civilizatia boian in romania
TRANSCRIPT
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MTNISTERUL
CULTURII
THE ROMANIAN
MINISTRY
OF
CULTLTRE
MUZE,UL DUNARII
DE
JoS CAIaRASI
THE LOWER DA]YLTBE
MUSEUM
CALARA T
CIVILIZATTA BOIAN
PE
TERITORIUL ROMANIEI
THE
BOIAN
CIVIISATION
01\
ROMANIA'S
TERRITORY
FPr
&
E
&
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Lista muzeelor
gi
institufiilor
participante
la
Expozi(ia
"Civilizalia
Boian
pe
teritoriul
Romdniei":
1.
Muzeul
Duntuii
de
Jos
-
Cdldragi
2. Muzeul
de
Arheologie
-
Olienifa
3-
Muzeul Municipal Bucuregti
4.
Institutul
de
Cercetfui
Eco-Muzeale
-
T\rlcea
5.
Muzeul Judelean
de
Istorie
gi
Arheologie Prahova
-
Ploiegti
6.
Muzeul
Nafional
de
Istorie a Romdniei
-
Bucuregti
7.
Muzeul
Br5ilei
-
Brdila
Figele de
eviden[i
au
fost
intocmite de:
o
Muzeul Dunfuii
de
Jos - Vasile
Oprea
r
Muzeul
Brdilei
-
Stdnicd Pandrea
.
Muzeul Municipal Bucuregti
-
Eugen
Movil5
o
Muzeul
Na(ional
de
Istorie
a
Rominiei
-
George
Trohani
o
Muzeul
Judelean de Istorie
gi
Artd
Prahova
-
Bogdan
Ciupe,
Marilena
Peneg
o
Muzeul
de
Arheologie Oltenifa
- Done
$erbdnescu
r
Institutul
de
Cercetdri
Eco-Muzeale
Tirlcea
-
Cristian
Micu
Proiectul expozitiei
I
gxhibition
projectz
r
Valentin
Pamic
o
Florin
Rddulescu
.
Eugen Pavelef
Proiect
cultural I Cultural
project:
o
Eugen Pavele
Culegere texte
I
Text
processingz
r
Valentin Parnic
.
Eugen
Pavelef
r
Anca Doina
Comaciu
List of the museums and
institutions
par-ticipating
in
the
exhibition
of
"The
Boian Civilisation
on
Romania's Tetitory":
1. The Museum
of the Lower Danube
-
Cdldragi
2.Ttre Museum of Archaeology
-
Oltenifa
3. The BucharestMunicipal Museum
-
Buchmest
4.
The Eco-Museum Research
Institute
-
T\rlcea
5.
The
Prahova
County
Museum of History and
Archaeology
- Ploiegti
6.
The
National
History Museum of Romania
-Bucharest
7. The Museum
of Brdila -
Brdila
Catalogue entries
by:
r
The Lower Danube Museum, Cdlfuagi
- Vasile
Oprea
o
The
Museum of Brdila,
Brdila - Stlnicd Pandrea
r
The
Bucharest Municipal Museum
- Eugen Movild
r
The
National History Museum of Romania
- George
Trohani
r
The
Prahova
County
Museum
of History and
Archaeology
-
Bogdan Ciupe,
Marilena Peneg
r
The
Archaeology Museum, Olteni{a
-
Done
$erb5nescu
r
The Eco-Museum
Resemch Institute,
Ttrlcea
-
Cristian
Micu
Sigle
autori
I
Author
abbreviati.ons:
M. N.
-
Marian Neagu
E. C.
-
Eugen
Comqa
V
B-
-
Vasile Boroneant
S.
P.
-
Stdnicd Pandrea
N.
H.
-
Nicolae Harfuche
D.
V.
R.
-
Dinu
V.
Rosetti
V.
O.
- Yasile
Oprea
C.
M.
-
Cristian
Micu
D. S,
-
Done
$erbdnescu
_.
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Coordonator I
C o-ordinatorz
Marian
Neagu
Acest
volum a fost
editat
cu sprijinul cI M e
C
-
Institutul
de
Memorie
Culturali
This volume
was
ed.ited
with the support of
c
I
M
e
C
-
Institute
for
Cultural Memory
-,cs;
*"m
;.
