civil engineering presentation - chesapeake...
TRANSCRIPT
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Civil Engineering
The infrastructure of the Chesapeake Bay is constantly trying to keep up with population growth in the area. Climate change creates the additional challenge of sea level rise and more frequent severe storms. Designing and building new systems as well as maintenance of existing structures, requires innovative solutions. Communities and entire cities are increasingly at risk from more frequent extreme weather events.
1
Port of Baltimore
TheriseofBal-morefromasleepytowntradingintobaccotoacityrivalingPhiladelphia,Boston,andNewYorkbeganwhenDr.JohnStevenson,aprominentBal-morephysicianandmerchant,beganshippingflourtoIreland.
Bytheearly1800’smillsalongtheJonesFallswereproducingover80%ofthesailclothinthecountry.Inaddi-on,60flourandgristmills,57sawmills,13spinningandpapermills,6foundries,and3powdermillswerelocatedonstreamsneartheCity,andshipyards,brickkilns,copperandironworks,andglassfactorieswerebuiltalongtheshorelineoftheharbor.Inthe1830Bal-morehadbecomethesecondlargestcityintheUnitedStates.[hRp://planning.bal-morecity.gov/sites/default/files/History%20of%20Bal-more.pdf]
DuringtheRevolu-onaryWar,Bal-morebuiltthemostmaneuverableshipsintheworld.TheseshipswereabletopenetrateBri-shblockadesandoutrunpirates,privateers,andtheRoyalBri-shNavy.
TheCityofBal.morearound1834asseenfromFederalHill[www.bal-morecity.gov/sites/default/files/5_History.pdf]
2
Port of Baltimore
From1850to1900Bal.more’spopula.ongrewfrom169,000tooverhalfamillion.Bal.more’svibrantanddiverse
neighborhoodsevolvedtoaccommodateaconstantinfluxofimmigrants.MorethantwomillionimmigrantslandedfirstinFellsPointandtheninLocustPoint,makingtheCitysecondonly
toNewYorkasanimmigrantportofentry.[MarylandHistoricalSociety,Bal-more,Maryland]
AttheendofWorldWarII,Mar.n-MarieUa,wasturningoutthousandsofairplanesayear,andattheCur.sBayandFairfieldshipyardsanoceanfreighteradaywaslaunched.ShownhereistheS.S.Mari.meVictory
launchinginMay1945(photographbyA.AubreyBodine)[MarylandHistoricalSociety,Bal-more,Maryland]
3
Tidewater Area Ports
Ocean-goingshipshavestoppedatVirginiawharvessincethefirstEnglishcolonistsarrivedin1607andanchoredatJamestown.Earlytradeinvolvedimpor-ngcolonistsandmanufacturedgoodsfromEngland,includingclothinganditemsmadeofiron.Virginiaexportedrawmaterialssuchassassafras,deerhides,lumber,andespeciallytobaccotoEurope.[www.virginiaplaces.org/transporta-on/shiptransport.html]
Jamestownwasthefirstportforocean-goingshipsinVirginia[Na-onalParkService,"Jamestown-SidneyKingPain-ngs,"Arrivalof
LordDelaware]
Yorktown,Virginia,Embarka.onforWhiteHouseLanding,Virginia,Photographfromthemaineasterntheaterofwar,thePeninsular
Campaign,May-August1862.[www.theatlan-c.com/photo/2012/02/the-civil-war-part-1-the-places/100241/]
4
Tidewater Area Ports
AgerWorldWarII,theci-esofNewportNews,Portsmouth,andNorfolkeachbuiltamunicipally-ownedshippingterminalusinglocaltaxrevenuesandprofitsfromterminalopera-ons.ThedeepshippingchannelstoNorfolk,Portsmouth,andNewportNewshelpedaRractthelargeshipsthatcarriedthemostcontainers.[www.virginiaplaces.org/transporta-on/shiptransport.html]
NewportNewsMarineTerminal(NNMT)[VirginiaOfficeofIntermodalPlanningandInvestment]
PortsmouthMarineTerminal(NNMT)[VirginiaOfficeofIntermodalPlanningandInvestment]
Aircra]carriersdockedattheNorfolkNavalBasearereadilyvisibletopeopledrivingacrosstheHamptonRoadsBridge-TunneltoWilloughbySpit(inbackground)[CNICNavalSta-onNorfolk]
5
Chesapeake and Delaware Canal
The14-milelongC&Dcanalconceivedduringthe17thcenturytoreducethe300-miletriparoundthecoastofDelawareandMarylandandincreasetheeconomicviabilityoftheregion.Theroutethatwaschosenini-allyrequiredasystemoffourlocks.By1927,thecanalhadbeenconvertedtoasea-levelopera-on.
