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Essential Civil War Curriculum | Alan C. Aimone, Civil War Uniforms and Accoutrements | February 2017
Essential Civil War Curriculum | Copyright 2017 Virginia Center for Civil War Studies at Virginia Tech Page 1 of 24
Civil War Uniforms and Accoutrements
By Alan C. Aimone
Resources
If you can read only one book
Author Title. City: Publisher, Year.
Frederick P. Todd et al American Military Equipage, 1851-1872, 3
vols. (Providence, RI/ Westbrook, CT:
Company of Military Historians, 1974-
1978).
Books and Articles – General Publications
Author Title. City: Publisher, Year. | “Title,” in
Journal ##, no. # (Date): #.
Anderson, Cecil W.
“Tiffany and Company,” in North South
Trader’s Magazine 4, no. 6.
Bannerman, Francis Catalogue – Guns, Swords, Cannons,
Equipments – Military Goods. New York:
Frances Bannerman, October 1888.
Bazelon, Bruce S. and William F.
McGuinn
A Directory of American Military Goods
Dealers and Makers 1785-1885. Manassas,
VA: published by the authors, 1987.
Crosman, George H., Earl J. Coutes and
Frederick C. Garde.
The 1865 Quartermaster Manual. 2 vols.
Gettysburg, PA: Arbor House, vol. 1,
2013, vol. 2 forthcoming.
Crouch, Howard R.
Civil War Artifacts: A Guide for the
Historian. New York: SCS Publications,
1995. ———. Horse equipment of the Civil War Era.
Fairfax, VA: SCS Publications, 2004.
Cuttler, David R.
“Basics of Authenticating a Civil War
Sword,” in North South Trader’s Magazine
Essential Civil War Curriculum | Alan C. Aimone, Civil War Uniforms and Accoutrements | February 2017
Essential Civil War Curriculum | Copyright 2017 Virginia Center for Civil War Studies at Virginia Tech Page 2 of 24
6, no. 5.
Davis, William C.
The Civil War Reenactor’s Encyclopedia.
Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2002.
Dorsey, R. Stephen
American Military and Naval Belts, 1812-
1902. Eugene, OR: Collectors Library,
2000.
Edwards, William Bennett
Civil War guns: Complete story of Federal
& Confederate Small Arms Design,
Manufacture, Identification, Procurement,
Issue, Employment, Effectiveness, and
Postwar Disposal. Mechanicsburg, PA:
Stackpole Books, 1962.
Field, Ron and Robin Smith
Uniforms of the Civil War: An Illustrated
Guide for Historians, Collectors and
Reenactors. (Guildford, CT: Lyons Press,
2004).
Frasca, James C. and John P. Gurnish
“Regulation headgear insignia of the Union
Army,” in North South Trader’s Magazine, 6
parts, 4, no. 6, 7, no. 1, 7, no. 2, 7, no. 5, 8,
no. 1, 9 no. 1.
Fuller, Claud E.
Firearms of the Confederacy. Lawrence,
MA: Quarterman Publications, 1977.
Fuller, Claud E. comp.,
Springfield Muzzle-Loading Shoulder
Arms: A Description of the Flint Lock
Muskets, Musketoons and Carbines and the
Muskets, Musketoons, Rifles, Carbines and
Special Models from 1795 to 1865 with
Ordnance Office Reports. and Sketch of
Springfield Armory (New York: Francis
Bannerman Sons, 1930).
Fulmer, Tim and Maureen Fulmer “Civil War uniforms: Why so small?,” in
North South Trader’s Magazine 16, No. 6.
Gavin, William G.
Accoutrement plates North and South,
1861-1865. Philadelphia, PA: Riling and
Lentz, 1963.
Gladstone, William A.
United States Colored Troops, 1863-1867.
Gettysburg, PA: Thomas Publications,
1990.
Harwell, Richard, comp.
Uniform and Dress of the Army and Navy of
the Confederate States of America.
Philadelphia, PA: Ray Riling, 1960.
Hazlett, James C., et al Field Artillery Weapons of the Civil War.
Newark: University of Delaware Press,
1983.
Essential Civil War Curriculum | Alan C. Aimone, Civil War Uniforms and Accoutrements | February 2017
Essential Civil War Curriculum | Copyright 2017 Virginia Center for Civil War Studies at Virginia Tech Page 3 of 24
Lanham, Howard G. “Civil War Shoulder Straps: A Primer,” in
North South Trader’s Magazine 29, no. 2.
Lewis, Russell E. Warman’s Civil War Collectibles
Identification and Price Guide, 3rd ed. Iola,
WI: Krause Publications, 2010.
Lord, Francis A.
Civil War Collector’s Encyclopedia: Arms,
Uniforms, and Equipment of the Union and
Confederacy, 5 vols. vol. 1 Harrisburg, PA:
Stackpole, vol. 2-5 W. Columbia, SC: Lord
Americana and Research, 1963-1989.
———.
“Manuals and Training Literature” in They
Fought for the Union (Harrisburg, PA:
Stackpole, 1960), 30-52.
Miller, David, ed.
The Illustrated Directory of Uniforms,
Weapons, and Equipment of the Civil War.
London, UK: Salamander Books, 2001.
Miller, Francis T. and Robert S. Lanier,
eds.
The Photographic History of the Civil War,
10 vols. New York: Review of Reviews,
1911.
North-South Trader’ Civil War The Civil War Collector’s Price Guide, 12th
ed. (Shepherdsville, KY: Publishers Press,
2010).
Peterson, Harold L.
American sword, 1775 to 1945. Survey of
Swords Worn by Uniformed Forces of the
United States. New Hope, PA: Walter
Halter, 1954.
———.
Notes on Ordnance of the American Civil
War. Washington, D.C.: American
Ordnance Association, 1959.
———.
How to Tell It’s a Fake: Trade Secrets
Revealed for Antique Collectors and
Dealers. New York: Scribner, 1975.
Phillips, Stanley S.
Excavated Artifacts from Battlefields and
Campsites of the Civil War 1861-1865.
Lanham, MD: published by the author,
1974.
Pritchard, Russ A.
Civil War Weapons and Equipment.
Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2003.