',,.ir
Comitet
de
rcdac(ie
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o
Irina
Oberliinder
-
Tdmoveanu
r
Corina
Bor$
a
Thaducere
in
limba
englezl
I English
version:
r
Anca
Doina
Comaciu
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CONTENTS
I.
Marian NEAGU,
The Boian Culture
--..-.....---49
2.
History
of
the
Researches
................
.-.......49
II. Marin NICA,
Boian
Finds in
the Western Part
of the Romanian
Plain...
..
-...............
-
"
52
1. Piafra-Sat" "Vadu
Codrii"
Site............
.......52
2.
Piaffa-Sa
"Nucet"
Site ...........
.......-.--...... 52
III. Radian-Romus
ANDREESCU,
Douglass
BAILEY,
Preliminary
Observations
Regarding
the
Neo-
Eneolithic
Habitance
on
the
Teleorman
Valley
.....-....--.....55
IV.
Done
$ERBANESCU,
The
Neolithic
Necropolis of Popegti,
Vasilafi Commune,
CIlirapi
County.......58
V. Vasile
BORONEANI,
The Neolithic
Finds from
Chitila
{'Fermi"
--......--..........-
61
VI. Stdnicd
PANDREA,
The
Boian Culture
in the North-Eastern
Part of the
Romanian
Plain .................62
VII.
The Research
Isaccea
-
"Suhat"
A. Cristian
MICU,
The
Settlement
of Boian-Giulegti
....-.........-.......65
B. Adrian nAfAPeSCU,
The Neolithic
Fauna. 1997
-
1998 Campaign
..........
.....................65
C.
Valentin
RADU,
The
Study
of the Archaeoichthyological
Material.
1998
Campaign
.......................65
D.
Costel
HAITi.,
The Preliminary Sedimentological
Study.
1998
Campaign
VIII. Archaeological Sites:
.........
1. StSnicS
PANDREA,
Br[ilita
........66
2. Mmian
NEAGU,
GilIfui
-
6'Movila
Berzei"......
3.
Valentin PARNIC,
Glina
4.
Cristian
MICU,
Isaccea
-
"Suhat"
..........67
5.
StenicdPANDREA,
Lipcoteanca .............
..................68
6.
Cristian
MICU,
Sarichioi
-
ttl,a
Bursuci"
............
.....
68
7. Stdnicd PANDREA, Siligtea
-
"Conac"
..................... 69
8.
VaientinPARNIC,
Vidra
.......69
IX.
Valentin PARNIC, Catalogue
of the Exhibition
............'10
Annexes:
List
of Boian Finds
Settlements Represented
in
the
Exhibition
.....37
List of
Boian Flnds
Settlements
................37
Stdnicd
PANDREA,
Map of
the
Boian
Settlements
on
Romania's Territory........-.......
........
38
Eugen
COM$A,
La
Roumanie
meridionale. Boian.
Atlas
du
N6olithique
europ6en.
L'Europe
orientalg Lidge,
1993,
pp.156 a 158.
65
66
66
39
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utilisent
l'os
et
la
come
pour
en
faire
des
al6nes, de
petits ciseaux,
des
serfouettes
et
des
manches
perfords.
Les
objets
en
mdtal
sont
tr0s rares.
Un lot de
perles
provenant de
la n6cropole
de
Cemica
passent
pour
Ofre
en
cuivre,
bien
qu'd
mon
avis
elles
ont d0
Otre
ffaitdes
comme n'importe
quelle roche
et
non
en
tant
que
m6tal.
Ce
n'est
qu'd
partir
de la
phase
Vidra
et
pendant
la
phase
de
ffansition
qu'on
frouve
de
vrais
objets
en
cuivre, mais
avec
une
frdquence
assez basse.
Vingtcinq
ans
de
fouilles
h Radovanu
n'ont
mis au
jour
que
deux
objets
en cuivre,
tandis
que
le
site Vidra
de
Glina n'a livr6
que
quelques
poingons
de
cuiwe
d
manche
en
os,
quelques perles
de
cuiwe
(petites
feuilles
de m6tal roul6es)
et
un
fil d'or"
Toutes
ces
piBces
sont
originaires
du
sud
des
Balkans.