Construc.onunderwayin1921tocreatethesealevelcanal[delmarvahistory.wordpress.com/2008/08/11/opening-the-modern-chesapeake-
and-delaware-canal/]
Thefirstcanalwasonly10feetdeepand66feetwide.In1954,Congressauthorizedexpansionofthechannelto450feetwideand35feetdeep.[www.nap.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Chesapeake-Delaware-Canal/Canal-History/]
6
Conowingo Dam
Conowingoisoneofthelargestnon-federalhydroelectricdamsintheUnitedStates.Construc.onofthedamonthelowerSusquehannaRiver,inDarlington,Marylandwascompletedin1928.[www.exeloncorp.com/loca-ons/power-plants/
conowingo-hydroelectric-genera-ng-sta-on]
TheConowingoDamprojectbegancommercialopera-onin1928.Thefinalproductwasaconcretefacilitythatis4,648feetinlengthandrises104feetabovetheriverbed.Theaverageannualgenera-onis1,800,000MegawaR-hours,enoughtoprovideserviceto300,000homes.[web.archive.org/web/20060224225818/hRp://www.mdhc.org/resources/lshgreport.pdf]Thedamisatabout92percentcapacityforsedimentstoragewithnocurrentplantopreventspillageintotheBay.[www.usgs.gov/news/conowingo-dam-above-90-percent-capacity-sediment-storage]
Thebuildingofthecofferdam,intheSusquehanna,toholdbackthewaterastheybuildtheintakestructure.[rep5355.com/2013/07/25/the-susquehanna/]
7
Chesapeake Bay Bridge
Thecomplexityofthefirstbaybridgeconstruc.onprojectwasclear.Itincludesseveraldifferenttypesofbridgingdesigns,andcurvesoutfromSandyPointtocrosstheshippingchannelatarightangle.
PhotographbyJosephA.DiPaola/TheSun[www.capitalgazeRe.com/news/annapolis/ph-ac-cn-retro-annapolis-
bay-bridge-pg-20170404-photogallery.html]
TheChesapeakeBayBridgeatSandyPointwasopenedtotrafficin1952agerdecadesofstudyonwheretoplaceit.Annualtrafficvolumesnearlydoubledinthefirstdecade.Trafficvolumesduringoff-peakornormalperiodsarewithinthepresentcapacityofthepresentfacility.Lately,however,weekendtrafficduringthesummermonthshasbeenprac-callytwicethedailyaverageforthemonthandgreatlyexceedsthecapacityofthefacility.[www.roadstothefuture.com/Chesa_Bay_Bridge_History.html]
s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/21/e8/38/21e8387069206b9798ad6ba64338f099.jpg
8
Chesapeake Bay Bridge Tunnel
BigDwasaspeciallydesignedsteam-poweredpiledriverthatcouldstabilizeitselfthroughfour100-foot-legsthatrestedonthebayboUom.[www.dailypress.com/features/history/dp-nws-chesapeake-bay-bridge-
tunnel-50th-20140414-story.html]
Followingitsopeningin1964,theBridge-Tunnelwasselectedas“TheOutstandingCivilEngineeringAchievement”bytheAmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers.TheBridge-Tunnelisuniqueinthenumberofdifferenttypesofstructuresitincludes.Inaddi-on,construc-onwasaccomplishedundertheseverecondi-ons,includinghurricanesandnor’easters.[www.cbbt.com/about-us/history/]
9
Cove Point LNG Terminal
AboatpassesDominionResources’plaformatitsCovePointliquefiednaturalgasplant.Thecompanyplanstosendout85LNGtankersayear.(photographbyDave
Harp)[www.bayjournal.com/ar-cle/plan_to_export_liquefied_gas_at_cove_point_divides_community]
DominionEnergyisconstruc-ngliquefac-onfacili-esforexpor-ngliquefiednaturalgas(LNG)atitsexis-ngCovePointTerminalontheChesapeakeBayinMaryland.CovePointwouldbethefirstLNGexportfacilityontheU.S.EastCoastandonlythesecondintheLower48states.