Ripley, Warren Artillery and Ammunition of the Civil War.
New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1970.
Risch, Erna Quartermaster Support of the Army: A
History of the Corps, 1775-1939.
Washington, D.C.: Center of Military
History United States Army, 1962.
Essential Civil War Curriculum | Alan C. Aimone, Civil War Uniforms and Accoutrements | February 2017
Essential Civil War Curriculum | Copyright 2017 Virginia Center for Civil War Studies at Virginia Tech Page 4 of 24
Shannon, Fred Albert Organization and Administration of the
Union Army, 1861-1865, 2 vols.
Cleveland, OH: Arthur H. Clark, 1928.
Smith, Andrew F. Warman’s Civil War Weapons. Iola, WI:
KP Books, 2005.
Steffen, Randy vol. 2, The Frontier, The Mexican War, the
Civil War and the Frontier Military and
Indian Wars, 1851-1880 in Horse Soldier
1776-1943: United States Cavalryman: His
Uniforms, Arms, Accoutrements &
Equipment, 4 vols. (Norman: University of
Oklahoma Press, 1977-1979)
Sylvia, Stephen W. Illustrated history of American Civil War
relics. Orange, VA: Moss Publications,
1978.
———. “Civil War Insignia,” in North South
Trader’s Magazine 33, no. 3.
Sylvia, Stephen W. and Michael J.
O’Donnell
Civil War Canteens. Orange, VA: Moss
Publications, 1983.
Troiani, Don, et al Don Troiani’s Regiments and Uniforms of
the Civil War. Mechanicsburg, PA:
Stackpole, 2002.
Wilson, Mark R.
Business of Civil War: Military
mobilization and the state, 1861-1865
(Johns Hopkins Studies in the History of
Technology). Baltimore, MD: Johns
Hopkins University Press, 2006.
Woodworth, Steven E., ed. American Civil War: A Handbook of
Literature and Research. Westport, CT:
Greenwood Press, 1996.
Books and Articles – Primary Sources
Benton, James G.
A Course of Instruction in Ordnance and
Gunnery Compiled for the Use of the Cadets
of the United States Military Academy. New
York, D. Van Nostrand, 1861.
Confederate Ordnance Bureau.
The Field Manual for the Use of the Officers
on Ordnance Duty. Richmond, VA: Ritchie
& Dunnavant, 1862.
Confederate States of America The Ordnance Manual for the Use of the
Officers of the Confederate States Army.
Charleston, SC: Evans & Cogswell, 1863.
Essential Civil War Curriculum | Alan C. Aimone, Civil War Uniforms and Accoutrements | February 2017
Essential Civil War Curriculum | Copyright 2017 Virginia Center for Civil War Studies at Virginia Tech Page 5 of 24
———. Regulations of the Confederate States Army
for the Quartermaster’s Department,
Including the Pay Branch Thereof.
Richmond, VA: J. W. Randolph, 1864.
Cureton, Charles H. and David M. Sullivan Civil War uniforms of the United States
Marine Corps: The Regulations of 1859.
San Jose, CA: R. J. Bender Publishing, 2009.
Gibbon, John
The Artillerist’s Manual. New
York/London: D. Van Nostrand/Turbner,
1860.
Howell, Edgar M.
Uniform Regulations for the Army of the
United States 1861. Illustrated with
Contemporary Official War Department
Photographs. Washington, D.C.:
Smithsonian Institution, 1961.
Horstmann Brothers Horstmann Bros. and Co. Catalogue of
Military Goods for 1877 (New York, Manor
Publishing, 1877);
Bruce S. Bazelon, ed. Horstmanns: The Enterprise of Military
Equipage. Manassas, VA: privately printed,
1997.
Hunter, Robert Finley.
Manual for Quartermasters and
Commissaries. New York: D. Van Nostrand,
1863.
Jacobsen, Jacques Noel, ed.
Regulations and Notes for the Uniform of the
Army of the United States 1857. Staten
Island, NY: Manor Publishing, 1972.
Ridabock & Co. Ridabock & Co. Military Goods (New York)
Schuyler, Hartley and Graham Schuyler. Illustrated Catalogue of Military Goods:
Regulations for the Uniform of the Army,
Navy, Marine and revenue Corps of the
United States (New York, Schuyler, Hartley
& Graham, 1864).
U.S. Navy Department.
Allowances Established for Vessels of the
United States Navy, 1864. Washington DC:
Government Printing Office, 1865.
———. Ordnance Instructions for the United States
Navy, 3rd ed. Washington D.C.: Government
Printing Office, 1864.
———. Regulations for the Government of the
United States Navy. Washington, DC:
Government Printing Office, 1865.
U.S. War Department.
Instruction for Field Artillery. Philadelphia,
PA: J. B. Lippincott, 1863.
Essential Civil War Curriculum | Alan C. Aimone, Civil War Uniforms and Accoutrements | February 2017
Essential Civil War Curriculum | Copyright 2017 Virginia Center for Civil War Studies at Virginia Tech Page 6 of 24
———. Instruction for Heavy Artillery. Washington,
DC: Gideon and Co., Printers, 1863.
———. Ordnance Manual for the Use of the Officers
of the United States Army, 3rd ed.,
Philadelphia, PA: J. B. Lippincott, 1862.
———. Revised United States Army Regulations of
1861. Washington, D.C.: Government
Printing Office, 1863.
Books and Articles – Buttons
Albert, Alphaeus H. Record of American Uniform and Historical
Buttons. Boyertown, PA: Boyertown
Publishing, 1976.
Bazelon, Bruce S. and William F.
McGuinn
Military Button Makers and Dealers; Their
Backmarks and Dates, Chelsea, MI:
BookCrafters, 1988.
Binder, Daniel J.
Civil War Collector’s Guide to Albert’s
Button Book: A Handbook of Updates,
Corrections and New Discoveries. Orange,
VA: Publisher’s Press, 1993.
———. “A Glossary of American Military Button
Terminology,” in Military Collector and
Historian 51, no. 4 (Winter 1999): 169-171.
———. “Courtney & Tennent-marked Confederate
States Navy Buttons,” in Military Collector
and Historian 56, no. 3 (Fall 2004): 150.