Laplupart
des
sites
ont livr6
des
fusaioles
en
terre
cuite model6es
ou
constitu6es
de
tessons
arrondis
perfor6s, de
poids circulaires
plats munis de
quatre
coches
oppos6es
sur deux
diamdtres
perpendiculaires,
qui
servaient d
tordre
les
fils,
et enfin
des
poids de
m6tier
d tisser ovales,
ronds ou
oblongs,
munis
d'un trou
de
suspension
en
leur
partie sup6rieure.
Une des maisons
de
Radovanu
a
livr6
un
amas de
ces
poids.
Les r6pertoires
morphologiques
et
omementaux
de tra
poterie Boian
sont
trds
riches" Au
cours
des deux
premiBres phases, la
pdte
est
p6trie
avec de
la
balle,
tandis
qu'aux
phases
suivantes elle
est
d6graiss6e
d
la
chamotte.
Pendant
toute
la dur6e
de
cette
culture,
les
vases
de
qualit6 sup6rieure
sont
ddgraiss6s
au
sable
fin.
Les
formes
de
la
vaisselle
courante
se sont
maintenues
pendant tout
le
d6veloppement
de
la culture
de
Boian:
pots
d la
panse
renfl6e,
piriformes, bols
et
6cuelles.
Le
r6pertoire
ornemental
comporte
des
impressions,
des
boutons,
des
cordons impressionn6s
et
des
d6cors
i
la
bmbotine.
Au
contraire,
la
deuxidme
cat€gie
de
vases se diversifie
selon
les
diff6rentes
phases:
-
Bolintineanu:
piriformes d
pied
et
bols. Ddcors
de m6andres
incis6s. Chaque
sillon est
bordd
de
part
et
d'autre
de
plusieurs rangdes de
petites impressions
triangulaires
incrust6es
de
pdte
blanche;
-
Giulegti:
piriformes,
gobelets,
bols, bouvercles
et
supports. D6cors
excis6s
en
mdandres,associ6s
h des
damiers
et
d
des dents
de
loup remplis d'incrustations
blanches;
-
Vidra:
vases
cylindriques
avec
ou
sans pied,
gobelets
et
bols.
D6cors excis6s:
sillons dtroits
s6par6s
pm
des
m6plats,
angles,
m6andres
souvent
associ6s
i de
petits
carr6s
lisses
disposds
en
gradins et d
des
triangles.
Ces
figures
sont
toutes incrust6es
de
pdte
blanche;
-
Phase
de transition:
f
inventaire
typologique
est
le
m6me
qu'd
la
phase
pr6c6dente,
mais
quelques
modifications
apparaissent dans les
ddcors.
Les figures
excis6es
occupent
cette
fois
de
grandes
surfaces, tandis
que
les
bandes
lisses sont 6troites
et
composent
des
40
m6andres
et
des
triangles. On
note 1'apparition
de
df
:,:ry
peints
au
graphite.
Le r6pertoire
typologique de
la
poterie de
c-'-- x
supdrieure comporte
des
gobelets
et des
bols
i su:--,a*
noire
ou
grise"
L'ext6rieur
est
lustrd et
d6coij
s
faisceaux
de
cannelures serr6es,
forrnant
un c-::-
horizontal
ou bien
des ondes
et
des angles. C:
x
cat6gorie
de
cdramique,
de
tradition Dudegti,
se
mat-.:-
pendant les
quatre
phases
de
ia
culture
Boian.
Les
sites occup6s
pendant les deux
pren'-:-a
phases
sont
gdndralement
install6s
sur
des
terrasses
:ry:
61ev6es,
au
voisinage
des cours
d'eau.
A
partir de B:
-
s
Vidra, on
observe une nette
pr6f6rence
pour
les
l-:-el
terrasses escarpdes;
les
villages
peuvent
m6me
i:r
entour6s
de
foss6s
d6fensifs. C'est
sur
se
:'.:t
d'emplacement
que
des
tells
vont
se fc:::
s'
progressivement e
partir
de
la
phase Vidra.
Les deux
premi6res
phases
possEdent
des
ma:":,:r
ovales,
semi-enterr6s,
dot6es d'un
foyer.
Toutefois.
