cities dirty needles, unsafe blood transfusions more sexual partners greater mobility how did hiv...
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Cities
• dirty needles, unsafe blood transfusions
• more sexual partners
• greater mobility
How Did HIV Spread?
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How Did HIV Spread?
Jet travel
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How Did HIV Spread?
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HIV spread silently around the world for fifty years
1930s
1981
How was the Epidemic Discovered?
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June 5, 1981
• Five cases
• Los Angeles
• pneumocystis pneumonia
30 Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 250http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00043494.htm
How was the Epidemic Discovered?
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= APB
all points bulletin
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November 5, 1982
• Just 17 months after the first LA cases
• Similar pattern: hepatitis B
• Possible cause:
unidentified bloodborne agent
31 Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report at 577http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/index82.html
How was the Epidemic Discovered?
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December 10, 1982
• 1 month later
• Infant: multiple blood transfusions developed AIDS
• Donor had developed AIDS
31 Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report at 652http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/index82.html
How was the Epidemic Discovered?
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And six months later?
How was the Epidemic Discovered?
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June 1983
• French announce:
New bloodborne pathogen
How was the Epidemic Discovered?
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2008 The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Françoise Barré-Sinoussi Luc Montagnier
How was the Epidemic Discovered?
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ARV
HTLV-III
LAV
How was the Epidemic Discovered?
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HIV
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
How was the Epidemic Discovered?
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June 1981
June 1983
24 months
How was the Epidemic Discovered?
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HIV is bloodborne
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People living with HIV & AIDS
The Law
Discrimination:
same civil rightshave the
as all persons living withserious illness.
Mainstreaming Principle
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Universal precautions:
How We Protect Others
The Law
Workplace Safety:
Treat all blood, at alltimes, from all sources,as if it is infectious.
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Heightened privacy protections
How -- and Why -- We Specially Protect People with HIV
The Law
Privacy and Confidentiality:
from other people’s fear and stigma.people living with HIV & AIDS
to protect
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HIV is Bloodborne
Discrimination Privacy and Confidentiality
Workplace Safety
The Law
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AIDS/HIV
• contagious
• new
• stigma
• sexuality
• race
• death
Epidemics
Brief Golden Ageof
Infectious Disease Control
1955 - 1981
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Paramedics
Should HIV information be broadcast?
Case Study #1:
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Discrimination
Workplace Safety
Case Study #1: Paramedics
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Privacy and Confidentiality
Workplace Safety
Case Study #1: Paramedics
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Privacy and Confidentiality
Discrimination
Case Study #1: Paramedics
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Can dentists refuse to treat persons with HIVbecause of the risk to others?
• Dentist• Staff• Other patients
DentistsCase Study #2:
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Workplace Safety:
Case Study #2: Dentists
Universal precautions: Treat all blood, at all times, from all sources, as if it is infectious.
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But . . . What if there’s an accident???
• Cut off your hand?• Jump out the window?
Case Study #2: Dentists
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Early 1980s: 200 HCWs died each year HBV
Late 1980s: HIV
seroconversion rate 1: 2.5
seroconversion rate 1:
post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP)
“remote risk”
Case Study #2: Dentists
250
lowered further by
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US Supreme Court:
School Board of Nassau County v. Arline
“significant risk”“remote risk”
480 U.S. 273 (1987)
Case Study #2: Dentists
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524 U.S. 624 (1998)
Bragdon v. Abbott
Courts should defer to the reasoned judgement of public health officials,
Case Study #2: Dentists
US Supreme Court:
not the unsupported judgment of a single dentist.
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