circumference of a circle - cvut.cz
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Circumference of a Circle
The line segment AB, |AB| = 2r , and its interior point X are given. Thesum of the lengths of semicircles over the diameters AX and XB is
3πr ; πr ;3
2πr ;
5
4πr ;
1
2πr ;
Sarka Voracova Plane Geometry May 30, 2018 1 / 26
Circumscribed circle
Circumcircle of a polygon is a circle which passes through all the verticesof the polygon.
Inscribed circle
Incircle of a polygon is a circle touches (is tangent to) all sides of thepolygon.
Sarka Voracova Plane Geometry May 30, 2018 2 / 26
Circle Inscribed in Hexagon
The ratio of the area of a regular hexagon with side a to the area of thecircle inscribed in it is
2√
3 : π,√
3 : π, 2√
2 : π, 3√
2 : π,√
2 : π,
Sarka Voracova Plane Geometry May 30, 2018 3 / 26
Inscribed triangle
Consider an equilateral triangle ABC with the side length a and aninscribed equilateral triangle DEF , where D ∈ AB, E ∈ BC , F ∈ CAand the area of the triangle DEF is equal to one third of the area of thetriangle ABC . The length of the side of the triangle DEF is
a√2
;a
2;
a
4;
a√6
;a√3
;
Sarka Voracova Plane Geometry May 30, 2018 4 / 26
Consider an equilateral triangle ABC with the side length a and aninscribed equilateral triangle DEF , where D ∈ AB, E ∈ BC , F ∈ CAand the area of the triangle DEF is equal to one half of the area of thetriangle ABC . The length of the side of the triangle DEF is
a
2;
a√3
;a
4;
a√2
;a√6
;
Sarka Voracova Plane Geometry May 30, 2018 5 / 26
Cartesian Coordinate System in the Plane
Any point P in the plane can be located byunique ordered pair on numbers –coordinates. We write P[x , y ] or P = (x , y).
Example
Describe and sketch the regions given by following sets
{(x , y); x ≥ 0} {(x , y); y = 1} {(x , y); y < 1}
Sarka Voracova Plane Geometry May 30, 2018 6 / 26
Square in CCS
Determine coordinates of vetices C ,D of the square ABCD, whereA[1,−1],B[5, 1]1
1squareSarka Voracova Plane Geometry May 30, 2018 7 / 26
Lines – Slope form of the equation
Slope m – measure of the steepness. Theslope of line AB is
m =∆y
∆x.
Let line l passes through a given pointA = (xA, yA) and has slope m.
X = (x , y) ∈ l ⇔ y − yAx − xA
= m
y − yA = m(x − xA)
y = mx − xA + yA
Sarka Voracova Plane Geometry May 30, 2018 8 / 26
Lines – Slope and general equation
Example
Write the equation of the line l = AB, where A = (2, 1) and B = (0, 3).
Determine:
The slope m of the line l .
Intersection points with coordinate axes, P = l ∩ x , Q = l ∩ y .
whether the line l goes through the point P = (3, 4).
Sarka Voracova Plane Geometry May 30, 2018 9 / 26
Identical Straight Lines2
Straight lines 6x + by + c = 0 and AB, where A[1, 2], B[2, −1], areidentical only if
b = 4 ∧ c = 10
b = 4 ∧ c = −14
b = 2 ∧ c = −10
b = −4 ∧ c = 2
b = −2 ∧ c = 10
2IdenticalLines.ggbSarka Voracova Plane Geometry May 30, 2018 10 / 26
Lines – Parametric equations
Directional vector of line AB is any vectorparallel with ~u = B − A. Directional vector~u is perpendicular to normal vector ~n, i.e.~u · ~n = 0.Let line l passes through a given pointA = (xA, yA) and has directional vector ~u.
X = (x , y) ∈ l ⇔ ~AX = t · ~uX − A = t · ~u
X = A + t · ~u
Sarka Voracova Plane Geometry May 30, 2018 11 / 26
Point of Intersection3
A straight line x + 2y − 7 = 0 and a line segmentx = 1 + 4t, y = 1 + 2t, t ∈ 〈0, 1〉,
do not intersect
intersect at point [5, 1]
intersect at point [1, 3]
intersect at point [3, 2]
intersect at point [4, 32 ]
3IntersectionPoint.ggbSarka Voracova Plane Geometry May 30, 2018 12 / 26
Perpendicular Bisector4
A straight line ax − 2y + c = 0 is the axis of the line segment AB, whereA[1, 5], B[−3, 3], only if
a = −4 ∧ c = 4
a = 1 ∧ c = 3
a = 4 ∧ c = −4
a = 2 ∧ c = −2
a = 7 ∧ c = 0
4PerpendicularBisectorSarka Voracova Plane Geometry May 30, 2018 13 / 26
Reflection in Line5
Given a line a and a point P. Reflection P ′ of P in a is the point such thatPP ′ is perpendicular to a, and PM = MP ′, where M is the point ofintersection of PP ′ and a. In other words, P ′ is located on the other side ofaxis, but at the same distance from a as P. P ′ is said to be a mirror of P.