:,*
maisons rectangulaires
avec
un
plancher
sur
plate-:
::=r
sont construites
en
surface d6s
la
phase
Giule;:-
-*
dernier
type
est
le seul utilis6
pendant
la
phas.
c
transition
observ6e
i Radovanu"
L'entt6e,
ouverii
l:r-:
un des
petits c6t6s
du
rectangle,
est expos6e
au
s'-
-
*
f int6rieur,
une
banquette
longe
la
paroi
nord;
on
Y
:r
i
il
dgalement
un
four
sur
socle
massif
muni
d'une
vou..
r
forme
de
cabane
etun
emplacement
destind
d
la
mc
--,-rrl
du
grain.
De
rares
figurines
anthropomorphes
sont
at:es-sl
pendant
toutes les
phases
de
cette
culture.
E-
*,,
repr6sentent
des
personnages
f6minins debout;
,="r:,
d6cors semblent
reproduire
des v0tements om6s. --m
figurine
masculine
a la taille
serr6e dans
une
-
--e
ceinture dont
les
pans
retombent
librement
deva-
*
derri6re.
La
phase
de
transition
est
6galement
iliui:s*
par
queiques
figurines
plates,
en
os.
Les
figu-=-:er
zoomorphes
sont
rares
(boeufs,
moutons,
porcs).
Les
morts
sont
inhumds"
Au
cours de
la
p:.m
Bolintineanu,
les squelettes
sont
allong6s sur
1e
-r;-,.
tandis
que
les
autres
phases
pr6fdrent
une
pos--::
contractde,
le
corps couch6
sur
le c6t6"
Quelques
tc:-:ei
de la n6cropole
de Cernica
(environ
400
ton:c.
comportent
un
mobilier
fundraire :
poteries,
outils
er-
s-s
et
en
roche
dure,
bijoux
en os,
perles,
bracelets
er.
=ir
de
spondyle
(Spondylus
gaederopus)
ou
en valve
d'l-.
-
::
(Ostrea
edulis).
La
cuiture de
Boian
est
contemporaine
de
la :
"r
grande partie des
cultures de
Hamangia,
de
la 11=;
de
la
Vddastra
et
de
Vinia d'un
c6td,
et
d'une
p?r:-:
ili,
1'
dvolution
du Rub
an6
(Moldavie)
et
de
1a
culture
P e
-
;
(sud-ouest
de
la
Transylvanie)
de
l'autre.
A:-'
assimilation
de
quelques
corununautds
du
Ruband *-*
1a
phase
Giulegti devait
constituer
le fonds
princip
CIr
la
culrure
de
Pr6cucuten .
-
8/9/2019 Civilizatia Boian in Romania
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L
-
8/9/2019 Civilizatia Boian in Romania
19/50
.
Let:
1955,
Ion Nestor
.
Greaca:
1954,8-
Comga
.
Aldeni:
1955,
E.
Comga
.
Bogata: 1956,
E.
Comqa
Spanfov:
1958-1959,
Sebastian Morintz
The toponymy
of
Boian
was used after
the
discoveries made between
1.923
and 1925
on
the
Grddigtea
Ulmilor island,
situated
in
the
middle
of
the
Boian
Lake.
Radu Mddescu-Vulpe,
in
the surface excavations
betweenMostigtea
md Cflerqi
togetlrer withvl
Dunitescu
has
remarked
an unusual
potbry which
he
naned
at
the
time
exfrtic
(Vlfiescu-Vulpe,
R.,
I9?t1,
p.
85).
The
term
of
Boian
civilisation
was used
for
the
first time
in
the
relevant
literature
by Ion Nestor
in
1928
(Nestor,
1., 1928,
p
110-1a3).
4. The systematic
excavations
prevailed between
1960
and 1999:
.
Andolina:
1958-1961,
E Comga
.
Hdr$ova: 1960-1978,
Doina
Galbenu
.
Radovanu:
1960-1973,1985-1986,
E.
Comqa
.BrdiliJa:
1961,
1965,
N. Hmfuche
andF,
Atanasiu
(I.
T.
Dragomir
and
Liviu
Mihdilescu,
intermittently).
'Tdrg$or:
1965-1995,
Gh. Diaconu
.
Li$coteanca
-
Mog
Filon
and
Movila
din
Balt5i',:
1971
-
1974,
1979
-
1980,
N. Harfuche, F.
Anastasiu,
V. Sdrbu
.
Sili$tea
-
Conac :01981
-
1985,
V. Sirbu,
S.
Fandrea
.
Sarichioi
-
La Bursuci : L987,
Emest
Oberl2inder-Tdmoveanu,
kina Oberl?inder-Tdrnoveanu
.
