cisco routers and switches ch 4

CHAPTER 4 INTERNET PROTOCOL

APPLICATION SUPPORT PROTOCOLS

OSI vs TCP/IP ModelSessionPhysicalTransportNetworkData LinkPresentationApplicationApplication orProcess LayerTransportData LinkInternet

TCP/IP MODEL It Defines How Computer CommunicatesFor connecting network & to route traffic.

It was first developed and Funded By ARPA(Advanced Research Projects Agency).

TCP/IP Model SummaryApplication or Process Layer concerned with how data at both ends is handled. Transport Layer manages flow of dataInternet Layer consists of several protocols, primary protocol is IP (providing hierarchical addressing schemeData Link (or Network Interface) Layer manages transmission of data within the networkPhysical Layer TCP/IP leaves the physical connection to manage itself

Importance of ProtocolsStandards define how devices communicate with each other and access mediaOnce a standard is implemented in software it becomes a protocolProtocols define how devices and applications communicateThe protocols on a network affects the way in which it functions and its ability to interface with other networks

Protocol SuitesTransmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) the most common of all network protocol suites, is the standard in modern networks, used for communication on the InternetInternet Packet eXchange/Sequence Packet eXchange (IPX/SPX) developed by Novell, ensures communication between Netware operating systems, provides similar functionality to TCP/IP, can be routed but only to communicate with other Netware networksAppleTalk popular networking protocol in American educational establishments, used for communicating between devices using the Mac OS

TCP/IP SuiteDeveloped for use on the Internet for the American Department of DefenceTwo Parts:TCP responsible for connection oriented communication using error checkingIP implemented in the addressing system used to identify devicesAlthough designed for the Internet it is used to build LANs, WANs and MANsMost widely used protocol suite, used within Unix, Windows and Macintosh platforms

Sheet1

OSITCP/IP Protocol Suite

Session Presentation ApplicationTelnetFTP (File Transfer Protocol)TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol)SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)LPD (Line Printer Daemon)NFS(Network File System)SNMP(Simple Network Management Protocol)X WindowOthers

TransportTCP(Transmission Control Protocol)UDP(User Datagram Protocol)

NetworkICMP(Internet Control Message Protocol)BootP(Bootstrap Protocol)IP(Internet Protocol)ARP(Address Resolution Protocol)RARP(Reverse Address Resolution Protocol)

Physical Data LinkEthernetToken RingFDDI(Fibre Distributed Data Interface)Frame RelayOthers

Sheet2

Sheet3

IP(INTERNET PROTOCOLIP IS A INTERNET PROTOCOL USED FOR COMMUNICATION DATA ACROSS A PACKET SWATCHED INTERNETWORK USING THE INTERNET PROTOCOL ALSO REFERRED TO AS TCP/1P

INTERNET PROTOCOL VERSION 4THE FIRST MAJOR VERSION OF ADDRESSING STRUCTURE, NOW REFERRED TO AS IPV4.

IPV4 CURRENTLY USED BY MOST NETWORK DEVICES.IP IS A NETWORK LAYER PROTOCOL THAT CONTAIN S ADDRESSING INFORMACTION AND SOME CONTROL INFORMACTION THAT ENABELES PACKETS TO BE ROUTED.

IP ADDRESSING OF IP VERSION 4IPV4 ADDRESSING USES 32-Bit(4byte) ADDRESSES.IPV4 RESERVES SOME ADDRESSES FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES SUCH AS PRIVATE NETWORK OR MULTICAST.IPV4 ADDRESSES ARE USUALLY REPRESENTED IN DOT-DECIMAL NOTATION SUCH AS 192.168.1.1

EACH PART REPRESENTS 8 BIT OF THE ADDRESS, AND IS THERFORE CALLED AN OCTET.IPV4 ADDRESSES MAY BE PRESENTED IN HEXADECIMAL.OCTAL OR BINARY REPRESENTATIONS.IPV4 ADDRESSES USED 32BIT ADDRESSES AND THESE 32 BIT DEVIDED INTO 4 OCTAT. AND EACH OCTAT USE 8BIT .SUCH AS 0 AND 1. O IA A ON BIT AND 1 IS A OFF BIT. ___8___ ___8____ ___8___ ___8____11111111.11111111.11111111.1111111100000000.00000000.00000000.00000000 12345678.111213141516.1718192021222324.2526272829303132