———. “Introduction to the Backs and Backmarks of
Locally Made Two-piece Confederate
Military Buttons,” in Military Collector and
Historian 60, no. 1 (Spring 2008): 8-10.
Tice, Warren K.
Uniform buttons of the United States, 1776-
1865. Gettysburg, PA: Thomas Publications,
1997.
———. Dating Buttons: A Chronology of Button
Types, Makers, Retailers and Their
Backmarks. Essex Junction, VT: published
by the author, 2002.
Wike, John W.
“Individual decorations of the Confederacy,”
in Military Collector and Historian 6, no. 4
(December 1954): 93.
Essential Civil War Curriculum | Alan C. Aimone, Civil War Uniforms and Accoutrements | February 2017
Essential Civil War Curriculum | Copyright 2017 Virginia Center for Civil War Studies at Virginia Tech Page 7 of 24
Wyckoff, Martin A. United States Military Buttons of the Land
Services, 1787-1902: A Guide and
Classificatory System. Bloomington, IL:
McLean County Historical Society, 1984.
Books and Articles – Image Sources
Berg, Paul
Nineteenth Century Photographic Cases and
Wall Frames. Huntington Beach, CA:
Huntington Valley Press, 1995.
Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Weekly, 1861-
1865
Issues can be viewed on line at Accessible
Archives. See Web Resources below.
Harding, T. Sherman “Civil War Images,” in North South Trader’s
Magazine 4, no. 6.
Harper’s Weekly, 1861- 1865.
Issues can be viewed on line at Onlinebooks.
See Web Resources below.
Howell, Edgar M., “Re-dating the Quartermaster Civil War
Uniform Photographs,” in Military Collector
and Historian 14, no. 3 (Fall 1962): 91.
Kelbaugh, Ross J. Directory of Civil War Photographers, 3
vols. Baltimore, MD: Historic Graphics,
1990.
Mace, O. Henry Collector’s Guide to Early Photographs.
Radnor, PA: Wallace-Homestead Book Co.,
1989.
Francis T. Miller and Robert S. Lanier, eds.
The Photographic History of the Civil War,
10 vols. New York: Review of Reviews,
1911.
Sinor, James P.
“Carte de Vistes,” in North South Trader’s
Magazine 4, no. 4.
The United States Army and Navy Journal
and Gazette of the Regular and Volunteer
Forces, vol. 1, 1863-’64, vol. 2, 1864-’65,
vol. 3, 1865-1866. New York, Publication
Office, 1863-1866. Complete issues can be
purchased on DVD-ROM from
Paperlessarchives.com.
Waldsmith, John.
Stereo views: An Illustrated History & Price
Guide, 2nd ed. Iola, WI: Krause Publications,
2002.
Essential Civil War Curriculum | Alan C. Aimone, Civil War Uniforms and Accoutrements | February 2017
Essential Civil War Curriculum | Copyright 2017 Virginia Center for Civil War Studies at Virginia Tech Page 8 of 24
Welling, William
Photography in America: The Formative
years, 1839-1900. NY: Crowell, 1978.
Williams, Hermann Warner, Jr. The Civil War: The Artists’ Record. Boston,
ME: Beacon Press, 1961.
Witham, George F. Catalogue of Civil War Photographers:
1861-1865: A Listing of Civil War
phot[o]graphers’ Imprints. Portland, OR:
published by the author, 1988.
Books and Articles – Confederate Accoutrements
Albaugh, William A., III and Edward N.
Simmons
Confederate Arms. Harrisburg, PA:
Stackpole, 1957.
Albaugh, William A., III “Percussion Cap Box? Rebel,” in Military
Collector and Historian 10, no. 1 (Spring
1958): 22.
Brooks, Ross Andrew “Part Irish and the Rest of the Flower of
Southern Chivalry: Clothing, Arms, and
Equipment of the 1st Special Battalion of
Louisiana Volunteer Infantry, 1861-1862,” in
Military Collector and Historian 51, no. 3
(Fall 1999): 98.
Brown, Walt, Jr.
“Confederate Enfield,” in North South
Trader’s Magazine 5, no. 4.
Daniel, Larry J.
Cannoneers in Gray: The Field artillery of
the Army of Tennessee, 1861-1865.
Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press,
1984.
Gaede, Frederick Charles
“Knapsack of N. B. Johnston, 1st Virginia
Artillery, ANV,” in Military Collector and
Historian 43, no. 1 (Spring 1991): 38-39.
———.
“Three NC Blankets,” in Military Collector
and Historian 41, no. 3 (Fall 1989): 157-158.
Gavin, William G.
“Confederate Belt Buckles and Cartridge
Box Plates,” in Military Collector and
Historian 5, no. 2 (June 1953): 41-44.
———. “Confederate Belt Buckles,” in Military
Collector and Historian 6, no. 1 (March
1954): 19.
———.
“State Belt Buckles and Cartridge Box Plates
of the Confederacy,” in Military Collector
and Historian 6, no. 2 (June 1954): 29.
Henry, Stephen M. “Bridle Bits of the Army of Northern
Essential Civil War Curriculum | Alan C. Aimone, Civil War Uniforms and Accoutrements | February 2017
Essential Civil War Curriculum | Copyright 2017 Virginia Center for Civil War Studies at Virginia Tech Page 9 of 24
Virginia, CSA, 1861-1865,” in Military
Collector and Historian 41, no. 4 (Winter
1989): 212-213.
———.
“A Set of Confederate Accoutrements,” in
Military Collector and Historian 50, no. 4
(Winter 1998): 177-179.
Iadeau, Marius B. “A Confederate Soldier’s Ditty Box,” in
Military Collector and Historian 18, no. 3
(Fall 1996): 93.
Jarnagin, David “Confederate leather: Black or Brown?
How and Where?” in Military Collector and
Historian 61, no. 2 (Summer 2009): 111-
117.
Johnson, Paul D.
“The Cartridge Box of J. A. Lisk, Company
F, 44th North Carolina Infantry,” in Military
Collector and Historian 41, no. 4 (Winter
1989): 214-217.
———.
“Confederate Cavalry Cartridge Box
Patterns: New Information,” in Military
Collector and Historian 46, no. 1 (Spring
1994): 26-31.
