Civil Civil Rights Rights & &

Black Black PowerPower 1945-19701945-1970

Mr. JohnsonMr. Johnson

U.S. HistoryU.S. History African American African American medalists, 1968 Olympicsmedalists, 1968 Olympics

Created by Mr.

Johnson

•11.02 – Trace major events 11.02 – Trace major events in the civil rights movement in the civil rights movement and evaluate its impact.and evaluate its impact.

ObjectiveObjective

• The Civil Rights MovementThe Civil Rights Movement– De jure segregationDe jure segregation– De facto segregationDe facto segregation– Affirmative actionAffirmative action– Turning pointsTurning points

• Changes in State & Federal Changes in State & Federal LegislationLegislation

• Executive ActionsExecutive Actions– TrumanTruman– EisenhowerEisenhower– KennedyKennedy– JohnsonJohnson

• Black Power movementBlack Power movement• Montgomery bus boycottsMontgomery bus boycotts• Rosa ParksRosa Parks• Martin Luther King, Jr.Martin Luther King, Jr.• Malcolm XMalcolm X

Major Concepts & Key TermsMajor Concepts & Key Terms

• Black PanthersBlack Panthers• Stokely CarmichaelStokely Carmichael• CORECORE• SNCCSNCC• March on WashingtonMarch on Washington• James MeredithJames Meredith• Little Rock NineLittle Rock Nine• George WallaceGeorge Wallace• Brown v. Board of Brown v. Board of

Education of Topeka, Education of Topeka, Kansas, 1954Kansas, 1954

• Thurgood MarshallThurgood Marshall• Earl WarrenEarl Warren• 2424thth Amendment Amendment• Civil Rights Act of 1964Civil Rights Act of 1964• Voting Rights Act of 1965Voting Rights Act of 1965

Cracks in Cracks in Jim Crow’s Jim Crow’s ArmorArmor

• Thomas D. Rice’s Thomas D. Rice’s minstrel showsminstrel shows

• ““The Happy The Happy Slave”Slave”

Origin of Jim CrowOrigin of Jim Crow

• Segregation Segregation ((PlessyPlessy decision) decision)

• DisfranchisementDisfranchisement– Poll TaxPoll Tax– Literacy TestLiteracy Test– Grandfather Grandfather

ClauseClause

Jim Crow LawsJim Crow Laws

• Executive Order Executive Order 88028802

• No racial No racial discrimination by discrimination by government government contractorscontractors– Strikes and Strikes and

demonstrationsdemonstrations– War industryWar industry

Executive Actions: FDRExecutive Actions: FDR

• Committee on Civil Committee on Civil Rights, 1946Rights, 1946– RecommendationsRecommendations

• Truman’s executive Truman’s executive ordersorders– Banned Banned

discrimination in discrimination in hiring of federal hiring of federal employeesemployees

– Integration of the Integration of the Armed ForcesArmed Forces

Executive Actions: TrumanExecutive Actions: Truman

Integration of the Armed ForcesIntegration of the Armed Forces

• ““States Rights States Rights Democratic Democratic Party”Party”

• Strom ThurmondStrom Thurmond• Abandoned Abandoned

Truman in the Truman in the 1948 election b/c 1948 election b/c of civil rightsof civil rights

DixiecratsDixiecrats

Election of 1948Election of 1948

• Signed by Branch Signed by Branch Rickey in 1947Rickey in 1947

• Broke the color line Broke the color line in baseballin baseball

• AchievementsAchievements– Rookie of the Year, Rookie of the Year,

19471947– .311 career batting .311 career batting

averageaverage– Six All-Star gamesSix All-Star games

Jackie Robinson, 1947Jackie Robinson, 1947

Jackie Robinson, 1947Jackie Robinson, 1947

School School IntegratioIntegration: The n: The Fight in Fight in CourtCourt

• Separate but Separate but Equal decisionEqual decision

• Legalized Legalized segregationsegregation

Plessy v. FergusonPlessy v. Ferguson, 1896, 1896

• 1414thth Amendment – “equal protection” Amendment – “equal protection”• De jureDe jure segregation segregation