Class AddressesThere are five classes of IP addressThe class of address is identified by the first bits of the addressThree classes are used for networks. The last two are reserved for special purposes (Class D is for multicast, and Class E is for experimentation and future use)

IPV4 ADDRESSES ARE DIVIDED IN A DIFFERENT CLASSES . SUCH AS CLASS A,B,C,D,E.EACH CLASS USES DIFFERENT ADDRESS RANGE.DIFFERENT HOST BITS OR OFF BITS.DIFFERENT NETWORK BITS OR ON BITS.DIFFERENT TOTAL OFF BITS AND ON BITS.DIFFERENT EACH CLASS HOST IP.DIFFERENT SUBNETMASK.

HISTORICAL CLASSFUL NETWORK ARCHITECTURECLASS A.FIRST OCTET IN BINARY IS 0XXXXXXX.RANGE OF FIRST OCTATE 0 TO 127.NUMBER OF NETWORK IS 128.NUMBER OF ADDRESSES IS 16,777,216.DEFAULT SUBNETMASK IS 255.0.0.0.DEFAULT NETWORK BITS AND ON BITS IS 8.DEFAULT HOST BITS OR OFF BITS IS 24.TOTAL ON BITS 09 TO 32 AND OFF BIT 32 TO 09. USED FOR SUBNETING.

HISTORICAL CLASSFUL NETWORK ARCHITECTURECLASS B.FIRST OCTET IN BINARY IS 10XXXXXX.RANGE OF FIRST OCTATE 128 TO 191.NUMBER OF NETWORK IS 16,384NUMBER OF ADDRESSES IS 65,536.DEFAULT SUBNETMASK IS 255.255.0.0.DEFAULT NETWORK BITS AND ON BITS IS 16.DEFAULT HOST BITS OR OFF BITS IS 16.TOTAL ON BITS 17 TO 32 AND OFF BIT 32 TO 17. USED FOR SUBNETING.

HISTORICAL CLASSFUL NETWORK ARCHITECTURECLASS C.FIRST OCTET IN BINARY IS 110XXXXXRANGE OF FIRST OCTATE 192 TO 223.NUMBER OF NETWORK IS 2,097,152NUMBER OF ADDRESSES IS 256DEFAULT SUBNETMASK IS 255.255.0.0.DEFAULT NETWORK BITS AND ON BITS IS 24.DEFAULT HOST BITS OR OFF BITS IS 8.TOTAL ON BITS 25 TO 32 AND OFF BIT 32 TO 25. USED FOR SUBNETING.

HISTORICAL CLASSFUL NETWORK ARCHITECTURECLASS D.FIRST OCTET IN BINARY IS 1110XXXXRANGE OF FIRST OCTATE 224 TO 239.DEFAULT SUBNETMASK IS 255.255.255.255

HISTORICAL CLASSFUL NETWORK ARCHITECTURECLASS E.FIRST OCTET IN BINARY IS 1111XXXXRANGE OF FIRST OCTATE 240 TO 254..

IANA RESERVED PRIVATE IPV4 NETWORK RANGECLASS :- ARANGE :-10.0.0.0 TO 10.255.255.255NUMBER OF ADDRESSES :- 16,777,216CLASS :- BRANGE :- 172.16.0.0 TO 172.31.255.255NUMBER OF ADDRESSES :- 1,048,576CLASS :- BRANGE :- 192.168.0.0 TO 192.168.255.255NUMBER OF ADDRESSES :- 65536

SUBNETTING OF CLASS A,B,C RULLONE BIT ON:- 10000000 = 128 TWO BIT ON:- 11000000 = 192 THREE BIT ON :- 11100000 = 224 FOUR BIT ON :- 11110000 = 240FIVE BIT ON :- 11111000 = 248SIX BIT ON :- 11111100 = 252SEVEN BIT ON:- 11111110 = 254EIGHT BIT ON :- 11111111 = 255