Kerksis, Sydney C,
“Homemade Confederate Belt Plate,” in
Military Collector and Historian 10, no. 2
(Summer 1958): 50.
———.
“Confederate Stationery,” in Military
Collector and Historian 11, no. 2 (Summer
1959): 53-58.
———.
“Confederate Improvisation,” in Military
Collector and Historian 14, no. 1 (Spring
1962): 27.
———. “Confederate Infantry Issue Belt Plates,” in
Military Collector and Historian 14, no. 2
(Summer 1962): 42-47.
Miller, Robert L.
“Confederate Canteen,” in Military Collector
and Historian 2, no. 4 (December 1950): 58.
———.
“Confederate Cap Box,” in Military
Collector and Historian 3, no. 4 (December
1951): 90.
———.
“Confederate Cartridge Box for Austrian
Arms,” in Military Collector and Historian
19, no. 3 (Fall 1967): 92.
Mullinax, Steve E.
Confederate Belt Buckles, and Plates.
Alexandria, VA: O’Donnell Publications,
1999.
Essential Civil War Curriculum | Alan C. Aimone, Civil War Uniforms and Accoutrements | February 2017
Essential Civil War Curriculum | Copyright 2017 Virginia Center for Civil War Studies at Virginia Tech Page 10 of 24
Osman, Stephen E. “A Tarred Canvas Confederate Cartridge
Box,” in Military Collector and Historian
32, no. 2 (Summer 1980): 81.
Russ A. Pritchard, Jr., et al The English Connection: Arms Material and
Support Furnished to the Confederate States
of America by Great Britain. Gettysburg,
PA: Thomas Publications, 2015.
Pugliese, Carl J. “Cartridge Box and Belt from the Baton
Rouge Arsenal, LA, C.S.A.,” in Military
Collector and Historian 19, no. 3 (Fall
1967): 90-91.
Thomas, Dean S. Confederate Arsenals, Laboratories and
Ordnance Depots, 3 vols. Gettysburg, PA:
Thomas Publications, 2014.
Traynor, Leonard John Bede
“A Confederate Holster?” in Military
Collector and Historian 51, no. 3 (Fall
1999): 139-140.
Wilson, Harold S. Confederate Industry: Manufactures and
Quartermasters in the Civil War. Jackson:
University of Mississippi Press, 2002.
Wise, Jennings C.
Long Arm of Lee or History of the Artillery
of the Army of Northern Virginia With a
Brief Account of the Confederate Bureau of
Ordnance, 2 vols. Lynchburg, VA: J. P. Bell
Company, 1915.
Books and Articles – Confederate Uniforms
Author Title. City: Publisher, Year. | “Title,” in
Journal ##, no. # (Date): #.
Adolphus, Frederick R.
“Confederate Clothing of the Houston
Quartermaster Depot,” in Military Collector
and Historian 48, no. 4 (Winter 1996): 171-
9.
———.
“Uniforms, Equipage, Arms, and
Accouterments of the 3d Texas Volunteer
Infantry,” in Military Collector and
Historian 62, no. 1 (Spring 2010): 4-19.
Arliskas, Thomas Michael “Captured Clothing at Fort Henry, 1862,” in
Military Collector and Historian 41, no. 4
(Winter 1989): 203.
Babits, Lawrence E.,
“A Civil War Badge from Savannah,
Georgia,” in Military Collector and
Essential Civil War Curriculum | Alan C. Aimone, Civil War Uniforms and Accoutrements | February 2017
Essential Civil War Curriculum | Copyright 2017 Virginia Center for Civil War Studies at Virginia Tech Page 11 of 24
Historian 41, no. 1 (Spring 1989): 42.
———.
“Dating a Confederate Frock Coat,” in
Military Collector and Historian 27, no. 4
(Winter 1975): 161-2.
Besch, Edwin W.
“An Alabama Confederate Proudly Shows
Off His Fancy Uniform,” in Military
Collector and Historian 47, no. 4 (Winter
1995): 174-6.
Brooks, Ross Andrew
“Clothing the Tennessee Volunteer 1861,” in
Military Collector and Historian 46, no. 2
(Summer 1994): 68-75.
———.
“Evidence of Locally Made Confederate
Naval Uniforms, 1861,” in Military
Collector and Historian 49, no. 4 (Winter
1997): 168.
———.
“Red Petticoats and Blue Jackets: 1st
Confederate States Zouave Battalion, or
Coppens’ Louisiana Zouaves,” in Military
Collector and Historian 51, no. 4 (Winter
1999): 148-51.
Brown, William L.
“Two Examples of Confederate Headgear,”
in Military Collector and Historian 41, no. 3
(Fall 1989): 151-4.
Donnelly, Ralph W.
“Uniforms and Equipment of Confederate
Marines,” in Military Collector and
Historian 9, no. 1 (Spring 1957): 1-7.
———. “Georgia Uniforms of 1861,” in Military
Collector and Historian 14, no. 4 (Winter
1962): 131.
———.
“More on Confederate Marine Uniforms,” in
Military Collector and Historian 31, no. 4
(Winter 1979): 170.
———.
“A Dress Cap by Walter Steele, Military
Hatter of Charleston, South Caroline,” in
Military Collector and Historian 65, no. 4
(Winter 2013): 290-1.
Field, Ron Brassey’s History of Uniforms: American
Civil War Confederate Army. London:
Brassey’s Ltd., 1996.
Gavin, W. G.
“Confederate Sates Oval Waist Plate,” in
North South Trader’s Magazine 2, no. 5.
Henry, Stephen M. “Debated Frock Coat of Capt. Edward
Moore Henry, 9th Virginia Cavalry, Army of
Essential Civil War Curriculum | Alan C. Aimone, Civil War Uniforms and Accoutrements | February 2017
Essential Civil War Curriculum | Copyright 2017 Virginia Center for Civil War Studies at Virginia Tech Page 12 of 24
Northern Virginia, CSA,” in Military
Collector and Historian 57, no. 4 (Winter
2005): 182-3.
Jensen, Leslie D.
Catalogue of Uniforms in the Collection of
the Museum of the Confederacy.