Thefacilitywasoriginallycer-fiedin1972fortheimpor-ngofLNGbuteconomicfactorsmadethisunviableagertwoyearsofopera-on.
Theliquefac-onfacili-esareexpectedtobeonlinelatethisyear.Oncetheexportprojectiscomplete,thefacilitywouldbebidirec-onal,offeringimportandexportcapability.[www.naturalgasintel.com/ar-cles/110016-dominion-cove-point-on-track-to-be-first-us-east-coast-lng-exporter]
10
Shoreline Development
ChesapeakeBayshorelinedevelopmentinurbanareasdatestopost-colonial-mes,butupun-lWorldWarII,mostoftheseareaswereusedforagricultureorweresimplymanagedasruralareas.AgerWorldWarII,residen-aldevelopmentalongtheshorelinesofChesapeakeBaybegantoincrease..Theincreaseddevelopmentaddedpressuretouplandbanksthatwerealreadypronetoerosion.[www2.vims.edu/seagrant/vasg-pubs-pdfs/shoreline.pdf]
SixtypicalshorelineprofilesaroundChesapeakeBay.Thestabilityofthebankfaceisdependentuponthewidthandtypeofshorezonefeatures.Widebeaches/dunesandmarshzonescanoffersignificantwaveprotec.onevenduringstorms.(Meanhighwater(MHW),meanlowwater
(MLW),and100-yearstormsurgeeleva.on.)[www2.vims.edu/seagrant/vasg-pubs-pdfs/shoreline.pdf]
11
Unimproved Beaches
Unimprovedbeachshowingsubmergedaqua.cvegeta.on(SAV)[dnr2.maryland.gov/cri-calarea/Documents/PDF/Other_Resources/Cri-cal%20Area%20Quarterly
%20Planner%27s%20Mee-ng/July2015_NOAA_Shorelines.pdf]
s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/a1/11/73/a11173cc79aa9f2c5247b646b45224fc.jpg
Submergedaqua-cvegeta-on(SAV)providefood,shelter,andanurseryhabitatformostofourcommerciallyimportantfisheriesspecies.TheyalsohelpreduceerosionbystabilizingboRomsedimentswiththeirrootsystems.
Coastalshorelinesareconstantlychangingduetobothnatural(winds,waves,-dalcurrents,andperiodicstormevents)andman-madeac-vi-es.[www.epa.gov/sites/produc-on/files/2015-09/documents/2002_04_characteriza-on-reports_ccmp-final-volume-1.pdf]
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Bulkheads
dnr2.maryland.gov/cri-calarea/Documents/PDF/Other_Resources/Cri-cal%20Area%20Quarterly%20Planner%27s%20Mee-ng/July2015_NOAA_Shorelines.pdf
www.vims.edu/newsandevents/_photosets/slr_planning/bulkhead.jpg
Bulkheadsarewallsdesignedtoprotecttheshorelinebyprovidingabarriertowaves.Bulkheadsareconstructedfromsteel,aluminum,vinyl,or-mber.Wavereflec-onoffthever-calfaceof-mberandsteelbulkheadscauseserosion(scour)atitsbaseandproducesunsuitablehabitatsformarineorganisms.ItisgenerallyagainstpolicytoauthorizenewbulkheadsorreplacefailedbulkheadswithasimilarstructureontheBay.