GileFi -'Movila
Berzei :
1980-1983, Mmian
Neagu
.
Coroteni:
1982-1985,
Victor Bobi
o
Sultana- Valea
Orbului :
1985-1988,
Done
$erbdnescu
Vl5diceascaJ'GherghelSul
Mme :
1980-1986,
Done
$erbdnescu
Cdsceomele
-
'D'aia
parte :
1991-1998,
Done
$erbdnescu
o
Isaccea- Suhat :
1997-1999,
Cristian
Micu,
Smaranda
Micu.
The frst
suggestions
regmding
the
periodisation
were made
as
emly
as 1934 by
D.
Berciu,
who
on
the
basis of
the sfratigraphical
observations
from Tangiru,
divided
the
Boian
culture into
Boian
I
and Boian II
(Berciu
,D.,1937,
p,
7-11).
Subsequently,
as a result
of
the
new resemches,
the author
reassessed
the
evolution
of
the
Boian culture
and divided
it
into
five main
phases:
Boian
I, Boian
II, Boian
III,
Boian
IV
anil
BoianV'
each
having its
subperiods
(Berciu,
D.,
1961,
p.
61).
50
At
frst
E.
Comga
divided
the Boian
culture
intc
three
phases
(Comga,
8.,
L954,
p.
360-392t
Bolintineanu,
Giuleqti
and
Vidra;
later,
in his monograpi:
he included
the
last
researches
and added
a
fourttr
phase
called
fransition
phase,
each
of these
phases having
tv:
stages
of
evolution
(Comga,
8., 1974,
p.
27).
If
D.
Berciu
made the
error to
use
the
results
c:
the archaeological
researches
from
oniy one
settlemer.:
(Tangiru)
which he
would
extrapolate
to
the
entire
evolution
of the Boian
culture,
E.
Comga
used
the
archaeological
materials from
more finds
and settlemen'i
analysed. On
the
other
hand,
he abused
the
typologica-
criteri4
notpaying
enough
attention
to the stratigraphic''
ones, in
order
to
establish
the
periodisation
of thii
civilisation,
a fact
he had the
grace
to
admit:
[Ic
emphasise
thal our
periodisation
was worked out
and
formulateil
above
all according
to
typological
criteria'
(Comga
8,
197
4,
p.
23). The
Boian
culture
periodisatio:
suggested
byE.
Comgahasno solidfoundation,
as
at fltrs:
it
was
based only
on
the typology
of the
1nttery
uncovere:
in several
settlements
and
later
on the
stratigraphica-
relations
between
the
different evolution
phases. Th-s
bizane situation
can be
partially
explained
also
by ti::
fact the
researches
on the Boian
culture
were
at
th-3
beginning,
at
the time
when
were
formulated
the firs:
suggestions
of
periodisation
(Comqa
,8. ,
1954,
P.
3
6f'
3e2).
Madimir
Dumitescu
used
to observe
the
fornphasei
periodisation
of
the
Boian
culnre,
but he based
his anal,vs.i
on all
the
reseaches
regmding
all the
aspects
of
the
maten'
and
spiritual
life,
related to the epoch
in question
and to
tl,;
other archaeological
cultures. Thus,
the
first
two
phases
c-
the Boian
culture
belong
to the developed
Neolithic
a::
the
others
are
proposed for
the
late
Neolithic
and Eneolithr:
@umifrescu,
V.,
1988,
p.
28).
The
lack of
coherence
of
the
Boian
culrur-
research
had a negative effect
on the
stage
of
r1::
knowledge
related
to this civilisation.
The
chance
finc-',
journeys
to the sites, experiments
or
systemai.;
excavations
failed to
be
corroborated
and
integrated
in:-
a unitary
research
programme. The only
Boian settlemer-:
wholly examined,
but
not
yet
published,
is
the one
''
LiqcoteancaJ'Movila
din
Ba1t5
(excavations led by
\
Harfuche,
information
from
S.
Pandrea).
The uncoverLr;
of
the last layer
of
the Boian settlement
of Radovanu
'
'
the only
vast systematic
research
that
we
knorr
c:
(Comga,
8.,
1974,
p.
M-17).
The interdisciplinar.'
research
has
been
sporadic,
discontinuous,
ar.:
incomplete.