– segregation “by law”segregation “by law”– common in southcommon in south

• De factoDe facto segregation segregation– segregation “as a matter of fact”segregation “as a matter of fact”– common in north & southcommon in north & south– often achieved by intimidationoften achieved by intimidation– continues todaycontinues today

SegregationSegregation

School Segregation LawsSchool Segregation Laws

Desegregation Desegregation = Integration= Integration

TerminologyTerminology

• NAACP NAACP Legal Legal Defense Defense FundFund– Thurgood Thurgood

Marshall Marshall (national (national coordinatcoordinator)or)

– Oliver Hill Oliver Hill (Virginia)(Virginia)

Thurgood MarshallThurgood Marshall

McLaurin v. Oklahoma B.O.R.McLaurin v. Oklahoma B.O.R., , 19501950

• McLaurin, McLaurin, retired professorretired professor

• Oklahoma Oklahoma University University School of School of EducationEducation– Side deskSide desk– Not allowed to Not allowed to

“mingle”“mingle”

• Supreme Court Supreme Court rules that rules that conditions conditions impair educationimpair education

McLaurin v. Oklahoma B.O.R.McLaurin v. Oklahoma B.O.R., , 19501950

• Hemon Sweatt was denied Hemon Sweatt was denied admission to University of admission to University of Texas Law SchoolTexas Law School

• Sent to separate black law Sent to separate black law schoolschool– StaffStaff– LibraryLibrary– StudentsStudents

• LDF targeted Supreme Court’s LDF targeted Supreme Court’s knowledge of quality legal knowledge of quality legal trainingtraining

• Court ruled in Sweatt’s favorCourt ruled in Sweatt’s favor

Sweatt v. PainterSweatt v. Painter, 1950, 1950

Elementary & Secondary Elementary & Secondary SchoolsSchools

• Challenged Challenged segregation in segregation in VirginiaVirginia

• Was one of four Was one of four cases that became cases that became Brown v. BoardBrown v. Board

• Virginia NAACP Virginia NAACP lawyer Oliver Hilllawyer Oliver Hill

Davis v. Pr. Edward County VADavis v. Pr. Edward County VA, , 19521952

• Topeka, Topeka, KansasKansas

• Parents Parents challenged challenged the the segregated segregated school systemschool system

Brown v. Board of EducationBrown v. Board of Education, , 19541954

The Doll TestThe Doll Test

• Black children Black children selected the selected the white doll as white doll as “good” and “good” and “smart” and “smart” and “pretty”“pretty”

• DemonstrateDemonstrated d psychological psychological impact of impact of segregationsegregation

Warren Court’s Unanimous Warren Court’s Unanimous DecisionDecision

• Topeka, Topeka, KansasKansas

Brown v. Board of EducationBrown v. Board of Education, , 19541954

• 1414thth Amendment Amendment– Separate is not Separate is not

equalequal– Overturned Overturned PlessyPlessy– Ordered Ordered

nationwide nationwide integrationintegration

• Landmark caseLandmark case

Brown v. Board of EducationBrown v. Board of Education, , 19541954

““Massive Massive ResistancResistance”e”

Slow PaceSlow Pace

• BrownBrown decisiondecision

• ““All deliberate All deliberate speed”speed”

• Significant Significant integration integration did not begin did not begin until mid/late until mid/late 1960s1960s

Resistance to Resistance to BrownBrown in Virginia in Virginia

• Led by Harry Byrd, Led by Harry Byrd, segregationist segregationist politicianpolitician

• Some public Some public schools in Virginia schools in Virginia closed downclosed down from from 1959-1964 rather 1959-1964 rather than integrate than integrate black studentsblack students

Confederate FlagConfederate Flag

• ResurrecteResurrected symbol d symbol of the Civil of the Civil WarWar

• Resistance Resistance to to integrationintegration

The Little Rock Nine, 1957The Little Rock Nine, 1957

EisenhowerEisenhower

James Meredith, 1961James Meredith, 1961

JFKJFK

George WallaceGeorge Wallace

• ““States’ rights”States’ rights”• ““Segregation Segregation

now, segregation now, segregation tomorrow, and tomorrow, and segregation segregation forever!”forever!”

