cis82-e2-1-packetforwarding

8/12/2019 cis82-E2-1-PacketForwarding

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"his Presentation

For detailed information see the notes section within thisPowerPoint."his presentation is based on the #$ploration course%book& RoutingProtocols and Concepts'otes section (a) contain additional detailsFor a cop) o* this presentation and access to () web site *or otherCC'+& CC'P& and ,ireless resources please e(ail (e *or auserna(e and password

#(ail- graziani@cabrillo edu,eb Site- www cabrillo edu%.rgraziani


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Note"his chapter contains (ostl) introductor) (aterial

0ost o* not all o* this in*or(ation will be e$plained in (ore detailin later chapters or later courses

"he bootup process and the I S are e$a(ined in a latercourse

o not worr) or *ocus too (uch on the details *or now"his will all be e$a(ined and e$plained in the *ollowing chapters


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"opics

Inside the Router Routers are co(putersRouter CP< and 0e(or)Internetwork peratingS)ste(Router 5ootup Process

Router Ports and Inter*acesRouters and the 'etwork=a)er

Path eter(ination and SwitchingFunction

Packet Fields and Fra(eFor(ats5est Path and 0etrics#>ual Cost =oad 5alancingPath eter(inationSwitching Function

C=I Con*iguration and +ddressingI(ple(enting 5asic

+ddressing Sche(es5asic Router Con*iguration

5uilding the Routing "able

Introducing the Routing"ableirectl) Connected

'etworksStatic Routing

)na(ic RoutingRouting "able Principles


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Inside the Router Routers are co(puters Router CP< and 0e(or) Internetwork perating S)ste( Router 5ootup Process Router Ports and Inter*aces Routers and the 'etwork =a)er


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Routers are Co(puters

A router is a computer -

"he *irst router ?+RP+'#" -I0P ?Inter*ace 0essage ProcessorAone)well 1: (inico(puter

+ugust /!& 1;:;

Leonard Kleinrock and the first IMP.


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Router ph)sical characteristics


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Routers *orwarding packets (packet switching) -Fro( the original source to the final destinationSelects best path

+ router connects multiple networks -Inter*aces on di**erent IP networks


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1!

Router inter*aces-=+'

,+'


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Routers eter(ine the 5est Path

"he routerBs pri(ar) responsibilit)-eter(ining the best path

Forwarding packets toward their destination


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Routers eter(ine the 5est Path

Routing tableeter(ines best path

5est (atch between destination IP address and networkaddress in routing table

IP Packet enters routerBs #thernet inter*aceRouter e$a(ines the packetBs destination IP address

Router searches *or a best (atch between packetBs destination IP address andnetwork address in routing table


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RouterCP< and

0e(or)

CPU 7 #$ecutes operating s)ste( instructionsRandom access memor (RA!)

running cop) o* con*iguration *ilerouting table

+RP cacheRead"onl memor (R#!)

iagnostic so*tware used when router is powered upRouterBs bootstrap progra(Scaled down 4ersion o* operating s)ste( I S

Non"$olatile RA! (N%RA!) Stores startup con*iguration ?including IP addresses& Routing protocol

Flash memor 7 Contains the operating s)ste( ?Cisco I SInterfaces 7 "here e$ist (ultiple ph)sical inter*aces that are used to connectnetwork #$a(ples o* inter*ace t)pes-

#thernet % *ast #thernet inter*acesSerial inter*aces


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Cisco I S 7 Internetworkperating S)ste(

!an different I#& images +n I S i(age is a *ile that contains the entire I S *or that router

I#& features #$a(ple IPv6 or a routing protocol such as Inter(ediateS)ste( to Inter(ediate S)ste( ? IS-IS


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Router 5ootup Process ?(ore in later course


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1:

5ootup Process

running"config

I#& (running)

startup"config I#&

ios (partial)'ootup program


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running"config

I#& (running)

startup"config I#&


,here is the per(anent con*iguration *ile stored used during boot7upD N%RA! (')

,here is the diagnostics so*tware stored e$ecuted b) hardware (odulesD R#! ( )

,here is the backup ?partial cop) o* the I S storedD R#! ( )