[hRp://dnr2.maryland.gov/ccs/Publica-on/Shoreerostext.pdf]
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Types of Bulkheads Wood
www.baypiledriving.com/Portals/0/Site%20photos/Bay-Front-Rd-Voudrie-cons2.jpg
FiberglassorVinyl
www.thewaterfrontexpo.com/family2006%20010.jpg
Steel
Steelsheetpilebulkheadwallsmustbeprovidedwithcathodicprotec.onifplacedinproximitytobrackishorsalinewater.ThispictureshowsanodesinstalledonbacksideofPZP-38sheetpilesatMidwayAtollinnerharbor/wharffacility.[web.mst.edu/~rogersda/umrcourses/ge441/online_lectures/reten-on_structures/GE441-Lecture6-6.pdf]
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Rip-Rap
dnr2.maryland.gov/cri-calarea/Documents/PDF/Other_Resources/Cri-cal%20Area%20Quarterly%20Planner%27s%20Mee-ng/July2015_NOAA_Shorelines.pdf
gunthermcclary.com/wp-content/gallery/esb-cc8453821/Rip-Rap.jpg
Ripraprevetmentsareaveryeffec-veandpopularmethodofcontrollingerosion.Arevetmentconsistsofstoneorotherarmoringmaterialusedtoprotectashoreline.Aripraprevetmentuseslayered,various-sizedrocksplacedonaslopingbank.
Thevarianceinsizeandtheroughangularsurfacesoftherockallowtherevetmenttoabsorbtheimpactofthewavesinsteadofdeflec-ngwavesthatcouldcauseerosiontoanadjacentarea.[nnmarineconstruc-on.com//files/svs16.pdf]
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Breakwaters and Sills
dnr2.maryland.gov/cri-calarea/Documents/PDF/Other_Resources/Cri-cal%20Area%20Quarterly%20Planner%27s%20Mee-ng/July2015_NOAA_Shorelines.pdf
Stonesillconnec.ngbreakwaterswithsandfillandmarshimplanta.ononChoptankRiver,TalbotCounty,Md.[www2.vims.edu/seagrant/vasg-pubs-pdfs/shoreline.pdf]
Breakwatersandsillsarefreestandingstructuresdesignedtoreducewaveac-onbyaRenua-on,refrac-on,anddiffrac-on.Asillhasalowercrestandisclosertoshoreandaretypicallyinstalledwithbeachfilltocreateasubstrateforestablishingamarshfringe.
Thedimensionsofabreakwatersystemaredependentonthedesiredprotec-onandpoten-alimpactsonadjacentshoreline.[hRp://www.vims.edu/research/departments/physical/programs/ssp/_docs/baa_isabel_report.pdf]
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Living Shorelines
dnr2.maryland.gov/cri-calarea/Documents/PDF/Other_Resources/Cri-cal%20Area%20Quarterly%20Planner%27s%20Mee-ng/July2015_NOAA_Shorelines.pdf
www.chesapeakebay.net/images/blog/aug_30_12_2big.jpg
Livingshorelinesu-lizewetlandplants,submergedaqua-cvegeta-on,oysterreefs,coirfiberlogs,sandfill,andstone.Thebenefitsoflivingshorelinesinclude:• Stabiliza-onoftheshoreline.
• Protec-onofsurroundingriparianandinter-dalenvironment.
• Improvementofwaterqualityviafiltra-onofuplandrun-off.
• Crea-onofhabitatforaqua-candlandspecies.