• Alabama Alabama governorgovernor

• Presidential Presidential candidatecandidate

George Wallace’s Stand, 1963George Wallace’s Stand, 1963

• New private & New private & religious religious schoolsschools

• Separate Separate neighborhoods neighborhoods – suburbia– suburbia

• ResegregationResegregation

White FlightWhite Flight

The The People’s People’s MovemenMovementt

Bob DylanBob Dylan

Come gather 'round peopleCome gather 'round peopleWherever you roamWherever you roamAnd admit that the watersAnd admit that the watersAround you have grownAround you have grownAnd accept it that soonAnd accept it that soonYou'll be drenched to the bone.You'll be drenched to the bone.If your time to youIf your time to youIs worth savin'Is worth savin'Then you better start swimmin'Then you better start swimmin'Or you'll sink like a stoneOr you'll sink like a stoneFor the times they are a-changin'.For the times they are a-changin'.

Bob DylanBob Dylan

Come writers and criticsCome writers and criticsWho prophesize with your penWho prophesize with your penAnd keep your eyes wideAnd keep your eyes wideThe chance won't come againThe chance won't come againAnd don't speak too soonAnd don't speak too soonFor the wheel's still in spinFor the wheel's still in spinAnd there's no tellin' whoAnd there's no tellin' whoThat it's namin'.That it's namin'.For the loser nowFor the loser nowWill be later to winWill be later to winFor the times they are a-changin'.For the times they are a-changin'.

Bob DylanBob Dylan

Come senators, congressmenCome senators, congressmenPlease heed the callPlease heed the callDon't stand in the doorwayDon't stand in the doorwayDon't block up the hallDon't block up the hallFor he that gets hurtFor he that gets hurtWill be he who has stalledWill be he who has stalledThere's a battle outsideThere's a battle outsideAnd it is ragin'.And it is ragin'.It'll soon shake your windowsIt'll soon shake your windowsAnd rattle your wallsAnd rattle your wallsFor the times they are a-changin'.For the times they are a-changin'.

Bob DylanBob Dylan

Come mothers and fathersCome mothers and fathersThroughout the landThroughout the landAnd don't criticizeAnd don't criticizeWhat you can't understandWhat you can't understandYour sons and your daughtersYour sons and your daughtersAre beyond your commandAre beyond your commandYour old road isYour old road isRapidly agin'.Rapidly agin'.Please get out of the new onePlease get out of the new oneIf you can't lend your handIf you can't lend your handFor the times they are a-changin'.For the times they are a-changin'.

Bob DylanBob Dylan

The line it is drawnThe line it is drawnThe curse it is castThe curse it is castThe slow one nowThe slow one nowWill later be fastWill later be fastAs the present nowAs the present nowWill later be pastWill later be pastThe order isThe order isRapidly fadin'.Rapidly fadin'.And the first one nowAnd the first one nowWill later be lastWill later be lastFor the times they are a-changin'.For the times they are a-changin'.

OrganizationsOrganizations

• NAACP – National Association for the NAACP – National Association for the Advancement of Colored PeopleAdvancement of Colored People

• CORE – Congress of Racial EqualityCORE – Congress of Racial Equality• SNCC – Student Nonviolent SNCC – Student Nonviolent

Coordinating CommitteeCoordinating Committee• SCLC – Southern Christian Leadership SCLC – Southern Christian Leadership

ConferenceConference

• Beginning of Beginning of civil rights civil rights movementmovement

• Economic Economic pressurepressure

Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955

Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955

Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955

Nonviolent ResistanceNonviolent Resistance

Sit-In Movement, 1960Sit-In Movement, 1960

Freedom Rides, 1961Freedom Rides, 1961

Freedom Rides, 1961Freedom Rides, 1961

Birmingham, 1963Birmingham, 1963

Birmingham, 1963Birmingham, 1963

March on Washington, 1963March on Washington, 1963

““I Have a Dream”I Have a Dream”

