolithic Age or New Stone Age(8000 to 3000 BC)

a. People learned to make polished stone tools b. make pottery, c. grow crops d. raise animals

• Homo hablis: 2.5 mil years a. found in Olduvai gorge, made crude tools

• Homo erectus: 1.6 mil yrs a. Dev technology, migrated from Africa to Asia, Eur & India b. 1st to use fire, beginning of spoken language

Homo-sapiens have larger brains & include:

Neanderthals: 200,000-30,000 years ago• Dev ritual burials, religious beliefs, built shelters, made tools

• Homo sapiens also include:• Cro-Magnons-• 40,000 years ago• 5.5 feet tall• Planned hunts• Spoken language

Advances in Technology and Art

• Early people were Nomads (highly mobile, moved to search for food)• Develop technology: ways• of applying• knowledge, • tools & • inventions to• meet needs

• Used bone, wood, & stone to create tools (knives, hooks, needles, harpoons)• And for weapons: spears, axe

• Necklaces of claws, polished bone• Sculptures• Cave paintings using paint from charcoal, mud & blood

• Beginning of Agriculture: Neolithic Revolution caused by:• rising temps led to longer growing season• Pop rose, so need new sources of food• Slash and burn farming

• Domestication (taming) of animals such as pgs, horses, dogs goats (driven in to be slaughtered, later raised)

• Farming dev independently all over world : Africa in Nile Valley, China in Huang He, Mexico, Peru in Andes

Civilization develops!!

• Stable communities dev based on agriculture• food surpluses (thanks to irrigation, tools) allow other skills to develop• Trade dev w/ new products created (wheel and sail allow goods to move over long distances)

What is a Civilization? • It is an advanced society that is

highly organized .• Don’t write: Civilizations are

characterized by: 1. permanent settlements,

2. trade, labor, workers 3. government, laws, religion & social hierarchy 4. written language, 5. achievement in technology, art & architecture.

5 Characteristics 1. Advanced Cities/Settlements

• Not just size of pop• City is center of trade for large area• Market for goods

5 Characteristics 2. Specialized Workers

• Specialization: dev of skills in a specific kind of work• surplus of food allowed people to become experts in other areas.• Artisans: skilled workers who make goods by hand

5 Characteristics

• Institution: long lasting pattern of organization in a community• Examples include govt, religion & economy• Need to maintain order & est laws

.3. Complex Institutions (govt/Religion)

4. Record Keeping• As govt, econ & religion get more complex, people needed way to keep records. (taxes, laws, rituals etc)• Most develop system of writing• Later write about dramatic events

5. Improved Technology

• New tools & techniques needed to solve problems Ex: plows, pottery wheels• Change from stone & copper to bronze• Art & architecture develop

• Social classes (w/ wealth, power, influence) emerge as special groups of workers form• Religion more organized w/ gods/goddesses who they believed had power over nature• Rituals & traditions develop