[www.habitat.noaa.gov/restora-on/techniques/livingshorelines.html]
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Living Shorelines
LivingShorelineAdvantagesandLimita8ons
18
Sea Level Rise
Addi-onally,globalsealevelisrisinginmostloca-onsduetotheoverallincreaseinvolumeandwatermassoftheworld'soceansandseas.
IntheChesapeakeBayregioninpar-cular,extratropicalcyclonesor“nor’easters”thathavenotcausedsignificantfloodinginthepastwillbegintodoso-andwithgreaterfrequency-assealevelcon-nuestorise.[www.vims.edu/GreyLit/VIMS/sramsoe425.pdf] ObservedmonthlymeansealevelatBal.more,Maryland
[www.vims.edu/GreyLit/VIMS/sramsoe425.pdf]
TheChesapeakeBayisthelargestestuaryintheUnitedStates.Includingitstributaries,ithasover11,000milesofshorelinelength,mostofitlow-lyingandsubjecttoinunda-onduringstorms.Thesenaturalhazardsrepresentanespeciallychallengingproblemforcommuni-esinthecoastalregionsofVirginiaandMaryland.
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Land Subsidence
Forthosewholiveinlow-lyingareas,sealevelrisedoesn’tleavealotofop-ons:abandonthelandoradapttohigherwaters.Forthosewhowouldstay,therearesomeop-ons:beRerstormforecasts,beRerfloodprepara-on,andvariousoldandnewformsoffloodcontrolengineering.
[www.mdsg.umd.edu/sites/default/files/files/Come%20High%20Water-Report-2015.pdf]
Inthisphotograph,thelasthouseonHollandIslandwass.llstanding.In2010itcollapsedintotheChesapeakeBay,avic.mofsealevelriseand
erosion.(photographbyDavidHarp)[www.mdsg.umd.edu/sites/default/files/files/Come%20High%20Water-
Report-2015.pdf]
Subsidence,orthedownwardmovementoftheearth'scrustrela-vetotheearth'scenter,ispar-cularlyevidentinthemid-Atlan-csec-onoftheU.S.eastcoast.Inthepast400yearsover400islandsontheBayhavedisappeared.Theislandsapparentlywereerodedaway,aprocessacceleratedbystormsandsealevelrise.
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Poplar Island
In1998,theU.S.ArmyCorpsofEngineersbegantoconstructstone“containmentdykes.”Thewallsare10feettallandsurroundPoplarIsland’sformerfootprint,andtheislandhasbeendividedintosixmassivecontainmentcellsforbuildingisland
habitat.(photographbyU.S.ArmyCorpsofEngineers)[www.chesapeakebay.net/blog/2013/02]
WhilemostoftheChesapeakeBay'sislandsareslowlyvanishingbeneaththewaves,oneismakingacomeback.PoplarIslandhadnearlywashedawaybythelate1990s.Butit'ssincebeenrestoredtothesizeitwaswhenitwass-llathriving19th-centuryfarmingandfishingcommunity,usingmaterialdredgedfromtheshippingchannelsleadingtoBal-more.EighteenmillioncubicyardsofsilthasbeentransportedbybargetothisislandjustoffMaryland’sEasternShore.
[www.mpa.maryland.gov/_media/client/News-Publica-ons/2011/media/01162011press.pdf]
ThePoplarIslandEnvironmentalRestora.onProjecthasbeenawardedtheInnova.oninSustainableEngineeringAwardfrom
theAmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers.[hRp://www.dredgingtoday.com/2015/10/16/poplar-island-
project-wins-na-onal-award/]
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Washington, DC Flooding
ManycityplannersarelookingtothefailuresoftheleveesinNewOrleansduringhurricaneKatrinatoplantheirdefenses.Toprotectthena-on’scapitalfromflooding,aflood-controlleveewasbuiltalongthenorthflankoftheLincolnMemorialReflec-ngPool.However,amajorgapexistsat17thStreet.