SUBNETTING OF CLASS C

ALL BITS VALUE USED IN SUBNETTING.EACH BIT VALUE USED IN OCTATE ON BIT EACH BIT VALUE DIFINE NEW SUBNETMASK AND NUMBER OF NETWORK. CLASS C USE SUBNETING AND NETWORK VALU 25 BIT TO 30 BIT 31,32 BIT NOT USED. BECAUSE HOST IP NOT ACCESSABLE


192.168.1.0/25255.255.255.00000000255.255.255.10000000(ONE BIT ONE255.255.255.128(NEWSUBNETMASK)NUMBER OF NETWORK21(EXTRA 0N BIT = 2 NUMBER OF EACH N/W HOST (OFF BIT) 27 = 128 -2 126


Example of 192.168.1.0/25 sub networkFirst networkNetwork ID 192.168.1.0First IP 192.168.1.1Last IP 192.168.1.126Broadcast 192.168.1.127Second networkNetwork ID 192.168.1.128First IP 192.168.1.129Last IP 192.168.1.254Broadcast ip 192.168.1.255


192.168.1.0/26255.255.255.00000000255.255.255.11000000(TWO BIT ONE255.255.255.192 (NEW SUBNETMASK)NUMBER OF N/W :-22(EXTRA 0N BIT = 4 NUMBER OF EACH N/W HOST (OFF BIT) 26 = 64 -2 = 62


192.168.1.0/27255.255.255.00000000255.255.255.11100000(THREE BIT ONE255.255.255.224 (NEW SUBNETMASK)NUMBER OF NETWORK :-23(EXTRA 0N BIT) = 8NUMBER OF EACH N/W HOST (OFF BIT) 25 = 32 -2 = 30


192.168.1.0/28255.255.255.00000000255.255.255.11110000(FOUR BIT ON )255.255.255.240 (NEW SUBNETMASK)NUMBER OF NETWORK:24(EXTRA 0N BIT) = 16NUMBER OF EACH N/W HOST (OFF BIT) 24= 16 -2 = 14


192.168.1.0/29255.255.255.00000000255.255.255.11111000(FIVE BIT ON )255.255.255.248 (NEW SUBNETMASK)NUMBER OF NETWORK 25(EXTRA 0N BIT) = 32NUMBER OF EACH N/W HOST (OFF BIT) 23= 8 -2 = 6


192.168.1.0/30255.255.255.00000000255.255.255.11111100(SIX BIT ON )255.255.255.252 (NEW SUBNETMASK)NUMBER OF NETWORK :26(EXTRA 0N BIT) = 64NUMBER OF EACH N/W HOST (OFF BIT) 22= 4 -2 = 2

SUBNETTING OF CLASS B

172.168.0.0/17255.255.00000000.00000000255.255.10000000.00000000(ONE BIT ON )255.255.128.0 (NEW SUBNETMASK)NUMBER OF NETWORK :- 21 (EXTRA 0N BIT) = 2NUMBER OF EACH N/W HOST (OFF BIT) 215= 32768 -2 = 32766


172.168.0.0/18255.255.0000000.00000000255.255.11000000.00000000(TWO BIT ON )255.255.192.0 (NEW SUBNETMASK)NUMBER OF NETWORK :- 22(EXTRA 0N BIT) = 4NUMBER OF EACH N/W HOST (OFF BIT) 214= 16384 -2 = 16382


172.168.0.0/19 255.255.00000000.00000000255.255.1110000.00000000(ONE BIT ON )255.255.224.0 (NEW SUBNETMASK)NUMBER OF NETWORK :- 23 (EXTRA 0N BIT) = 8NUMBER OF EACH N/W HOST (OFF BIT) 213= 8192 -2 = 8190


172.168.0.0/20255.255.00000000.00000000255.255.1111000.00000000(ONE BIT ON )255.255.240.0 (NEW SUBNETMASK)NUMBER OF NETWORK :- 24 (EXTRA 0N BIT) = 16NUMBER OF EACH N/W HOST (OFF BIT) 212= 4096 -2 = 4094


172.168.0.0/21255.255.00000000.00000000255.255.11111000.00000000(FIVE BIT ON )255.255.248.0 (NEW SUBNETMASK)NUMBER OF NETWORK :-25(EXTRA 0N BIT) = 32NUMBER OF EACH N/W HOST (OFF BIT) 211 = 2048 -2 = 2046