Richmond, VA: Museum of the
Confederacy, 1987.
———.
“Survey of Confederate central government
quartermaster issue jackets, Part I,” in
Military Collector and Historian 41, no. 4
(Winter 1989): 162-70.
———.
Johnny Reb: The Uniform of the
Confederate Army, 1861-1865, vol. 5 of 29
in the series G.I. Illustrated History of the
American Soldier, His Uniform and His
Equipment. London: Greenhill Books,
1996.
Kerksis, Sydney C. “Uniform and Dress of the Army of
Georgia,” in Military Collector and
Historian 13, no. 4 (Winter 1961): 122-4.
Kimmel, Ross Middaugh
“Enlisted Uniforms of the Maryland
Confederate Infantry: A Case Study: Part
I,” in Military Collector and Historian 41,
no. 3 (Fall 1989): 98-108.
———. “Enlisted Uniforms of the Maryland
Confederate Infantry: A Case Study: Part
II,” in Military Collector and Historian 41,
no. 4 (Winter 1989): 183-7.
———. “A Confederate Staff Officer’s Ambrotype
and Uniform Coat,” in Military Collector
and Historian 41, no. 4 (Winter 1989): 201-
2.
Massey, Mary Elizabeth Ersatz in the Confederacy: Shortages and
Substitutes on the Southern Homefront.
Columbia: University of South Carolina
Press, 1952.
Mast, Greg.
State Troops and Volunteers: A
Photographic Record of North Carolina’s
Civil War Soldiers. Raleigh: North Carolina
Department of Cultural Resources,
Division of Archives and History, 1995.
Milstead, Richard M., (Summer 2017): 99-
110.
"The Tale of two jackets: Examination of
two jackets made by the Richmond
Essential Civil War Curriculum | Alan C. Aimone, Civil War Uniforms and Accoutrements | February 2017
Essential Civil War Curriculum | Copyright 2017 Virginia Center for Civil War Studies at Virginia Tech Page 13 of 24
Clothing Bureau in Spring 1864," in
Journal of the Military Collector &
Historian 69, no. 2 (Summer 2017): 99-
110.
Moore, J. Michael
“Confederate Frock Coats of John Quincy
Adams Nadenbousch,” in Military
Collector and Historian 54, no. 3 (Fall
2002): 120-2.
———.
“Confederate Officer’s Frock Coat,” in
Military Collector and Historian 51, no. 1
(Spring 2002): 18-19.
Padgett, Sam, III
“Confederate Slouch Hat,” in North South
Trader’s Magazine 16, no. 2.
Rodgers, Thomas G. “Campaign dress of Georgia Confederate
troops, 1861-1865,” in Military Collector
and Historian 57, no. 2 (Summer 2005):
86-98.
Sullivan, David M.
“Confederate States Marine Corps Officers’
Uniforms: Mobile Naval Station, 1863,” in
Military Collector and Historian 57, no. 4
(Winter 1998): 175-6.
———.
“Invoice of Clothing Sold to Confederate
States Navy and Marine Corps Officers,
Mobile, 1864,” in Military Collector and
Historian 67, no. 3 (Fall 2015): 277.
Todd, Frederick P., MCH, vol. 10, issue 2:
47.
“Confederate Shoes,” in Military Collector
and Historian 10, no. 2 (Summer 1958):
47.
Walden, Geoffrey R.
“Western Confederate Cap,” in Military
Collector and Historian 48, no. 2 (Summer
1996): 92-94.
Wallace, Lee A., Jr.
“’Rebelized’ Yankee Cap Box,” in Military
Collector and Historian 10, no. 2 (Summer
1958): 50.
———.
“Regulations for the Uniform and Dress of
North Carolina Troops, 1861,” in Military
Collector and Historian 14, no. 1 (Spring
1962): 20-22.
———.
“Two C. S. Marine Corps Officers’
Uniforms,” in Military Collector and
Historian 23, no. 2 (Summer 1971): 51-53.
———.
“Virginia Zouave Uniform,” in Military
Collector and Historian 11, no. 3 (Fall
1959): 88.
Essential Civil War Curriculum | Alan C. Aimone, Civil War Uniforms and Accoutrements | February 2017
Essential Civil War Curriculum | Copyright 2017 Virginia Center for Civil War Studies at Virginia Tech Page 14 of 24
Warren, Richard A.
MCH, vol. 42, issue 3: 108-.
“Uniform Regulations for officers of the
South Carolina Volunteer Forces, 1861,” in
Military Collector and Historian 42, no. 3
(Fall 1990): 108-9.
Wood, Kenn
The Soldier’s Words. New York: Page
Publishing, 2015.
Books and Articles – Union Accoutrements
Author Title. City: Publisher, Year. | “Title,” in
Journal ##, no. # (Date): #.
Baumann, Ken
Arming the Suckers, 1861-1865: A
Compilation of Illinois Civil War Weapons.
Dayton, OH: Morningside House, 1989.
Brinkerhoff, Sidney B.
Boots and Shoes of the Frontier Soldier,
1865-1893. Tucson: Arizona Historical
Society, 1976.
———. Military Headgear in the Southwest, 1846-
1890 1902. Tucson: Arizona Pioneer’s
Historical Society, 1967.
Campbell, J. Duncan and Michael J.
O’Donnell
American Military Belt Plates. Alexandria,
VA: O’Donnell Publications, 1996.
Coates, Earl J. “The Civil War Issue Canteens: Patterns of
1858 and 1862,” in Military Collector and
Historian 47, no. 3 (Fall 1995): 98-109.
Davis, Carl L. Arming the Union: Small Arms in the Civil
War. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat
Press, 1973.
Galvin, Stephen W.
“Stamped ‘n’ Cast,” in North South Trader’s
Magazine 1, no. 1.
Gaede, Frederick Charles
“A Civil War Canteen by Byron Sherman,”
in Military Collector and Historian 51, no. 3
(Fall 1999): 127-8.
———. “Civil War Cincinnati Depot Canteen
Variations,” in Military Collector and
Historian 50, no. 3 (Fall 1998): 98-106.
———.
“An Early Civil War Federal Cap Pouch,” in
Military Collector and Historian 60, no. 3
(Fall 2008): 194-6.