Text, Video & Audio

of the Address of the Address

Civil Rights Act of 1964Civil Rights Act of 1964

1)1) Same requirements for Same requirements for black & white votersblack & white voters

2)2) Prohibits discrimination in Prohibits discrimination in public accommodationspublic accommodations

3)3) Withholding of federal Withholding of federal funds from discriminatory funds from discriminatory programs and businessesprograms and businesses

4)4) Bans discrimination Bans discrimination based on race, sex, based on race, sex, religion and national religion and national origin by employers & origin by employers & unions; creates EEOCunions; creates EEOC

FilibusterFilibuster

• Southern DemocratsSouthern Democrats• Robert C. Byrd (WV)Robert C. Byrd (WV)

– Former KlansmanFormer Klansman– 14 hour speech14 hour speech– Still in Congress Still in Congress

today!!!today!!!

The Act Becomes LawThe Act Becomes Law

Voting Rights Act of 1965Voting Rights Act of 1965

• Federal Federal officials may officials may register voters register voters when local when local offices block offices block African African AmericansAmericans– Eliminated Eliminated

literacy testsliteracy tests

2424thth Amendment, 1964 Amendment, 1964

• Eliminated poll Eliminated poll taxtax

The Young The Young RadicalsRadicals

““Harlem” – Langston HughesHarlem” – Langston Hughes

What happens to a dream What happens to a dream deferred?deferred?Does it dry upDoes it dry upLike a raisin in the sun?Like a raisin in the sun?Or fester like a sore--Or fester like a sore--And then run?And then run?Does it stink like rotten meat?Does it stink like rotten meat?Or crust and sugar over--Or crust and sugar over--like a syrupy sweet?like a syrupy sweet?Maybe it just sagsMaybe it just sagslike a heavy load.like a heavy load.Or does it explode?Or does it explode?

Gil Scott-HeronGil Scott-Heron

““The The Revolution Will Revolution Will Not be Not be Televised”Televised”

Gil Scott-HeronGil Scott-Heron

You will not be able to stay home, brother.You will not be able to stay home, brother.You will not be able to plug in, turn on and cop You will not be able to plug in, turn on and cop out.out.You will not be able to lose yourself on skag You will not be able to lose yourself on skag [heroin] and skip out for beer during [heroin] and skip out for beer during commercials,commercials,Because the revolution will not be televised.Because the revolution will not be televised.

Gil Scott-HeronGil Scott-Heron

The revolution will not be televised.The revolution will not be televised.The revolution will not be brought to you by The revolution will not be brought to you by Xerox in 4 parts without commercial Xerox in 4 parts without commercial interruptions.interruptions.The revolution will not show you pictures of The revolution will not show you pictures of Nixon blowing a bugle and leading a charge by Nixon blowing a bugle and leading a charge by John Mitchell, General Abrams and Spiro Agnew John Mitchell, General Abrams and Spiro Agnew to eat hog maws confiscated from a Harlem to eat hog maws confiscated from a Harlem sanctuary. sanctuary. The revolution will not be televised. The revolution will not be televised.

Gil Scott-HeronGil Scott-Heron

The revolution will not be brought to you by the Schaefer Award Theatre and will not star Natalie Woods and Steve McQueen or Bullwinkle and Julia.The revolution will not give your mouth sex appeal. The revolution will not get rid of the nubs.The revolution will not make you look five pounds thinner, because the revolution will not be televised, Brother.

Gil Scott-HeronGil Scott-Heron

There will be no pictures of you and Willie May pushing that shopping cart down the block on the dead run, or trying to slide that color television into a stolen ambulance. NBC will not be able predict the winner at 8:32 or report from 29 districts. The revolution will not be televised.