The researches
of last
period undertaken
in
tl:
Bolintineanu
settlements
of
GdldEui-'Movila
Berzei-
Luncaj'La
gtr5dini , Piscu Crdsani,
Coroteni
or
Gr5digc;
Coslogeni
proved that E. Comga's
theory
c:
-
8/9/2019 Civilizatia Boian in Romania
20/50
I9
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:Q6e-09
olul
aJnlir
-
8/9/2019 Civilizatia Boian in Romania
21/50
During
the
Middle
Neolithic,
butespecially
during
its
final
period,
the
lower
basin
of the
Olt
River
was
not
only
a
tmong
cultural
unit
of
the
Dudegti-Vddasfta
cultural
type,
but
also
an
mea
where
the
Boian-Vddastra
and
Vinca-Dudeqti
civilisations
intermingled'
1.
The
Piatra-Sat
66Vadul
Codrii"
Site
Halfway
between
Piatra-Sat
and
Brincoveni,
across
the
town
of
Slatina,
the
lower
temace
to
the
left
of
the
Olt
river
forms
a
several
hundred
meters
long
spuratwhose
end,
in
aplace
oalled"Vadul
Codrii"
there
ii
a
higher
promontory
dorninating
the
wide
Olt
Valley'
Human
communities
founded
in
this
place
a settlement
of
the
Boian
type
belonging
to
Giulegti
phase
at
the
beginning
of
the
Middle
Neolithic.
The
level
belonging
to
the
rather
small
settlement
(50
x
40 m)
has
been
disturbed
by
the
pits
of
premediaeval
emth
houses
(56
-
5m
centuries
AD),
later
on
by those
of
the
mediaeval
necropolis
dating
from
the end
of
the
L66
century
and
by
a
gravel
quarry
which
desfroyed
almost
half
of
the
settlement
surface.
The
Boian
settlement
was
made
up of
surface
dwellings,
disposed
in
parallel
rows,
as
proven
by
the
freplaces
discovered
in
sections
I
- IV
and
VI
-
YII'
The
sizes
of
the dwellings
did
not exceed
4
x
5
m'
To
the
south
the settlement
was
delimited
or
protected
by
a
Chapter
II
BOIAN
FINDS
IN
THE
WESTERN
PART
OF
THE
ROMANIAN
PLAIN
Marin
NICA
surface
construction
of
considerable
sizes
(11'5 x
a'5
m),
having
a special
role
within
the
settlement
The
freplaces
of
the
surface
dwellings,
square
with
slightly
rounded
or
round
comers,
of
sizes
ranging
between
0.50
m
or
0.90
m,
used
to
have
a
cracked
crus:
of
about
0"04
m,
pointing
to
a long
usage'
In
the
west
end
of
the
settlement
also
two
sma*
defensive
fosses
were
uncovered.
The
stratigraphica-
observations
at
"Vadul
Codrii"
point
to three
layers
belonging
to
Giulegti
phase
of
the
Boian
culture'
2.The
Piatra'Sat
"Nucet"
Site
During
the
last
stage
of
the
Giulegti
phase,
the
"Vadul
Codrii"
community
had
founded
a
neo
settlement,
300
m
to
the
wes
in
the
place
called
"Nucer'"
on
the
same
terrace
of
the
Olt
River'
Sections
I
-
\-'
excavated
in
1985
and
1987,
include
avery
thin
dwelling
layer
of
the
settlement
of
Boian
culture
overlapping
the
one
belonging
to
the
settlement
of Vddastra
II
(Vddasrr-'
I after
C.
Mateescu).
The
culture
layer
belonging
to
t}:e
Boian
culture
is
overlappedby
a
few
ceramics
complexe'
of the
Vddastra
trI
and
Vddastra
fV
phases'
The
presence
of
the
Boian
communities
of
the
Giulegti
phase
on
the
right
terrace
of
the
Olt
reveals
the
period
of
maximurn
territotA
expansion
of
this
civilisation,
fromWallachi:
to
Moldavia
and
south-east
Transylvania'
52
-
8/9/2019 Civilizatia Boian in Romania
22/50
I r
ifi%ffiE
E
f , 6: a.=
u)
iEi6 [
I * 6.4
I
q
E
5r a
E.C6E
HY
;q
:r
sl
EB
B
I
eo
-
56
:r
o
9,
5
t-
r)
E'
z
o
rf'
i
B
o-
f
U
e
t-
o
o
U
F
I
U
o
FJ
I
6
6
o
6
F
r
c
z
o
o
F
't
..
q
NB
o5
:.q
-
8/9/2019 Civilizatia Boian in Romania
23/50
ffim-
t-l
Wn
D*
\,-
\-
\_r-
a
\-_-
Fig.2.