Gero, Anthony F.
“Two Contemporary Views on the Use of
Body Armor in the Civil War,” in Military
Collector and Historian 41, no. 1 (Spring
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Essential Civil War Curriculum | Copyright 2017 Virginia Center for Civil War Studies at Virginia Tech Page 15 of 24
1989): 45-46.
Hardin, A. N., Jr.
American Bayonet, 1776-1964.
Philadelphia, PA: Riling and Lentz, 1964.
Johnson, Paul D.
Civil War Cartridge Boxes of the Union
Infantryman. Lincoln, RI: Andrew
Mowbray Publishers, 1998.
———.
“Identifying Civil War Cavalry Carbine
Cartridge Boxes,” in Military Collector and
Historian 40, no. 3 (Fall 1998): 109-19.
———.
“Bayonets Part 1: Union Bayonets: A
Collector’s Handbook,” in North South
Trader’s Magazine 37, no. 2, 38-45
———.
“Bayonets, Part II: British imports,” in
North South Trader’s Magazine 37, no. 4,
50-63.
———.
“Bayonets, Part III: Austrian and Belgian,”
in North South Trader’s Magazine 37, no.
6.
Kerksis, Sydney C.
Plates and Buckles of the American
Military, 1795-1874. Kennesaw, GA:
Gilgal Press, 1974.
Lang, Wendell W., Jr.
“A Civil War Stencil,” in Military
Collector and Historian 24, No. 3 (Fall
1972): 96.
Lord, Francis A.
“Federal Army identifications discs of the
Civil War,” in Military Collector and
Historian 4, no. 1 (March 1952): 7-8.
———.
“Mann’s Accouterments of the Civil War,”
in Military Collector and Historian 27, no.
1 (Spring 1975): 20-22.
Madau, Howard Michael “Another Civil War Stencil,” in Military
Collector and Historian 25, no. 2 (Summer
1973): 92.
McPheeters, K. I. & R. S. Dorsey
Bridle Bits of the American Military, 1776-
1945. Eugene, OR: Collectors Library,
1999.
Meadows, Edward Scott
U.S. Military Holsters and Pistol Cartridge
Boxes. Dallas, TX: published by the
author, 1987.
Miller, Robert L. “U. S. issue carbine cartridge boxes of the
Civil War,” in Military Collector and
Historian 8, no. 1 (Spring 1956): 25.
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Naisawald, Louis Van Loon Grape and Canister, The Story of the Field
Artillery of the Army of the Potomac, 1861-
1865. New York: Oxford University Press,
1960.
Olsen, Stanley J. “U.S. and Confederate Artillery Drivers’
Saddles,” in Military Collector and
Historian 10, no. 4 (Winter 1958): 112-3.
Peterson, Harold L.
“Body armor in the American Civil War,”
in Military Collector and Historian 4, no. 2
(Spring 1956): 29-32.
Steffen, Randy.
United States Military Saddles, 1812-1943.
Norman: University of Oklahoma Press,
1973.
Sturcke, Roger David “U.S. Navy Enlisted Men’s Waist Belts of
the Civil War Period,” in Military Collector
and Historian 22, no. 4 (Winter 1970):
135-6.
Sullivan, David M. “A Civil War Era Marine Sergeant’s
Wallet,” in Military Collector and
Historian 59, no. 3 (Fall 2007): 179.
Tafel, Anthony L. “Civil War Officer’s Mess Kit,” in Military
Collector and Historian 26, no. 1 (Spring
1974): 43-44.
Woodhead, Henry, ed. Echoes of glory: Arms and Equipment of
the Union. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life
Books, 1991.
Woshner, Mike.
India-rubber and Gutta-percha in the Civil
War Era: An Illustrated History of Rubber
and Pre-Plastic Antiques and Militaria.
Alexandria, VA: O’Donnell Publications,
1999.
Books and Articles – Union Badges and Insignias
Albert, Alphaeus H. Record of American Uniform and Historical
Buttons. Boyertown, PA: Boyertown
Publishing, 1976).
———, “The Mill on Mad River - Scovill Button
Company,” in North South Trader’s
Magazine 1, No. 3
Binder, Daniel J. “A Glossary of American Military Button
Terminology,” in Military Collector and
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Historian 56, No. 3 (Fall 2004): 1
Bazelon, Bruce S. and William F.
McGuinn.
Military Button Makers and Dealers; Their
Backmarks and Dates. Chelsea, MI:
BookCrafters, 1988.
Braddock, Paul F.
“Armed Forces Identification Tags,” in
Military Collector and Historian 24, no. 4
(Winter 1972): 112-4.
Brinckerhoff, Sidney B.
Metal Uniform Insignia of the Frontier U.S.
Army, 1846-1902. Tucson: Arizona Historical
Society, 1976.
Campbell, Duncan and Michael O’Donnell, American Military Headgear, Insignia.
Alexandria, VA: O’Donnell Publications,
2004.
Campbell, Duncan and Edgar M. Howell
American Military Insignia, 1800-1851.
Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution,
1963.
Chappell, Gordon S. “Civil War Signal Corps Officer’s Insignia,”
in Military Collector and Historian 30, no. 2
(Summer 1978): 85.
Emerson, William K.
Encyclopedia of United States Army Insignia
and Uniforms. Norman: University of
Oklahoma Press, 1996.
———. Chevrons: Illustrated History and Catalog of
U.S. Army Insignia. Washington, D.C.:
Smithsonian Institute Press, 1983.
———. U.S. Army Soldiers and Their chevrons: An
Illustrated Catalog and History From the
Revolutionary War to Present. San Jose,
CA: James Bender Publishing, 2013.
Gavin, William G.
“The Eagle Buckle,” in North South Trader’s
Magazine 2, no. 2.
Hughes, J. Robert “Gold or Silver? Captains’ and First
Lieutenants’ Shoulder Straps of the Civil
War and Indian Wars Periods,” in Military
Collector and Historian 56, no. 3 (Fall
2004): 182-3.
Jacobsen, Jacques Noel, Jr.
“Civil War Army of the Potomac Corps
Badge,” in Military Collector and Historian
48, no. 2 (Summer 1996): 90.