Gil Scott-HeronGil Scott-Heron

There will be no pictures of pigs [police] shooting down brothers in the instant replay.There will be no pictures of pigs shooting down brothers in the instant replay.There will be no pictures of Whitney Young [civil rights activist] being run out of Harlem on a rail with a brand new process.There will be no slow motion or still life of Roy Wilkins [civil rights activist] strolling through Watts in a Red, Black and Green liberation jumpsuit that he had been saving for just the proper occasion.

Gil Scott-HeronGil Scott-Heron

Green Acres, The Beverly Hillbillies, and Hooterville Junction will no longer be so damned relevant, and women will not care if Dick finally gets down with Jane on Search for Tomorrow because Black people will be in the street looking for a brighter day. The revolution will not be televised.

Gil Scott-HeronGil Scott-Heron

There will be no highlights on the eleven o'clock news and no pictures of hairy armed women liberationists and Jackie Onassis [JFK’s widow] blowing her nose. The theme song will not be written by Jim Webb or Francis Scott Key, nor sung by Glen Campbell, Tom Jones, Johnny Cash, Englebert Humperdink, or the Rare Earth [white musicians].

Gil Scott-HeronGil Scott-Heron

The revolution will not be right back after a message about a white tornado, white lightning, or white people. You will not have to worry about the dove in your bedroom, the tiger in your tank, or the giant in your toilet bowl. The revolution will not go better with Coke. The revolution will not fight the germs that may cause bad breath. The revolution will put you in the driver's seat.

Gil Scott-HeronGil Scott-Heron

The revolution will not be televised,will not be televised,will not be televised,will not be televised.The revolution will be no re-run brothers;

The revolution will be live.

Nation of IslamNation of Islam

Malcolm XMalcolm X

• Black NationalismBlack Nationalism• Break with Nation Break with Nation

of Islam, 1964of Islam, 1964– Kennedy Kennedy

assassination assassination commentscomments

– Muhammad’s Muhammad’s illegitimate illegitimate childrenchildren

• ““The Ballot or the The Ballot or the Bullet” Bullet” audio

Malcolm XMalcolm X

• Hajj & conversion Hajj & conversion to orthodox Islam, to orthodox Islam, 19641964

• New messageNew message

March Against Fear, 1966March Against Fear, 1966

• James MeredithJames Meredith• Solitary march from Solitary march from

Memphis, TN to Memphis, TN to Jackson, MississippiJackson, Mississippi

• Wounded by sniperWounded by sniper• March was continued by March was continued by

others, including others, including Stokely CarmichaelStokely Carmichael

March Against Fear, 1966March Against Fear, 1966

Stokely CarmichaelStokely Carmichael

““Black Power”Black Power”

• ““We are oppressed We are oppressed because we are black. because we are black. And in order to get And in order to get out of that oppression out of that oppression [we] must wield… [we] must wield… group power”group power”

• Text & audio of Text & audio of speechspeech

Black Panther Party, 1966Black Panther Party, 1966

• Bobby Seale & Bobby Seale & Huey NewtonHuey Newton

• Oakland, CAOakland, CA

Black Panther Party, 1966Black Panther Party, 1966

Back to Back to CourtCourt

Loving v. Virginia, Loving v. Virginia, 19671967

• Court struck Court struck down “anti-down “anti-miscegenationmiscegenation” laws” laws

• Legalized Legalized interracial interracial marriagemarriage

Swann v. Charlotte-Meck Swann v. Charlotte-Meck B.O.E., B.O.E., 19711971

• Implementation Implementation of of BrownBrown decisiondecision

• City-wide City-wide busing may be busing may be used to used to integrate integrate schoolsschools

Regents of Univ. of Cal. v. Regents of Univ. of Cal. v. Bakke, Bakke, 19781978

• Challenged affirmative Challenged affirmative action admission action admission policypolicy