Pottery
of
the
Boian
- Giulegti
settlement,
discovered
at Piatra
-
Sat'l/adu
Codrii"
%.
Iiiilg u
triti ltirti
5
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Fig.
3.
Pottery
of
the
Boian -
Giulegti
settlement,
discovered
at Piatra
-
Sat'1/adu
Codrii"
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8/9/2019 Civilizatia Boian in Romania
25/50
Fig. 1.
Neo-Enolithic sites
uncovered
by
excavations
(rnap
by Steve
Mills)
Besides
the
ground
resemches,
this
yearhavebeen
undertaken
a
series
of limited
excavations
(mainly
the
2
x
1 m
sized one was used),
extending
wherever
the
situation on
the
ground
needed
it. The results of these
researches
me under
processing
so
that
we
are
going
to
make
just
a
few
preliminary
observations that we hope
me
going
to
be
of interest.
First of all we
had the
opporfunity
to
observe
that
not any agglomeration
of
pottery
fragments, abo de,
and
bones
corresponds
to
a
stable settlement,
having
dwellings and an individualised
cultural
layer. The
TEL
010 excavations uncovered
only rare
pottery
fragments,
some
of them Neolithic,
other
Geto-Dacian, found
in
various ground types,
without
constituting
a coherent
layer that we could
define as a cultural
layer.
In
TEL
009 the
archaeological
ffaces are more
significant
and consist
of
a
higher
amount
of
pottery
abode
bits,
and flint bones.
The
excavations
(the
most
extensive
of this
campaign)
were made
in the mea of a
dwelling
whose
elements and sizes
can no longer be
assessed
as they
are
almost
completely
destroyed. The
strange
thing
about
this
dwelling is
that
it
is
placed
on
sand.
The cultural
level,
found immediately
under
the
ground
surface
(because
of
that the
agricultural works
destroyed the
lmgest portion
of
the traces)
is made up
of
a
mixture of
sand and
black
soil,
and
it rarely
suq)asses
20
cm
in thickness.
Under
it lies
a sand layer of
yellowish
orange
colour.
In TEL
001 went
on the chamfering
of a
drainage
canal
wall
crossing
the
Neolithic
site. The cleaning
of
the
profile
thus
obtained
led
to
the
uncovering
of the
remains
of a
surface
dwelling of unfired abode.
The
dwelling
was
adjoined
by a kiln or
oven.
The
last
site, TEL
008,
is
the
richest
in
archaeological
materials
and
has a special situation.
Practically,
two areas
have been
delimited:
in the
56
first
one,
immediately
under the
present
ground
surface
there are
the
damaged remains
of
a
surface
dwelling,
while in the second
one,
lying
nearby, the
cultural
layer
lies at
a
depth of
over 20 cmthe
ground
types
in
which
are
placed
the
two
dwellings
are also
different.
In short,
we can
state
that
at the
end
of
the
two
campaigns
we
have more
questions
than
answersrelated
to
the
Neo-Eneolithic
inhabitance
in
the
Teleorman
valley.
Afirst
issue to
be brought
into discussion is that
of defining more accurately
the term
of
settlement,
or,
more
precisely
for that
age,
of
dwelling.
A
simple surface
researchrecorded
these four
places
as being four Boian
settlements.
The reality seems
to
be
completely
different:
we
have
here
different inhabitances
if
we
are to take
into account the
time
factor.
More
exactly,
we can
propose
the hypothesis of inhabitances that we might
define as
permanent
(or
almost
permanent),
temporary
or
seasonal. Thus we
may
suppose
that
sites like
TEL
008
and
TEL
001 represent almost
permanent
settlements,
having
surface
dwellings
and
aperceivable
cultural layer;
TEL
010
where there me
no
dwellings,
not
even
a cultural
layer,
could
point
to
a
seasonal
inhabitance linkedpossibly to
a
certain
economic
activity
(as
a matter of
fact,
as
a
true
ethno-archaeological
similmity,
we should mention that
during
the summer,
in
the Teleorman
valley
emerge
all
sorts
of improvised
constructions, shelters for
people
who bred animals
here
just
for one season). It is only natural
that
due
to
the
short
inhabitance
period
the
remains
should be scmce.