Ladeau, Marius B. “Corps Badges of the Civil War,” in Military
Collector and Historian 23, no. 4
(Winter 1971): 103-12.
Lanham, Howard G. Straps: Evolution of U.S. Army Shoulder
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Straps. Westminster, MD: Freehold
Publications, 1998.
Phillips, Stanley Civil War Corps Badges and Other Related
Awards, Badges, Medals of the Period:
Including a Section on Post-Civil War and
Spanish American War Corps Badges.
Lanham, MD: published by the author, 1982.
Sylvia, Becky “Focus on Corps Badges,” in North South
Trader’s Magazine 1, No. 2
Tice, Warren Dating Buttons: A Chronology of Button
Types, Makers, Retailers and Their
Backmarks. Essex Junction, VT: published
by the author, 2002.
———, Uniform buttons of the United States, 1776-
1865. Gettysburg, PA: Thomas Publications,
1997.
Martin A. Wyckoff United States Military Buttons of the Land
Services, 1787-1902: A Guide and
Classificatory System. Bloomington, IL:
McLean County Historical Society, 1984.
Books and Articles – Union Uniforms
Archambault, Alan H.
“The Civil War Uniform of Asa Lyman,” in
Military Collector and Historian 44, no. 3
(Fall 1992): 149.
———.
“A ‘McDowell Pattern’ Civil War Forage
Cap,” in Military Collector and Historian 45,
no. 1 (Spring 1993): 33.
Carr, William T.
“Michigan Issued Gray Uniforms of the Civil
War,” in Military Collector and Historian
60, no. 4 (Winter 2008): 241-3.
———. “Michigan Civil War Era Militia Uniforms,”
in Military Collector and Historian 67, no. 4
(Winter 2015): 346-56.
Cunningham, Michael R. “Complete Soldier: One Soldier – The
Whole Shebang,” in North South Trader’s
Magazine 38, no. 6, 42-57.
Dumford, W. Chris
“Distinctions of a Late War Civil War k
Kepi,” in Military Collector and Historian
63, no. 3 (Fall 2011): 154-7.
———.
“A Potential Private Purchase Civil War
Enlisted Frock Coat,” in Military Collector
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and Historian 67, no. 4 (Winter 2015): 346-
56.
Elting, John R. Long Endure: The Civil War Period, 1852-
1867. vol. 3 of 4 in the series Military
Uniforms in America. Novato, CA: Presidio
Press, 1982.
Gaede, Frederick Charles “Gaiters for the Army of the Potomac in the
Civil War,” in Military Collector and
Historian 66, no. 3 (Fall 2014): 199.
Howell, Edgar M. and Donald E. Kloster.
United States Army Headgear, 1855-1902:
Catalog of United States Army Uniforms in
the Collections of the Smithsonian
Institution. Washington, DC: Smithsonian
Institution Press, 1975.
Ladeau, Marius B. “Civil War Artillery Officers in Full Dress,”
in Military Collector and Historian 15, no. 1
(Spring 1963): 21.
Langellier, John P. Army Blue: The Uniform of Uncle Sam’s
Regulars, 1848-1873. Atglen, PA: Schiffer
Publishing, 1996.
———.
U.S. Army Headgear, 1812-1872. Atglen,
PA: Schiffer Military History, 2002.
McAfee, Michael and John P. Langellier Billy Yank: The Uniform of the Union
Soldier, 1861-1865, vol. 4 of 29 in the series
G.I. Illustrated History of the American
Soldier, His Uniform and His Equipment.
London: Greenhill Books, 1996.
McAfee, Michael Zouaves: The First and the bravest.
Gettysburg, PA: Thomas Publications, 1991.
Osman, Stephen E. “Army Drawers in the Civil War,” in
Military Collector and Historian 47, no. 3
(Fall 1995): 138-41.
Reed, Irving R. “Civil War Medical Department Uniforms,”
in Military Collector and Historian 4, no. 1
(March 1952): 21.
Shaw, Alban P., III “Civil War Medical Department Uniforms,”
in Military Collector and Historian 3, no. 2
(June 1951): 48.
Troiani, Don “Civil War Leggings,” in Military Collector
and Historian 48, no. 3 (Fall 1995): 2140.
Westphal, Ronald M. “An Early Civil War Officer’s Frock Coat,”
in Military Collector and Historian 59, no. 2
(Summer 2007): 74-75.
Winey, Michael J. Union Army uniforms at Gettysburg.
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Gettysburg, PA: Thomas Publications, 1998.
Museums – Primary Sources for Uniforms and Accoutrements
Museum Name Contact information and Website
A. H. Stephens State Historical Park &
Confederate Museum
456 Alexander Street NW Crawfordville
GA 30631
http://www.exploresouthernhistory.com/ahs
tephens.html
American Association of Museums
The Official Museum Directory identifies
small to large museums having Civil War
collections. Many county, municipal and
regional museums across the United States
have Civil War uniforms and articles in
their collections.