,here is I S per(anentl) stored be*ore it is copied into R+0D F A&* (C)

,here are all changes to the con*iguration i((ediatel) storedD RA! (A)

A ' C


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running"config

I#& (running)

startup"config I#&


+

+

+

+

+

+

+


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running"configI#& (running)

startup"config I#&ios (partial)'ootup program

startup"config

I#&

'ootup program

ios (partial)

running"config

I#& (running)

A ' C

' A

C A


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,- R#! 1 P S" 2 5ootstrap code e$ecuted / Check Con*iguration Register 4alue ?'ER+0

! R 0 0onitor (ode 1 R 0 I S 2 7 1 startup7con*ig in 'ER+0

.- Check *or I#& boot s stem commands in startup7con*ig *ile ?'ER+0 I* boot s)ste( co((ands in startup7con*ig a Run boot s)ste( co((ands in order the) appear in startup7con*ig to locate the I S b I* boot s)ste( co((ands *ail& use de*ault *allback se>uence to locate the I S ?Flash& "F"P&

R 0

/- ocate and load I#& & e*ault *allback se>uence- 'o I S boot s)ste( co((ands in startup7con*ig a Flash ?se>uential b "F"P ser4er ?netboot 7 "he router uses the con*iguration register 4alue to *or( a *ilena(e *ro(

which to boot a de*ault s)ste( i(age stored on a network ser4erc R 0 ?partial I S or keep retr)ing "F"P depending upon router (odel

7 I* no I S located& get partial I S 4ersion *ro( R 0

0- ocate and load startup"config configuration a I* startup7con*ig *ound& cop) to running7con*ig

b I* startup7con*ig not *ound& pro(pt *or setup7(ode c I* setup7(ode b)passed& create a skeletonH de*ault running7con*ig ?no startup7con*ig

Router 5oot Process etails ?later


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Eeri*) the router boot7up processshow $ersion co((and is used to 4iew in*or(ation about therouter during the bootup process ?later


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Ports and Inter*aces

Port 7 (anage(ent ports used *or ad(inistrati4e accessInterface 7 capable o* sending and recei4ing user tra**icNote - However, these terms are often used interchangeably.


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0anage(ent

Ports

Console port "er(inalPC running ter(inal e(ulator so*tware

'o need *or network access


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Router Inter*aces

Interfaces " Recei4e and *orward packetsEarious t)pes o* networks

i**erent t)pes o* media and connectorsi**erent t)pes o* interfaces

Fast 3thernet inter*aces 7 ANs

&erial interfaces 7 4AN connections including 5, & & & and I& N


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Router Inter*aces

Router Inter*ace-ifferent network

IP address and subnet mask o* that networkCisco IOS will not allow two active interfaces on the samerouter to belong to the same network.

Fast#thernet !%!0+C- !c!!7/a3371;!a1;2 1:8 1 1%23

Fast#thernet !%!0+C- !c!!731cc7ae12

1! 1 ! 1%1:

Serial !%!

192 1: 1 1%23

Serial !%1

192 1: 1 2%23


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=+' Inter*aces

3thernet and Fast 3thernet interfacesConnects the router to the =+'

a er . !AC address Participates in the 3thernet

+ddress Resolution Protocol ? ARP -0aintains +RP cache *or that inter*aceSends +RP re>uests when neededResponds with +RP replies when re>uired

")picall) an R673 ack ?


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,+' Inter*aces

Point"to"Point6 I& N6 and Frame Rela interfaces

Connects routers to e$ternal networks"he =a)er 2 encapsulation can be di**erent t)pes including-

PPPFra(e Rela)A =C ?Aigh7=e4el ata =ink Control

Note - MA# addresses are used only on $thernet interfaces and arenot on %A& interfaces.=a)er 2 ,+' encapsulation t)pes and addresses are co4ered in alater course


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Routers at

the'etwork=a)er

a er / de$ice because its pri(ar) *orwardingdecision is based on the in*or(ation in the =a)er / IPpacket ?destination IP address"his is known as routing


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2;