Toplugthishistoricgap,theU.S.ArmyCorpsofEngineersdesignedamoveablefloodwallthatcouldgoupbeforethefloodwatersarrivedandcomedownoncetheysubsided.
[www.chesapeakequarterly.net/sealevel/main10]
Anar.st’ssketchshowsanearlyversionofthe17th-Streetfloodwall(top).Thephotobelowshowsthe“post-and-panel”floodwallduringatrailinstalla.on.TheWashingtonwallhasninepostsand27panels,allofthemstoredoff-site.(DrawingcourtesyoftheU.S.ArmyCorpsofEngineers;photographbyMichaelW.Finncham)
[www.chesapeakequarterly.net/sealevel/main10]
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Annapolis, Maryland Flooding
ThefloodingmostogenexperiencedintheCityofAnnapolisistermed"urbanflooding,"whichissimilartoflashflooding.Urbanfloodingcanoccurwhen:
• Sanitarysewersareinfiltratedbyfloodwaters,causingsanitarysewerstosurge.• Undersizedroadsculvertsandrailroadculverts,aswellas,stormwatersystemscan'tcontainfloodflows.
• Thecapacityoffloodcontrolsystems(suchasdrainageponds)isexceeded.• Windinducedcoastalfloodingthatcausesstormwaterdrainagesystemstobeoverwhelmed.
• TheBayfloodsoverbanksandbackwardthroughstormdrains.[chesapeakeclimate.org/blog/new-report-how-will-climate-driven-flooding-impact-the-mid-atlan-c]
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Norfolk, Virginia Flooding
pilotonline.com/news/government/local/norfolk-asks-state-to-study-fixes-to-flooding-problem/ar-cle_e3507498-2451-55ca-b926-938a392f6265.html
Likeanyotherlowlyingcoastalarea,Norfolk'seleva-onanditsproximitytotheChesapeakeBayandseveralriversmakeitsuscep-bletoflooding.Heavyrain,hurricanesornor'easterstormsthreatenresiden-alandcommercialproper-espar-cularlyinneighborhoodsaroundNorfolk'smanywaterways.[www.norfolk.gov/flooding]
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New Orleans Levees Over-me,anumberoffloodshaveoccurredinthelowerMississippiValley.Floodprotec-onfromtheMississippiRiverwasoriginallyaffordedbyheighteningoftheriver’snaturalbankoverflowlevees.ManmadeleveesdesignedtoprotectthecityfailedduringhurricaneKatrina.[projects.ce.berkeley.edu/neworleans/report/CH_4.pdf]
Ver.calcross-sec.onofNewOrleans,showingmaximumleveeheightof23feet(7m)attheMississippiRiveronthele]and17.5feet(5m)atLakePontchartrainontheright.
Viewofthe17thstreetcanallookingtothesouth.No.cethepor.onoftheleveethatwaspushedoutofplaceduringthebreach.No.cethetreesgrowingonthelevee.Treerootswouldprovidestabilitytothesoil,but
duringalargestorm,thegroundcouldbecomesaturatedwithwater.Thewindcanpushoverthetreeswhichwouldtearoutlargesec.onsofground(orthelevee).Mostofthetreesonalltheleveesaroundthe
cityhavesincebeenremoved.[www.geocaching.com/geocache/GC127GG_new-
orleans-levee-breaches-part-i?guid=1a681374-1b02-4bd3-a72f-4013994df0b6]
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The Netherlands
SixtypercentofthesurfaceareaoftheNetherlandsisatriskofflooding–alongcanals,riversandlakes.Theyworkandliveonthebedsoflakesthathavebeenpumpeddrytwocenturiesago.Dikesandleveesandcon-nuouspumpingpreventtheselakesfromrefilling.[www.rijnland.net/downloads/floodcontrolrijnland-1-1.pdf]
TheMaeslantkeringstormsurgebarrierisoneofthesinglelargestthingshumanityhaseverbuilt.Measuring22mtalland210mlongapiece,thesesteelstormdoorsaresolargethattheyhadtobebuilton-siteinspeciallyconstructeddrydocksbeginningin1991.Addi.onally,engineersweldedonaseriesofsteeltrussesmeasuring237mintotal,whichactedasaskeletalframetosupportthedoors.Eachtruss,stoodonend,isthesameheightastheEiffelTower,albeittwiceitsweight.Eachtrussrunsbacktoasinglehingethatoperatesatopasinglegigan.cballbearingmeasuring10mindiameterand.ppingthescalesat617tonnes—thelargestintheworld,infact.