172.168.0.0/22255.255.00000000.00000000255.255.11111600.00000000(SIX BIT ON )255.255.252.0 (NEW SUBNETMASK)NUMBER OF NETWORK :- 26(EXTRA 0N BIT) = 64NUMBER OF EACH N/W HOST (OFF BIT) 210 = 1024 -2 = 1022


172.168.0.0/23255.255.00000000.00000000255.255.11111110.00000000(SEVEN BIT ON )255.255.254.0 (NEW SUBNETMASK)NUMBER OF NETWORK :- 27(EXTRA 0N BIT) = 128NUMBER OF EACH N/W HOST (OFF BIT) 29= 512 -2 = 510


172.168.0.0/24255.255.00000000.00000000255.255.11111111.00000000(EIGHT BIT ON )255.255.255.0 (NEW SUBNETMASK)NUMBER OF NETWORK :- 28(EXTRA 0N BIT) = 256NUMBER OF EACH N/W HOST (OFF BIT) 28 = 256 -2 = 254


172.168.0.0/25255.255.00000000.00000000255.255.255.10000000(ONE BIT ONE255.255.255.128 (NEW SUBNETMASK)NUMBER OF NETWORK:-29(EXTRA 0N BIT = 512 NUMBER OF EACH N/W HOST (OFF BIT) 27 = 128 -2 126

SUBNETTING OF CLASS B172.168.0.0/26255.255.00000000.00000000255.255.255.11000000(TWO BIT ONE255.255.255.192 (NEW SUBNETMASK)NUMBER OF NETWORK :-210(EXTRA 0N BIT) = 1024 NUMBER OF EACH N/W HOST (OFF BIT) 26 = 64 -2 = 62

SUBNETTING OF CLASS B172.168.0.0/27255.255.255.11100000(THREE BIT ONE255.255.255.224 (NEW SUBNETMASK)NUMBER OF NETWORK :- 211(EXTRA 0N BIT) = 2048NUMBER OF EACH N/W HOST (OFF BIT) 25 = 32 -2 = 30

SUBNETTING OF CLASS B172.168.0.0/28255.255.00000000.00000000255.255.255.11110000(FOUR BIT ON )255.255.255.240 (NEW SUBNETMASK)NUMBER OF NETWORK :212(EXTRA 0N BIT) = 4096NUMBER OF EACH N/W HOST (OFF BIT) 24= 16 -2 = 14


172.168.0.0/29255.255.00000000.00000000255.255.255.11111000(FIVE BIT ON )255.255.255.248 (NEW SUBNETMASK)NUMBER OF NETWORK :213 (EXTRA 0N BIT) = 8192NUMBER OF EACH N/W HOST (OFF BIT) 23= 8 -2 = 6


172.168.0.0/30255.255.00000000.00000000255.255.255.11111100(SIX BIT ON )255.255.255.252 (NEW SUBNETMASK)NUMBER OF NETWORK :214(EXTRA 0N BIT) = 16384NUMBER OF EACH N/W HOST (OFF BIT) 22= 4 -2 = 2

Subnetting of class a

10.0.0.0/9 (one bit on)SUBNETMASK 255.00000000.00000000.00000000255.10000000.00000000.00000000NEW SUBNET MASK 255.128.0.0NEMDER OF N/W :- 21(EXTRA ON BIT) = 2NUMBER OF HOST IN EACH NETWORK 223(NUMBER OFF BITS ) =8388608-2 =8388606


10.0.0.0/10 (TWO BIT ON)SUBNETMASK 255.00000000.00000000.00000000255.12000000.00000000.00000000NEW SUBNET MASK 255.192.0.0NEMDER OF N/W :- 22(EXTRA ON BIT) = 4NUMBER OF HOST IN EACH NETWORK 222(NUMBER OFF BITS ) =4194304-2 = 4194302


10.0.0.0/11 (THREE BIT ON)SUBNETMASK 255.00000000.00000000.00000000255.11100000.00000000.00000000NEW SUBNET MASK 255.224.0.0NEMDER OF N/W :- 23(EXTRA ON BIT) = 8NUMBER OF HOST IN EACH NETWORK221(NUMBER OFF BITS) =2097152-2 = 2097150