http://www.officialmuseumdirectory.com/
The American Civil War Museum
(formerly The Museum of the
Confederacy)
The American Civil War Museum
comprises three sites: The Museum and
White House of the Confederacy as well as
Historic Tredegar, both in Richmond, and
The Museum of the Confederacy-
Appomattox in Appomattox, Virginia
1201 East Clay Street Richmond VA 23219
500 Tredegar Street Richmond VA 23219
159 Horseshoe Road Appomattox VA
24522
https://acwm.org/
The Citadel Archives and Museum 171 Moultrie Street Charleston SC 29409
http://library.citadel.edu/archives
Civil War Library & Museum of
Philadelphia
1805 Pine Street Philadelphia PA 19103
http://civilwarmuseumphila.org/
Confederate Memorial Hall Museum
929 Camp St., New Orleans LA 70130
http://confederatemuseum.com/visit-us/
Texas Heritage Museum (formerly the
Confederate Research Center)
112 Lamar Drive Hillsboro TX 76645
https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/artic
les/lbc04
Joshua L. Chamberlain Civil War Museum,
226 Maine Street Brunswick ME 04011
http://pejepscothistorical.org/chamberlain/jl
c
Grand Army of the Republic Civil War
Museum and Library
4278 Griscom Street Philadelphia PA
19124-3954
http://garmuslib.org/
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National Civil War Naval Museum
1002 Victory Drive Columbus GA 31901
http://www.portcolumbus.org/
National Infantry Museum and Soldier
Center (Fort Benning)
1775 Legacy Way Columbus GA 31903
http://www.nationalinfantrymuseum.org/
National Civil War Museum
1 Lincoln Circle Harrisburg PA 17103
http://www.nationalcivilwarmuseum.org/
National Museum of American History
(Smithsonian)
at Constitution Avenue Northwest between
12th and 14th Streets Washington, DC
https://www.si.edu/
Pamplin Historical Park
6125 Boydton Plank Road Petersburg VA
23803
http://www.pamplinpark.org/
Rock Island Arsenal Museum
1 Rock Island Arsenal Building 60 – 3500
North Avenue Rock Island IL 61299-5000
http://www.arsenalhistoricalsociety.org/mu
seum/
U.S. Army Military History Institute of the
U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center
Pennsylvania State University 329F 1ST
Building University Park, PA 16802
https://www.clir.org/hiddencollections/regi
stry/hc.0214
U.S. Army Ordnance Museum,
U.S. Army Ordnance Center and School,
Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005
http://www.ordmusfound.org/
U.S. Army Quartermaster Museum
1201 22nd Street Fort Lee VA 23801
http://www.qmmuseum.lee.army.mil/main.
html?n=1
National Museum of the U.S. Navy
9th and M Streets SE Building 76
Washington DC 20374
https://www.history.navy.mil/content/histor
y/museums/nmusn.html
U.S. National and State Military Parks
Most National Military Parks have visitors’
centers where uniforms and accoutrements
are displayed. Major museums are located
at Andersonville, Chickamauga,
Chattanooga, Antietam, Gettysburg,
Shiloh, Fredericksburg & Spotsylvania,
Harpers Ferry and Vicksburg (USS Cairo).
VMI Museum at the Virginia Military
Institute,
415 Letcher Avenue Lexington VA 24450
http://www.vmi.edu/museums-and-
archives/vmi-museum/
West Point Museum at the United States
Military Academy
681 Hardee Place West Point NY 10996
http://www.westpoint.army.mil/museum.ht
ml
Wisconsin Veterans Museum Research 30 West Mifflin Street Madison WI 53703
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Center
http://www.wisvetsmuseum.com/collection
s/search/library/
Organizations
Organization Name Description, Contact Information and
Website
American Society of Military Insignia
Collectors (ASMIC)
The ASMIC was founded in1937 and
publishes a quarterly journal The Trading
Post.Their website is:
http://www.asmic.org/default.aspx
Association of American Military Uniform
Collectors (AAMUC)
The AAMUC was founded in 1977 by a
group of collectors and publishes the
quarterly newsletter, Footlocker. Their
website is http://www.aamuc.org/
Society of American Bayonet Collectors.
The Society of American Bayonet
Collectors is dedicated to the study,
collecting and preservation of antique and
modern bayonets. Their website is
http://bayonetcollectors.org/
Web Resources
URL Name and description
http://www.cowanauctions.com/ Cowan’s Auctions offers many Civil War
related auction items in catalog or online
through their website.
http://www.civilwardealers.com/
Illustrated directory of Civil War dealers &
collectors.
http://www.gunshows-usa.com/
Gunshows-usa.com lists gun shows
throughout the United States by date and
location and is updated weekly.
http://www.historicgraphics.com/ Historic Graphics offers services and
materials relating to images and publications
about American history.
http://www.krausebooks.com/ Krause Books produces militaria price
guides.
Other Sources
Name Description, Contact information including
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address, email
Artilleryman Magazine Artilleryman Magazine has a 35 year index
of articles about artillery from the
Revolutionary War to World War II
including extensive material on Civil War
artillery.
http://artillerymanmagazine.com/
Civil War Navy, The Magazine
Civil War Navy, The Magazine has been
published since 2004. Their website is
http://www.civilwarnavy.com/
Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Weekly Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Weekly, 1861-
1865 contains contemporary images of
uniforms and accoutrements. Issues can be
viewed on-line. http://www.accessible-
archives.com/collections/frank-leslies-
weekly/
Harper’s Weekly Harper’s Weekly, 1861-1865 1865 contains
contemporary images of uniforms and
accoutrements. Issues can be viewed on-line.
http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/
serial?id=harpersweekly
North South Trader’s Magazine North South Trader’s Magazine has
published articles since 1973 covering
many aspects of Civil War uniforms and
accoutrements. Their website which lists all
their publications is:
http://www.nstcivilwar.com/
Military Collector & Historian Military Collector and Historian is the
journal of The Company of Military
Historians and has published numerous
articles covering many aspects of Civil War
uniforms and accoutrements. Their website
which lists all their publications is:
http://www.military-
historians.org/publications/journal/journals
earch.htm
www.militaryimagesmagazines.com -
Military Images: Documenting the
Photographic History of the U.S. Soldier
and Sailor
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Scholars
Name Email
Alan Aimone [email protected]
Topic Précis
The best single study about Civil War uniforms and equipment is by a founder of the
Company of Military Historians and former West Point Museum Director, Fred Todd:
American Military Equipage, 1851-1872. The illustrated three volume work is enhanced
by the drawings and research of museum curators, artists and historians: Maria Todd,
George Woodbridge, Lee Wallace, Jr. Michael McAfee and Fred Chapman. The volumes
are arranged by topics and each individual state’s variation of issued uniforms,
accoutrements and equipment is identified. Shorter surveys are available through Ron
Field’s Uniforms of the Civil War and artist historian Don Troiani’s Regiments and
Uniforms of the Civil War. This essay discusses the uniforms and accoutrements of the
Civil War by focusing on publications, primary sources like museum collections and web
resources for the various sub topics including general publications, buttons, image sources,
Confederate accoutrements, Confederate uniforms, Union accoutrements, Union badges
and insignia, Union uniforms, museums and more. Published with the essay is a 25 page
Resources document which provides a wealth of sources of information on Civil War
uniforms and equipment.
****