• Split decision by the Split decision by the courtcourt– Admitted BakkeAdmitted Bakke– Prohibited quotasProhibited quotas– Sanctioned affirmative Sanctioned affirmative

actionaction

A Decade of A Decade of AssassinatioAssassinationsns

Medgar Evers, 1963Medgar Evers, 1963

John F. Kennedy, 1963John F. Kennedy, 1963

LBJ Takes OfficeLBJ Takes Office

Lee Harvey Oswald, 1963Lee Harvey Oswald, 1963

Malcolm X, 1965Malcolm X, 1965

Martin Luther King, 1968Martin Luther King, 1968

Robert F. Kennedy, 1968Robert F. Kennedy, 1968

The End of The End of an Eraan Era

ContributionsContributions

Civil Rights/ Civil Rights/ IntegrationIntegration

• LegislationLegislation• CooperationCooperation

Black Black Power/Black Power/Black NationalismNationalism

• PsychologicalPsychological• Pressure on Pressure on

government & government & more moderate more moderate civil rights civil rights organizationsorganizations

““Southern Strategy” & “Law & Southern Strategy” & “Law & Order”Order”

1964 Election: South Goes 1964 Election: South Goes RepublicanRepublican

Nixon’s Electoral VictoriesNixon’s Electoral Victories

1968 Election1968 Election

1972 Election1972 Election

Gil Scott-HeronGil Scott-Heron

““Winter in Winter in America” + America” + lyricslyrics

InspirationInspiration

Government ActionsGovernment Actions

Executive BranchExecutive Branch

FDRFDR• Executive order Executive order

8802 (gov’t 8802 (gov’t contractors)contractors)

TrumanTruman• Committee on Committee on

Civil RightsCivil Rights• Executive order Executive order

9980 (federal 9980 (federal employment)employment)

• Executive order Executive order 9981 (armed 9981 (armed forces)forces)

Legislative Legislative BranchBranch

• Civil Rights Civil Rights ActAct

• Voting Rights Voting Rights ActAct

Judicial BranchJudicial Branch

Warren CourtWarren Court• McLaurin v. McLaurin v.

Oklahoma Oklahoma B.O.R.B.O.R.

• Sweatt v. Sweatt v. PainterPainter

• Brown v. B.O.E.Brown v. B.O.E.

How many roads must a man walk downHow many roads must a man walk downBefore you call him a man?Before you call him a man?Yes, 'n' how many seas must a white dove Yes, 'n' how many seas must a white dove sailsailBefore she sleeps in the sand?Before she sleeps in the sand?Yes, 'n' how many times must the cannon Yes, 'n' how many times must the cannon balls flyballs flyBefore they're forever banned?Before they're forever banned?The answer, my friend, is blowin' in the The answer, my friend, is blowin' in the wind,wind,The answer is blowin' in the wind.The answer is blowin' in the wind.

““Blowin’ in the Wind”Blowin’ in the Wind”

How many times must a man look upHow many times must a man look upBefore he can see the sky?Before he can see the sky?Yes, 'n' how many ears must one man haveYes, 'n' how many ears must one man haveBefore he can hear people cry?Before he can hear people cry?Yes, 'n' how many deaths will it take till he Yes, 'n' how many deaths will it take till he knowsknowsThat too many people have died?That too many people have died?The answer, my friend, is blowin' in the The answer, my friend, is blowin' in the wind,wind,The answer is blowin' in the wind.The answer is blowin' in the wind.

““Blowin’ in the Wind”Blowin’ in the Wind”

How many years can a mountain existHow many years can a mountain existBefore it's washed to the sea?Before it's washed to the sea?Yes, 'n' how many years can some people Yes, 'n' how many years can some people existexistBefore they're allowed to be free?Before they're allowed to be free?Yes, 'n' how many times can a man turn his Yes, 'n' how many times can a man turn his head,head,Pretending he just doesn't see?Pretending he just doesn't see?The answer, my friend, is blowin' in the The answer, my friend, is blowin' in the wind,wind,The answer is blowin' in the wind.The answer is blowin' in the wind.

““Blowin’ in the Wind”Blowin’ in the Wind”

Civil Rights vs. Black NationalismReligious Beliefs

Political Beliefs:Integration & Civil Rights

Martin Luther King, Jr.

Religious Beliefs

Political Beliefs:Black Nationalism

Malcolm X

Common Beliefs

Your Opinion Your Opinion