Routers perate at =a)ers 1& 2& and /


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Path eter(ination and

Switching Functions


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#thernet Fra(e

=a)er 2 addresses- +ddressing PC%Router7to7PC%Router within anetwork=a)er / addresses-

riginal source la)er / address ?IP to *inal destination la)er /address ?IP

oes not change ?unless '+" is used

IP43 ?InternetProtocol


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5est Path

RouterBs deter(ine best7path to a network-epends on the routing protocol

+ protocol used to between routers to deter(ine 7best path8Routing protocols use their own rules and metricsA metric9

Juantitati4e 4alue used to (easure the distance to a gi4en route'est path9

Path with the lowest metric

4hich is path ism 7best path8+

+

RIP:s metric is hop count

#&PF:s metric isbandwidth


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,hat happens i* a routing table has two or

(ore paths with the sa(e (etric to the sa(edestination networkD ? e;ual"cost metric

Router will per*or( e;ual"cost load balancing

#>ual Cost=oad5alancing

5o reach the ,-,[email protected] it is . hops $ia R. and .hops $ia R0-

,-,[email protected]

+

+


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#>ual7Cost PathsEersus ual7

Cost Paths

5,

5/

Can a router use (ultiple paths i* the paths?cost& (etric to reach the destination

network are not e>ualD

3I RP routing protocol which supports une;ualcost load balancing

,-,[email protected]

+

+


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Packet Forwarding

Packet *orwarding in4ol4es two *unctions-1 Path deter(ination *unction2 Switching *unction


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Path eter(ination

Path determination *unction is the process o* how the router deter(ines

which path to use when *orwarding a packetRouter searches its routing table *or (atch with packet:s destinationIP address-

ne o* three path deter(inations results *ro( this search-irectl connected network

Remote networkNo route determined

irectl connectednetwork

Router recei4es packet

estination IP address (atches a network on oneo* its directl) connected networks

Packet is *orwarded outthat network


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Path eter(ination

Remotenetwork

Router recei4es packet

estination IP address (atches a re(ote network which can onl) be reached 4ia another router

Packet is *orwarded out thatnetwork to the ne$t7hop router


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Path eter(ination Router recei4es packetestination IP address does ' " (atch an)

network in the routerBs routing table

Packet is dropped

No route determined

oes this (ean the network does not

e$istD

'o& onl) that the router does not knowabout that network ?later


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Packet Forwarding- Switching Function

&witching function is the process used b) a router to- +ccept a packet on one inter*ace andForward it out another inter*ace

#ncapsulate the packet in the appropriate data7link *ra(e t)pe *or

the outgoing data link


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,hat does a router do with a packet recei4ed *ro( one network and destined *or anothernetworkD

1 ecapsulates the =a)er / packet b) re(o4ing the =a)er 2 *ra(e header and trailer 2 #$a(ines the destination IP address o* the IP packet to *ind the best path in the

routing table/ #ncapsulates the =a)er / packet into a new =a)er 2 *ra(e and *orwards the *ra(e

out the e$it inter*ace

est- !AC?'"/,

&ource !AC??".?

5 pe>??

5railer

a er . ata ink Frameest- IP

,-0-,?&ource IP,-,-,?

IPfields

ata

a er / IP Packetest- !AC

??",?&ource !AC?A",?

5 pe>??

5railer

PathForwarding

,-,-,?

,-0-,?


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Re(e(ber- #ncapsulation

Now6 let:s do an e1ampleB

estination IPAddress

&ource IPAddress

#ther IPfields

ata

estinationAddress

&ourceAddress

5 pe ata 5railer

a er / IP Packet

a er . ata ink Frame

Current ata =ink +ddress o* Aost orRouterBs e$it inter*ace

Ne1t hop ata

=ink +ddress o*Aost or RouterBsinter*ace

"hese change *ro(host to router& router torouter& and router tohost

"hese addressesdo not changeK


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"his is ust a su((ar)"he details will be shown ne1tNow for the detailsB

est- !AC??",?

&ource !AC?A",?

5 pe>??

5railer


est- IP,-0-,?

&ource IP,-,-,?

IPfields

ata

a er / IP Packet

est- !AC?'"/,

&ource !AC??".?

5 pe>??

5railer est- IP,-0-,?

&ource IP,-,-,?