10.0.0.0/12 (FOUR BIT ON)SUBNETMASK 255.00000000.00000000.00000000255.11110000.00000000.00000000NEW SUBNET MASK 255.240.0.0NEMDER OF N/W :- 24(EXTRA ON BIT) = 16NUMBER OF HOST IN EACH NETWORK220(NUMBER OFF BITS) =1048576-2 =1048574


10.0.0.0/13 (FIVE BIT ON)SUBNETMASK 255.00000000.00000000.00000000255.11111000.00000000.00000000NEW SUBNET MASK 255.248.0.0NEMDER OF N/W :- 25(EXTRA ON BIT) = 32NUMBER OF HOST IN EACH NETWORK 219(NUMBER OFF BITS ) =524288-2 = 524286


10.0.0.0/14 (SIX BIT ON)SUBNETMASK 255.00000000.00000000.00000000255.11111100.00000000.00000000NEW SUBNET MASK 255.252.0.0NEMDER OF N/W :- 26(EXTRA ON BIT) = 64NUMBER OF HOST IN EACH NETWORK 218(NUMBER OFF BITS ) =262144-2 = 262142


10.0.0.0/15 (SEVEN BIT ON)SUBNETMASK 255.00000000.00000000.00000000255.11111110.00000000.00000000NEW SUBNET MASK 255.254.0.0NEMDER OF N/W :- 27(EXTRA ON BIT) = 128NUMBER OF HOST IN EACH NETWORK 217(NUMBER OFF BITS ) =131072-2 = 131070


10.0.0.0/16 (EIGHT BIT ON)SUBNETMASK 255.00000000.00000000.00000000255.11111111.00000000.00000000NEW SUBNET MASK 255.255.0.0NEMDER OF N/W :- 28(EXTRA ON BIT) = 256NUMBER OF HOST IN EACH NETWORK 216(NUMBER OFF BITS ) =65536-2 = 65534


10.0.0.0/17 (ONE BIT ON)SUBNETMASK 255.00000000.00000000.00000000255.11111111.10000000.00000000NEW SUBNET MASK 255.255.128.0NEMDER OF N/W :- 29(EXTRA ON BIT) = 512NUMBER OF HOST IN EACH NETWORK 215(NUMBER OFF BITS ) =32768-2 =32766


10.0.0.0/18 (TWO BIT ON)SUBNETMASK 255.00000000.00000000.00000000255.11111111.11000000.00000000NEW SUBNET MASK 255.255.192.0NEMDER OF N/W :-210(EXTRA ON BIT) = 1024NUMBER OF HOST IN EACH NETWORK 214(NUMBER OFF BITS ) =16384-2 =16382


10.0.0.0/19 (THREE BIT ON)SUBNETMASK 255.00000000.00000000.00000000255.11111111.11100000.00000000NEW SUBNET MASK 255.255.224.0NEMDER OF N/W :-211(EXTRA ON BIT) = 2048NUMBER OF HOST IN EACH NETWORK 213(NUMBER OFF BITS ) =8192-2 =8190


10.0.0.0/20 (FOUR BIT ON)SUBNETMASK 255.00000000.00000000.00000000255.11111111.11110000.00000000NEW SUBNET MASK 255.255.240.0NEMDER OF N/W :-212(EXTRA ON BIT) = 4096NUMBER OF HOST IN EACH NETWORK 212(NUMBER OFF BITS ) =4096-2 = 4094


10.0.0.0/21 (FIVE BIT ON)SUBNETMASK 255.00000000.00000000.00000000255.11111111.11111000.00000000NEW SUBNET MASK 255.255.248.0NEMDER OF N/W :-213(EXTRA ON BIT) = 8192NUMBER OF HOST IN EACH NETWORK 211(NUMBER OFF BITS ) = 2048-2 = 2046


10.0.0.0/22 (SIX BIT ON)SUBNETMASK 255.00000000.00000000.00000000255.11111111.11111100.00000000NEW SUBNET MASK 255.255.252.0NEMDER OF N/W:-214(EXTRA ON BIT)=16384NUMBER OF HOST IN EACH NETWORK 210(NUMBER OFF BITS ) = 1024-2 = 1022