[www.gizmodo.com.au/2013/10/these-gargantuan-gates-keep-europes-largest-port-from-drowning/#DODTyXgfw7cVldfJ.99]
Primaryflooddefensesprotectagainstwaterfromtheseaandlargerivers.Theypreventbillionsofeurosindamageandpossiblythousands
ofcasual.es.Regionalflooddefensespreventfloodingfromthesecondarywatersystem(canalsandsmallrivers),withmillionsofeuro’s
indamageandasmallnumberofcasual.es.
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Thames Barrier, London Itwasagerdisastrousfloodsin1928and1953,whenhundredsdied,thatthedecisionwasmadetoconstructahugebarrierontheThamesRiver.Alineofsixswivelling3,700-tonnehydraulicsteelgatesactlikeagigan-cdrawbridgetokeeptheNorthSeaout.[www.telegraph.co.uk/news/weather/10646439/The-Thames-Barrier-has-saved-London-but-is-it--me-for-TB2.html]
ichef-1.bbci.co.uk/news/660/media/images/72905000/gif/_72905648_thames_barrier_sequence2_624in.gif
assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/image_data/file/26068/Thames_Barrier_crop.jpg
news.images.itv.com/image/file/61899/image_update_b37e38c8b851afc6_1342213925_9j-4aaqsk.jpeg
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Venice, Italy
ForcenturiesVeniceanditsinhabitantshavebeenexposedtofloodingthatcripplesthecityandbringseverydaylifetoastands.ll.Butnowanexperimentalnewdefensesystemthathasbeenpresentedasthecity'ssaviorforalmostadecadeisnearingcomple.on.Ifsuccessful,theExperimentalElectromechanicalModule(Mose)willprotectthecityofcanalsfromtheseverehigh.desthathaveplagueditforsolong.
[www.dailymail.co.uk/news/ar-cle-2853457/Venice-s-line-defence-New-an--flood-aims-protect-historic-Italian-city-rising-waters.html]
The$5.5billionproject,thefirstofitskindintheworld,iscalledMOSE(forModulo
SperimentaleEleUromeccanico,orElectromechanicalExperimentalModule).
Here,amassivecranepreparestoloweroneofthemobilebarriersintoplace.
MinistryofInfrastructureandTransport-MagistratoAlleAcqueDiVenezia,
ConcessionaryConsorzioVeneziaNuova
[discovermagazine.com/galleries/2013/oct/holding-back-venices-floods]
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Chesapeake Beach Pier
From1900un-l1930ChesapeakeBeachwasathrivingsummerdes-na-on.Peoplewouldmainlycomefordaytripsbyrailwayandsteamboats.Ontheboardwalktherewasabandstand,performingbears,gamesofchance,acarousel,casino,theaters,andmanyrestaurants.Thetowniss-llapopularvaca-onspot.[www.chesapeake-beach.md.us/ourtown_history.htm]
PassengersarrivingbysteamboatatChesapeakeBeach,MD,maketheirwaytoshoreonthetown’s“Long
Pier.”(ChesapeakeBeachRailwayMuseum)[www.bayjournal.com/ar-cle/
steamboats_engineered_change_along_the_chesapeake]
www.chesapeake-beach.md.us/ourtown_history.htm
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Bay Fishing Piers
MatapeakePierislocatedonKentIsland.The650footlightedfishingpierandboatrampareopen24hoursadayyearround.