IPfields

ataest- AddFF"FF

&ource Add 5 pe>??

5railer


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est- !AC??",?

&ource !AC?A",?

5 pe>??

5railer


est- IP,-0-,?

&ource IP,-,-,?

IPfields

ata

a er / IP Packet


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est- !AC?'"/,

&ource !AC??".?

5 pe>??

5railer


est- IP,-0-,?

&ource IP,-,-,?

IPfields

ata

a er / IP Packet

R5A Routing 5ableNetwork *ops Ne1t"hop"ip 31it"interface,-,[email protected] ? (ir-Conn- e?,[email protected] ? (ir-Conn e,

,-/[email protected] , ,-.-. e,,[email protected] . ,-.-. e,

R5A ARP CacheIP Address !AC Address,-.-. ?'"/,

est- !AC??",?

&ource !AC?A",?

5 pe>??

5railer


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est- AddFF"FF

&ource Add 5 pe>??

5railer


est- IP,-0-,?

&ource IP,-,-,?

IPfields

ata

a er / IP Packet

R5' Routing 5ableNetwork *ops Ne1t"hop"ip 31it"interface,-,[email protected] , ,-.-, e?,[email protected] ? (ir-Conn e?,-/[email protected] ? (ir-Conn s?,[email protected] , ,-/-. s?

est- !AC?'"/,

&ource !AC??".?

5 pe>??

5railer


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est- !AC?'".?

&ource !AC?C"..

5 pe>??

5railer


est- IP,-0-,?

&ource IP,-,-,?

IPfields

ata

a er / IP Packet

R5C ARP CacheIP Address !AC Address,-0-,? ?'".?

R5C Routing 5ableNetwork *ops Ne1t"hop"ip 31it"interface,-,[email protected] . ,-/-, s?,[email protected] , ,-/-, s?

,-/[email protected] ? (ir-Conn s?,[email protected] ? (ir-Conn e?

est- AddFF"FF

&ource Add 5 pe>??

5railer


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est- IP,-0-,?

&ource IP,-,-,?

IPfields

ata

a er / IP Packet

est- !AC?'".?

&ource !AC?C"..

5 pe>??

5railer


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"he su((ar) once againK

est- !AC??",?

&ource !AC?A",?

5 pe>??

5railer


est- IP,-0-,?

&ource IP,-,-,?

IPfields

ata

a er / IP Packet

est- !AC?'"/,

&ource !AC??".?

5 pe>??

5railer est- IP,-0-,?

&ource IP,-,-,?

IPfields

ataest- AddFF"FF

&ource Add 5 pe>??

5railer


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C=I Con*iguration and +ddressing

'efore we begin9ownload- Packet "racer File-

http-%%netacad cabrillo edu%curriculu(%graziani%cis82%labs7e2%e2717 72ownload and Install Packet "racer

)ou ha4e not done so alread)-http-%%www cabrillo edu%.rgraziani%courses%cis81 ht(l

ownload =ab-http-%%netacad cabrillo edu%curriculu(%graziani%cis82%labs7e2%enL#Routi
http://netacad.cabrillo.edu/curriculum/graziani/cis82/labs-e2/e2-1-5-2.pkthttp://www.cabrillo.edu/~rgraziani/courses/cis81.htmlhttp://netacad.cabrillo.edu/curriculum/graziani/cis82/labs-e2/en_ERouting_ILM_v4050.pdfhttp://netacad.cabrillo.edu/curriculum/graziani/cis82/labs-e2/en_ERouting_ILM_v4050.pdfhttp://www.cabrillo.edu/~rgraziani/courses/cis81.htmlhttp://netacad.cabrillo.edu/curriculum/graziani/cis82/labs-e2/e2-1-5-2.pkt


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Aands7on =absNetworking ab9 Room .D?0 and C5C Net ab

Packet 5racer (Not for homework)Check"out Pods


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#stablishing a A)per"er(inal session ?ne$t week

"ake the *ollowing steps to connect a ter(inal to the console port on the router-Connect the ter(inal using the R673 to R673 rollo4er cable and an R673 to 57; orR673 to 572 adapterCon*igure the ter(inal or PC ter(inal e(ulation so*tware *or ;:!! baud& 8 data bits&no parit)& 1 stop bit& and no *low control