10.0.0.0/23 (SEVEN BIT ON)SUBNETMASK 255.00000000.00000000.00000000255.11111111.11111110.00000000NEW SUBNET MASK 255.255.254.0NEMDER OF N/W:-215(EXTRA ON BIT)=32768NUMBER OF HOST IN EACH NETWORK 29(NUMBER OFF BITS ) = 512-2 =510


10.0.0.0/24 (EIGHT BIT ON)SUBNETMASK 255.00000000.00000000.00000000255.11111111.11111111.00000000NEW SUBNET MASK 255.255.255.0NEMDER OF N/W:-216(EXTRA ON BIT)=65536NUMBER OF HOST IN EACH NETWORK 28(NUMBER OFF BITS ) = 256-2 =254


10.0.0.0/25 (ONE BIT ON)SUBNETMASK 255.00000000.00000000.00000000255.11111111.11111111.10000000NEW SUBNET MASK 255.255.255.128NEMDER OF N/W:-217(EXTRA ON BIT)= 131072NUMBER OF HOST IN EACH NETWORK 27(NUMBER OFF BITS ) = 128-2 =126


10.0.0.0/26 (TWO BIT ON)SUBNETMASK 255.00000000.00000000.00000000255.11111111.11111111.11000000NEW SUBNET MASK 255.255.255.192NEMDER OF N/W:-218(EXTRA ON BIT) = 262144NUMBER OF HOST IN EACH NETWORK 26(NUMBER OFF BITS ) = 64-2 =62


10.0.0.0/27 (THREE BIT ON)SUBNETMASK 255.00000000.00000000.00000000255.11111111.11111111.11100000NEW SUBNET MASK 255.255.255.240NEMDER OF N/W:-219(EXTRA ON BIT) = 524288NUMBER OF HOST IN EACH NETWORK 25(NUMBER OFF BITS ) = 32-2 =30


10.0.0.0/28 (FOUR BIT ON)SUBNETMASK 255.00000000.00000000.00000000255.11111111.11111111.11110000NEW SUBNET MASK 255.255.255.248NEMDER OF N/W:-220(EXTRA ON BIT) = 1048576NUMBER OF HOST IN EACH NETWORK 24(NUMBER OFF BITS ) = 16-2 =14


10.0.0.0/29 (FIVE BIT ON)SUBNETMASK 255.00000000.00000000.00000000255.11111111.11111111.11111000NEW SUBNET MASK 255.255.255.248NEMDER OF N/W:-221(EXTRA ON BIT) = 2097152NUMBER OF HOST IN EACH NETWORK 23(NUMBER OFF BITS ) = 8-2 =6


10.0.0.0/30 (SIX BIT ON)SUBNETMASK 255.00000000.00000000.00000000255.11111111.11111111.11111100NEW SUBNET MASK 255.255.255.252NEMDER OF N/W:-222(EXTRA ON BIT) = 4194304NUMBER OF HOST IN EACH NETWORK 22(NUMBER OFF BITS ) = 4-2 =2

VARIABLE LENGTH SUBNET MASKINGSUBNETTING & VLSM ARE TWO WAY OF DEVIDING AN ASSIGNED NETWORK ADDRESS INTO MULTIPLE,CMALLER NETWORK FOR USE WITHIN AN ORGANIZATION.THEASE SMALLER NETWORK ARE REFERRED TO AS SUBNETWORKS.VLSM GREATLY IMPROVES BOTH THE FLEXIBILTY AND THE EFFICIENCY OF SUBNETTING

VARIABLE LENGTH SUBNET MASKINGEXAMPAL OF VLSM FOR CLASS C IP REQURRED OF IP 100PC,50PC,30PC,10PC, 6PC,4PCFIRST REQUEMENT IS 100PC USED CLASS C DEFAULT NETWORK192.168.1.0/25NEW SUBNETMASK 255.255.255.128NUMBER OF NETWORK :- 21 =2EACH NETWORK HOST :- 27 = 128-2 = 126FIRST NETWORK IS :- 192.168.1.0 TO 192.168.1.127SECOUND NETWORK IS 192.168.1.128 TO 192.168.1.255FIRST NETWORK USE IN 100PC