5ReflectionLineChB.ggbSarka Voracova Plane Geometry May 30, 2018 14 / 26
Reflection in Line6
Axial symmetry with an axis p : x − y = 0 maps a point A[3, 0] toa point A[?, ?]
6ReflectionLine.ggbSarka Voracova Plane Geometry May 30, 2018 15 / 26
Reflection in Line
Axial symmetry with an axis p : x − 2y + 1 = 0 maps a point A[4, 0]to a point
[0, 4]
[0, 3]
[3, 2]
[2, −2]
[2, 4]
Sarka Voracova Plane Geometry May 30, 2018 16 / 26
Altitude of a Triangle7
A straight line containing the height ha of the triangle ABC , whereA[0, −1], B[6, 0], C [4, 3], has an equation
7AltitudeTriangle.ggbSarka Voracova Plane Geometry May 30, 2018 17 / 26
Altitude of a Triangle
A straight line containing the height hc of the triangle ABC , whereA[−1, 1], B[3, 2], C [2, 5], has an equation
4x − y − 3 = 0
x + 4y − 22 = 0
x − 4y + 18 = 0
x + 4y + 13 = 0
4x + y − 13 = 0
Sarka Voracova Plane Geometry May 30, 2018 18 / 26
Equation of the Circle
Circle is the set of all points X in a plane that are at a given distance rfrom a given point, the centre O.X [x , y ]; O[m, n]
r = |OX | = |(X − O)| =√
(x −m)2 + (x − n)2
r2 = (x −m)2 + (y − n)2
Sarka Voracova Plane Geometry May 30, 2018 19 / 26
Circumcircle and Incircle8
Write the equation for circle inscribed(circumscribed) in a square ABCD,where A[1,−1], B[2, 2]
8InscribedSquare.ggbSarka Voracova Plane Geometry May 30, 2018 20 / 26
Circumcircle about Rectangle
The equation of a circle circumscribed about the rectangle ABCD, whereA[2, −3], C [8, 3], is
(x − 3)2 + (y − 3)2 = 36
x2 + 10x + y2 − 18 = 0
x2 − 10x + y2 + 7 = 0
(x − 10)2 + y2 − 72 = 0
x2 − 10x + y2 + 28 = 0
Sarka Voracova Plane Geometry May 30, 2018 21 / 26
Inscribed Circle
The equation of a circle inscribed in the square ABCD, where A[2, 1],C [4, 11], is
x2 + y2 − 6x − 12y + 32 = 0
x2 + y2 − 3x − 6y − 29 = 0
x2 + y2 + 6x + 12y − 32 = 0
x2 + y2 + 6x − 12y + 32 = 0
x2 + y2 − 6x + 12y + 29 = 0
Sarka Voracova Plane Geometry May 30, 2018 22 / 26
Circumcircle about Triangle
Write the equation of the circle c circumscribed about the triangle ABC ,where A[0, 0], B[2, 0], C [0, 2]
Sarka Voracova Plane Geometry May 30, 2018 23 / 26
The equation of a circle circumscribed about the triangle ABC , whereA[1, 5], B[9, 1], C [1, 1], is
x2 + y2 − 10x − 6y + 14 = 0
x2 + y2 − 5x − 3y + 20 = 0
x2 + y2 − 10x + 6y − 20 = 0
x2 + y2 + 10x + 6y − 54 = 0
x2 + y2 + 5x + 3y + 20 = 0
Sarka Voracova Plane Geometry May 30, 2018 24 / 26
Nearest and Furthest point
Consider a circle given by the equation x2 + y2 − 16x − 12y + 75 = 0 .The ratio of distances of the nearest and furthest points of this circle fromthe origin of the coordinate system is
1 : 11 1 : 3 2 : 3 1 : 2 3 : 13
Sarka Voracova Plane Geometry May 30, 2018 25 / 26