Rollo$er cable

Console port

Com, or Com. serial port

5erminal or aPC with

terminalemulationsoftware

Router


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#stablishing a "er(inal session

I(portant- + console connection is not the sa(e as a network

connectionK

=

"era "er(A)per"er(inal ?co(es with ,indowsPutt)

,hen do )ou need to use a console connection to the routerD


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"er(inal Connection'o network connection needed Console Port

,hen do )ou need to use a console connection to the routerD

,hat so*tware do )ou needD

,hat cable and ports do )ou useD

%hen there is not a network connection to the router 'can(t use telnet).

*era *erm, Hy!er*erminal, Putty, etc.

P#+ erial !ort - outer+ #onsole Port ollover or #onsole #able

&erial


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C:\> telnet

C:\> ping

#thernet Connection'etwork connection needed

,hen can )ou use a network connection tothe routerD

,hat so*tware%co((and do )ou needD

,hat cable and ports do )ou useD

,hen should )ou not use a networkconnection to con*igure the routerD

%hen there is a network connection to the

router 'telnet).*#P/IP, *erminal !rom!t '01 ),*era *erm, etc.

P# - outer+ $thernet &I# $thernet straight"through cable

%hen the change maydisconnect the telnet connection.

NIC


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"er(inal Connection'o network connection needed Console Port

C:\> telnet

C:\> ping

#thernet Connection'etwork connection needed

&erial

NIC


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:

Serial Connectors

2 !! ha4e the older&H larger serial inter*aces

=ater Cisco routers use the s(art serial inter*aces which allows(ore data to be *orwarded across *ewer cable pins

S(art

Serial

lderH

Serial


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Serial Cables

Router is t)picall) a "# de4ice"he "# cable is connected to the serial inter*aceon the router to a CS


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,+' Inter*ace Con*iguration

R1(config)# interface Serial0/0

R1(config-if)# ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0R1(config-if)# description Link to 2R1(config-if)# clock rate 6!000 "C# $nl%R1(config-if)# no s&'tdo(n


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=etBs do =ab 1 2 using Packet "racer

ownload- Packet "racer File-http-%%netacad cabrillo edu%curriculu(%graziani%cis82%labs7e2%e2717 72 pkt

ownload =ab-http-%%netacad cabrillo edu%curriculu(%graziani%cis82%labs7e2%#2L=abL1L L2Lcabrillo doc
http://netacad.cabrillo.edu/curriculum/graziani/cis82/labs-e2/e2-1-5-2.pkthttp://netacad.cabrillo.edu/curriculum/graziani/cis82/labs-e2/E2_Lab_1_5_2_cabrillo.dochttp://netacad.cabrillo.edu/curriculum/graziani/cis82/labs-e2/e2-1-5-2.pkthttp://netacad.cabrillo.edu/curriculum/graziani/cis82/labs-e2/E2_Lab_1_5_2_cabrillo.dochttp://netacad.cabrillo.edu/curriculum/graziani/cis82/labs-e2/e2-1-5-2.pkt


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Mour Inter*aces (a) di**er

R1# s&o( ip interface )rief

Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status ProtocolFast thernet!"! 1 $%1&'%1%1 S anual u* u*

Fast thernet!"1 1 $%1&'%1%$ S anual u* u*

Serial!"! 1 $%1&'%$%1 S anual u* u*

Serial!"1 unassigned S anual u* u*

Fast#thernet ! Fast#thernet !%!

Fast#thernet 1 Fast#thernet !%1 Fast#thernet 1%!

Serial ! Serial !%! Serial !%!%!