A
more
special
position
is
that
of TEL
009
inhabitance.
The
archaeological traces are
more
significant,
but
cover a rather restricted area and are
placed
in
the sand. It could
be
here
the
case of a
temporary inhabitance
(not
for
just
one season,
as
there
is a thin cultural layer), being
probably
related
to an
economic
activitv,
possibly
to
water resources,
given
its
placing
on
a
sand layer.
Of
course
it
is very
difficult
in this stage of
researches
for us to
precisely
define
these
inhabitance
types, and delimit theborders between them. To do that
we
should reconstitute
the
environment,
as well
as
be
familiar with
the
human activities,
especially
the
economic
ones,
which decisively influenced
the
dynamics
of
the inhabitance
in the
area. In
this
sense
we
should
stress the
special
importance of
interdisciplinary
researches,
like
sedimentologR
hydrology,
palynology
or archaeozoology.
These hypotheses
will
certainly
gain
in
verisimilitude
by
the
emergence
and compmison of
similar
situations.
Another important matter
is the
chronology.
On
the basis
of
ground
researches,
we had
ascribed at least
two sites to the Giulegti
phase
of
the Boian culture,
-withor.
phases
potte4
brougl
Giuleq
theTE
not
cc
ascribi
from
o
belong
culturr
@.Ber
fromtl
t9 71).
arheo
Bucur
Boian,
L972,
prehis
tEsplc
Aprili,
-
8/9/2019 Civilizatia Boian in Romania
26/50
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8/9/2019 Civilizatia Boian in Romania
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Chapter IV
TTIE
NEOLITHIC
NECROPOLIS
OF
POPE TI,
VASILATT
COMMUNE,
CAIAnE I COUNTY
The
author
presents
a Neolithic necropolis
belonging to
the
Boian civilization
studied a
quarter
of
a century
ago
in
the
village
of Popegti, Vasilagi commune,
on the high terrace on the right bank of the
Ddmbovila
river. From the necropolis,
lmgely destroyed by vmious
works
and constructions, the author succeeded
to
save
16 Neolithic
tombs and one tomb
from
the
Bronze Age.
From
an
anthropological
point
of view
two human types
were
discovered: Mediterranean, with its variants, and
protoeuropoids.
The
average
height of
males was over
the medium one
(169.2
cm) and medium
at
the upper
limit with
females
(156.
1 cm).
The rite
practiced
is
inhumation
in
a
moderate
crouching
position,
in most cases on the left side, and
in
just
one case
(M.
5),
the
skeleton lay crouched on the
right side.
As
regards the
position
of
the
arms, two
situations
were
met.
Some
skeletons had
their
arms
bent
at the
elbow
and brought up to the face and others had
the left arm bent
at
the
elbow
and
directed
towmds the
Done
gERBANnScU
face, with the
palm
under the
head
and the
right
hand
directed towards the right thighbone. In
7 tombs funerary
items
(seashell,
bone,
copper carbonate beads, a bone
ring, or
stone
toois) were
discovered. The burial
of
the
dead in the necropolis reveals that
prehistoric
humans
of that age used to have
a
complex, well
organized
religion, in which they
saw death as
a
passing
to a new
existence during
which they
had
to live together with
the
other
dea4
thus
they
would
need certain objects they
had used
while
alive. The crouching
position
and
burial
with
the head towards the
east
prove
that they hoped
that
by
a
new resurrection they could retum to life.
On
the basis
of the study of
the
rite of
the
burial
rifual
and the items collected from the tombs, the
necropolis resemched at Popegti-Vasilafi was ascribed
to the
Vidra
phase
of the
Boian
civilization, being
contemporary with
the
necropolises
uncovered
at
Boian
A, Andolina, a
part
of
the tombs uncovered at
Cemic4
and with the children's tombs uncovered at Glina.
a
@u,
--
M6
P
ossi
m
1.
Popegti, Vasilali corrmune - Funerary inventory from M.1,
M. 2,
M. 4,
GCI
M2
&N
ffi,Tffi8
@0
t4t
M.
6
and
a
small chisel of white rock.
58
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