[www.parksnrec.org/hiker-biker-trails/landings-piers/]
TheKiptopekeStateParkboatlandingofferssomeofVirginia'sfinestfishing.KiptopekeistheclosestEasternShorefacilitytotheChesapeakeBayBridgeTunnel(CBBT).Just
abouteveryfishspeciesthatcanbetakeninVirginia'swatersmaybecaughtaroundtheconcreteshipsandtheCBBT.
[www.mrc.virginia.gov/vsrfdf/kiptopeke.shtm]
LynnhavenInletFishingPierisapproximately1480].long.Thepierhasbeenservinglocalresidents,families,and
touristsfor61years.[fishingstatus.com/places/directory/groupid/810]
PointLookout,asthesouthernmostpointofthePotomacinMaryland,offersaspectacularviewofthePotomacRiverasitmixeswiththewatersoftheChesapeakeBay.A700-footPointLookoutFishingPierextendsintothewatersoftheBay.
[www.riverexplorer.com/details.php4?id=100]
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Bay Marinas Marylandhasapproximately600marinas,40,000in-waterboatslips,and246publicboatramps.[msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/01glance/html/boa-ng.html]Virginiahasapproximately1000marinas,ofwhich220–250areopera-ngintheTidewaterarea.[www.vims.edu/GreyLit/VIMS/mrr00-11.pdf]
Bal8moreInnerHarbor
www.bal-moremarinecenters.com/Inner-Harbor.aspx baybridgemarina.com
KentIsland,Maryland
Li?leCreek,Virginia
www.liRlecreekmarina.com/index.php?pg=dockagewww.herringtonharbour.com/]
HerringtonHarbor,Maryland
31
Wood Pier Construction
Pressurizedtreatmentoflumber,-mbersandpilingisthemosteffec-vemethodofprotec-ngwooddesignatedforthemarineenvironment.Preserva-vesareforceddeepintothewood'scellswithinaclosedcylinderwhileunderpressure.[www.afoa.org/PDF/n150115a.pdf]
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Composite Pier Construction
Althoughmorecostlythanalterna-ves,compositepilingsarestrongerandmoredurablethanwood,steelorconcrete.Over-metheywon’trot,rustorcrumble,andtheycan’tbedamagedbywood-boringinsectsormarinegrowth.[www.pearsonpilings.com]
Trexhigh-performancecompositedecksaremadefromreclaimedsawdustandrecycledplas-cfilmfromavarietyofsources.Theaverage500-squarefootcompositeTrexdeckcontains140,000recycledplas-cbags.[www.trex.com]
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Civil Engineering Questions
• WhywereportsdevelopedatAmerica’smajorci-es?
• Howhaveourna-on’sportsevolvedover-me?
• Whyarecanalsimportant?
• Whatistheprimaryreasondamsarebuiltonmajorrivers?
• Howdidpeoplecrosslargebodiesofwaterbeforebridgeswerebuilt?
• Whyarebulkheadsbuilt?Whatproblemscantheycause?
• Whattypeoffacilitycanstorealotofboatsinthewater?
• Howarelow-lyingci-esaroundtheworlddealingwithrisingsealevels?
• Whattypeofmaterialsareusedtobuildpiersanddocks?
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Bay Challenges
• WhyisitimportanttodredgethemajorharborsontheBay?
• Whereisagoodplacetoputthedredgedmaterial?
• Whatproblemscandamsonmajorriverscause?
• WhatdoyouthinkshouldbedonetoeasetrafficproblemsontheChesapeakeBayBridge?
• Whattypeofshorelineerosioncontrolisbestfortheenvironment?
• HowcanwesaveislandsthataredisappearingontheBay?
• Whatcanbedonetoprotectlow-lyingcoastalci-esfromflooding?
• Whatbuildingmaterialfordocksandpierslaststhelongest?