citric acid (krebs) cycle - university of massachusetts amherst
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Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle
2C
4C6C
CO2
CO2
5C
4C
Pay
Free
FreeD
eg
rad
e s
ug
ars
Syn
the
siz
e s
ug
ars
Gain
Gain Pay
Pay
Pay
Pay
Recover
Break ‘em down - Build ‘em up
Glycolysis
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2
Gluconeogenesis
6H2O + 6CO2 C6H12O6 + 6O2
-686 kcal/mol
+686 kcal/mol
Where does all of that energy
come from?
1) NAD+ 2) ATP 3) electric aura
Gluconeogenesis
6H2O + 6CO2 C6H12O6 + 6O2
+686 kcal/mol
De
gra
de
su
ga
rs
Syn
the
siz
e s
ug
ars
Sa
me
en
zym
es
Sa
me
en
zym
es
Kin
ase
s
Ph
osp
ha
tase
s
Kin
ase
(runnin
g
backw
ard
)
Tw
o k
ina
se
s
De
gra
de
su
ga
rs
Syn
the
siz
e s
ug
ars
Sa
me
en
zym
es
Sa
me
en
zym
es
Kin
ase
s
Ph
osp
ha
tase
s
Kin
ase
(runnin
g
backw
ard
)
Tw
o k
ina
se
s
Various sugars feed
into Glycolysis
21.5%
58.5% 6.5% 13.5%
OH
OH
H
OH
H
OHH
OHH
O P
O-
O
O-
-D-glucose-6-phosphate
OH
OH
H
H
OHH
OHH
OH
-OP
O
O
O-
-D-glucose-1-phosphate
NH
O
ON
O
OHOH
HH
HH
OPO
O-
O-O P
O
O
O-P
O
-O
UTP
OH
OH
H
H
OHH
OHH
OH
-OP
O
O
O
NH
O
ON
O
OHOH
HH
HH
OP
O-
O
O--O P
O
O
O-P
O
-O
UDP-glucose
UDP-glucose
OH
OH
H
H
OHH
OHH
OH
-O P
O
O
O
NH
O
ON
O
OHOH
HH
HH
OP
O-
O
OH
OH
H
H
OHH
OHH
OH Glycogen
OH H
H
OHH
OHH
OH
OH
OH
H
H
OHH
OHH
OH
O
-O P
O-
O
O
NH
O
ON
O
OHOH
HH
HH
OP
O-
O
Glycogen synthesis
Glycogen synthesis
UDP-glucose
OH
OH
H
H
OHH
OHH
OH
-O P
O
O
O
NH
O
ON
O
OHOH
HH
HH
OP
O-
O
OH H
H
OHH
OHH
OH
OH
OH
H
H
OHH
OHH
OH
O
OH H
H
OHH
OHH
OH
OH H
H
OHH
OHH
OH
O
OH
OH
H
H
OHH
OHH
OH
O
Catabolism of Fatty AcidsBreak ‘em down
CH3(CH2)16COOH + 26O2 18H2O + 18CO2
CH3(CH2)14-CH2-CH2-COOH + 6O2
Catabolism of fatty acids
O
OH
CoA SH
Will likely yield
O
CoA
S
H2O+
O
H
CoA SOH+
O
SH
CoA OH+
1)
2)
3)
Catabolism of fatty acidsO
OH
CoA SH
OH
OH
CoA
S
O
H2O
CoA
S
ATP
ADP
O
CoA
S
3)
Fischer esterification
Catabolism of fatty acids
O
H2O
CoA
S
O
CoA
S
What kind of reaction is this?
1) Oxidation
2) Reduction
3) Hydrolysis
4) Nucleophilic attack
Catabolism of fatty acids
O
H2O
CoA
S
O
CoA
S
What kind of reaction is this?
1) Oxidation
2) Reduction
3) Hydrolysis
4) Nucleophilic attack
FAD
FADH2
Catabolism of fatty acids
O
H2O
CoA
S
O
CoA
S
Which kind of enzyme would catalyze this?
1) Mutase
2) Dehydrogenase
3) Kinase
4) Isomerase
Catabolism of fatty acids
O
H2O
CoA
S
O
CoA
S
Which kind of enzyme would catalyze this?
1) Mutase
2) Dehydrogenase
3) Kinase
4) Isomerase
H2C
CH2
HC
CH
Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
Catabolism of fatty acids
What kind of reaction is this?
1) Oxidation
2) Reduction
3) Addition
4) Elimination
O
CoA
S
O
CoA
S
OH
Catabolism of fatty acids
What kind of reaction is this?
1) Oxidation
2) Reduction
3) Addition
4) EliminationCH
CH2
HC
CH
HO
O
CoA
S
O
CoA
S
OH
H2O
Trans-enoyl-CoA hydratase
Catabolism of fatty acids
What kind of reaction is this?
1) Oxidation
2) Reduction
3) Addition
4) Elimination
O
CoA
S
OH
O
CoA
S
O
Catabolism of fatty acids
What kind of reaction is this?
1) Oxidation
2) Reduction
3) Addition
4) Elimination
O
CoA
S
OH
O
CoA
S
O
CH
OH
C
O
Hydroxyacyl dehydrogenaseNAD+
NADH
Catabolism of fatty acids
What kind of reaction is this?
1) Oxidation
2) Reduction
3) Addition
4) Elimination
O
CoA
S
O
CoA SH
O
CoA
S
O
CoA
S
-ketothiolase
O
O
O
H
C
O
O
O
H
Not the same
O
OH
CoA SH
OH
OH
CoA
S
O
H2O
CoA
S
O
CoA
S
O
CoA
S
OH
O
CoA
S
O
CoA SH
O
CoA
S
O
CoA
S
ATP
ADP
FAD
FADH2
H2O
NAD+
NADH + H+
Oxidation (dehydrogenase)
Addition/hydration (hydratase)
Oxidation (dehydrogenase)
C18 Fatty Acid
C16 Fatty Acyl-CoA
Fischer esterification
(coupled to ATP hydrolysis)
oxidation of
fatty acids
(taking apart fatty acids,
two carbons at a time)
-ketothiolase
O
CoA
S
To Krebs Cycle
Catabolism of fatty acids
Catabolism of fatty acids
Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids
O
CoA
S
HS ACPCoA SH+
O
S ACP
O
S ACP
HS Synthase +
O
S Synthase
HS ACP
O
S Synthase
O
S ACP-O
O
+
O
S ACP
OO C O HS Synthase
(3C)(2C) (4C)
(1C)
O
S ACP
O reduce reduce dehydrate
S ACP
O
O
S ACP
HS Synthase
O
S Synthase
O
S ACP-O
O
+
O C O HS SynthaseO
S Synthase
O
S ACP
O
(3C)(4C) (6C)
(1C)
Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids
from malonyl-CoA
Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids
synthesis of palmitate
7 Acetyl-CoA + 7CO2 + 7ATP
7 Malonyl-CoA + 7ADP + 7Pi
Acetyl-CoA + 7Malonyl-CoA + 14NADPH + 14H+
Palmitate + 7CO2 + 8CoA-SH + 14NADP+ + 6H2O
7x(2C) 7x(1C)
(2C) primer 7x(3C)
7x(3C)
7x(1C)(14C)