VARIABLE LENGTH SUBNET MASKINGREQUREMENT OF 50PCUSED IN 128PC SECOUND SUBNETWORK OF CLASSC192.168.1.128/26NEW SUBNETMASK 255.255.255.192NUMBER OF NETWORK :- 21 =2EACH NETWORK HOST :- 27 = 64 = 62FIRST NETWORK IS :- 192.168.1.128 TO 192.168.1.191SECOUND NETWORK IS 192.168.1.192 TO 192.168.1.255FIRST NETWORK USE IN 50PC

VARIABLE LENGTH SUBNET MASKINGREQUREMENT OF 30PCUSED IN 64PC SECOUND SUBNETWORK OF CLASSC192.168.1./27NEW SUBNETMASK 255.255.255.224NUMBER OF NETWORK :- 21 =2EACH NETWORK HOST :- 25 = 32 = 30FIRST NETWORK IS :- 192.168.1.192 TO 192.168.1.223SECOUND NETWORK IS 192.168.1.224 TO 192.168.1.255FIRST NETWORK USE IN 30PC

VARIABLE LENGTH SUBNET MASKINGREQUREMENT OF 10PCUSED IN 32PC SECOUND SUBNETWORK OF CLASSC192.168.1./28NEW SUBNETMASK 255.255.255.240NUMBER OF NETWORK :- 21 =2EACH NETWORK HOST :- 24= 16 = 14FIRST NETWORK IS :- 192.168.1.224 TO 192.168.1.239SECOUND NETWORK IS 192.168.1.240 TO 192.168.1.255FIRST NETWORK USE IN 10PC

VARIABLE LENGTH SUBNET MASKINGREQUREMENT OF 4PCUSED IN 16PC SECOUND SUBNETWORK OF CLASSC192.168.1./29NEW SUBNETMASK 255.255.255.248NUMBER OF NETWORK :- 21 =2EACH NETWORK HOST :- 23 = 8 = 6FIRST NETWORK IS :- 192.168.1.240 TO 192.168.1.247SECOUND NETWORK IS 192.168.1.248 TO 192.168.1.255FIRST NETWORK USE IN 6PC

VARIABLE LENGTH SUBNET MASKINGREQUREMENT OF 4PCUSED IN 8PC SECOUND SUBNETWORK OF CLASS C192.168.1./29NEW SUBNETMASK 255.255.255.248NUMBER OF NETWORK :- 21 =2EACH NETWORK HOST :- 23 = 8 = 6FIRST NETWORK IS :- 192.168.1.240 TO 192.168.1.247SECOUND NETWORK IS 192.168.1.248 TO 192.168.1.255SECOUND NETWORK USE IN 4PC

CLASSLESS INTER DOMAIN ROUTINGCIDR IS A METHOD FOR ASSIGING IP ADDRESSES WITHOUT USING THE STANDARD IP ADDRESS CLASSES LIKE CLASS A,CLASS B,CLASS C.CIDR METHOD USE IN ONLY CLASS C.CIDR IS NOW THE ROUTING SYSTEM USED BY VIRTUALLY ALL GATWAY HOSTS ON THE INTERNET BACKBONE NETWORK.

CLASSLESS INTER DOMAIN ROUTINGEXAMPLE OF CIDR NOTE:- BY DEFAULT CLASS C USED IN 256 IP BUT AFTER CIDR WE CAN CONVERT TO TWO NETWORK OF CLASS C 192.168.1.0 AND 192.168.2.0 . USED IN 1024 IPS IP RANGE OF CLASS C192.168.1.0 AND 192.168.2.0 THIS RANGE CONVERT TO BINARY 11000000.10101000.00000001.0000000011000000.10101000.00000010.0000000011000000.10101000.00000000.00000000SELECT THE FIRST COMMON BITS .COMMON BITS USED IN NETWORK AND NEW SUBNETMASK UNCOMMON BITS USED HOST IP .

CLASSLESS INTER DOMAIN ROUTINGNEW NETWORK IS 11000000.10101000.00000000.00000000192.168.0.0/22NEW SUBNET MASK 255.255.252.0NUMBER OF HOST :- 210 =1024-2 1022

cisco routers and switches ch 4

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