Serial 1 Serial !%1 Serial !%!%1


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Co((and 4er4iew ?partial list *ro( labRouter+ user ode

Router+ ena)le

Router# *ri,ilege odeRouter# config're ter*inalRouter(config)# e+itRouter# config t

Router(config)# &ostna*e name

Router(config)# ena)le secret password *ri,ilege *ass ordRouter(config)# line console 0 console *ass ordRouter(config-line)# pass(ord password Router(config-line)# loginRouter(config)# line ,t% 0 ! telnet *ass ordRouter(config-line)# pass(ord password Router(config-line)# login

Router(config)# )anner *otd - message - .anner

Router(config)# interface type number configure interfaceRouter(config-if)# ip address address maskRouter(config-if)# description descriptionRouter(config-if)# no s&'tdo(n


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ther Co((ands

Router# cop% r'nning config start'p config

Router# s&o( r'nning configRouter# s&o( ip ro'teRouter# s&o( ip interface )riefRouter# s&o( interfaces


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:/

i**erent 0odes

I S co((ands (ust be entered in the correct (ode

Router# &ostna*e 1

/ In,alid in*ut detected at 0 0 ar2er%

Router# config're ter*inalRouter(config)# &ostna*e 1R1(config)#


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Serial Connectors

2 !! ha4e the older&H larger serial inter*aces

=ater Cisco routers use the s(art serial inter*aces which allows(ore data to be *orwarded across *ewer cable pins

S(art

Serial

lderH

Serial


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Serial Connectors

Router is t)picall) a "# de4ice"he "# cable is connected to the serial inter*ace on the router to aCS


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::

,+' Inter*ace Con*iguration

R1(config)# interface Serial0/0

R1(config-if)# ip address 192.168.2.1 255.255.255.0R1(config-if)# description Link to 2R1(config-if)# clock rate 6!000 "C# $nl%R1(config-if)# no s&'tdo(n


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=+' Inter*ace Con*iguration

R1(config)# interface ast#t&ernet0/0

R1(config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0R1(config-if)# description 1 L34R1(config-if)# no s&'tdo(n

Fa?@,


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#ach Inter*ace 5elongs to a i**erent 'etwork

R1(config)# interface ast#t&ernet0/1

R1(config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.01 $%1&'%1%! o,erla*s ith Fast thernet!"!R1(config-if)# no s&'tdo(n1 $%1&'%1%! o,erla*s ith Fast thernet!"!Fast thernet!"14 incorrect IP address assign ent

Fa?@,1;2 1:8 1 1%23

1;2 1:8 1 2%23

Sa(e 'etworkK


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#ach Inter*ace 5elongs to a i**erent 'etworkR1# s&o( ip interface )riefInterface IP-Address OK? Method Status ProtocolFast thernet!"! 1 $%1&'%1%1 S anual u* u*Serial!"! 1 $%1&'%$%1 S anual u* u*Fast thernet!"1 1 $%1&'%1%$ S anual ad inistrati,el do n do nSerial!"1 unassigned S unset ad inistrati,el

do n do n

Fa?@,


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Eeri*)ing Inter*acesR1# s&o( interfaces@so e interfaces not sho n+

ast#t&ernet0/0 is 'p ; line *rotocol is 'p (connected) ard are is 5ance; address is 000 .eca .1511 (.ia !!e!%fBe>"$>>; load 1"$>> #ncaps'lation 3 3 ; loo*.ac2 not set ARP t *e4 ARPA; 3 i*eo't 0!:00:00 ; 5ast in*ut !!4!!4!'; out*ut !!4!!4!>; out*ut hang ne,er 5ast clearing of Dsho interfaceE counters ne,er 7'e'eing strateg%: fifo Out*ut ueue 4!">; load 1"$>> #ncaps'lation "LC ; loo*.ac2 not set; 2ee*ali,e set (1! sec) 5ast in*ut ne,er; out*ut ne,er; out*ut hang ne,er@out*ut o itted+


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Eeri*) Router Con*igurationR1# s&o( r'nning config

,ersion 1$%7

hostna e R1

interface Fast thernet!"!descri*tion R1 5A6i* address 1 $%1&'%1%1 $>>%$>>%$>>%!

interface Serial!"!descri*tion 5in2 to R$i* address 1 $%1&'%$%1 $>>%$>>%$>>%!cloc2 rate &

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line con !*ass ord ciscologinline ,t ! >%$>>%$>>%!

interface Serial!"!descri*tion 5in2 to R$i* address 1 $%1&'%$%1 $>>%$>>%$>>%!cloc2 rate &

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line con !*ass ord ciscologinline ,t !

cis82-e2-1-packetforwarding

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