cira & noaa/nesdis/ramm goes/poes status, orbits, and products dr. bernie connell...
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CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
GOES/POES Status, Orbits, and Products
Dr. Bernie Connell
CIRA/NOAA-RAMMT
March 2005
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
Outline
GOES vs. POESGOES Satellite and Sensors
OrbitImage SchedulingChannels and Products (Imager and Sounder)
POES OrbitImage AvailabilityChannels and Products
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
Why do you need to know this?
• Let you know what resources are available currently or what resources will be available in the future
• Help you understand key features of the various satellites.
• Define periods when you expect to view images.
• Define what is happening when you do not see images.
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
GOES vs. POES
Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite geo-synchronous orbit 35,800 km above the earth
Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite sun-synchronous orbit 850 km above the earth
850 km
35,800 km
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
The GOES and POES Systems• Environmental Sensing:
– Acquisition, Processing, and Dissemination of imaging and sounding data.
– Space environment monitor
• Data Collection:– Interrogate and receive data from earth surface-
based Data Collection Platforms
• Data Broadcast:– Continuous relay of weather facsimile and other
meteorological data to small users
– Relay of distress signals from aircraft or marine vessels to the search and rescue ground station
GOES I-M DataBook, NOAA KLM User’s Guide
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
Characteristics of GOES• Observes events and their evolution• Repeat coverage in minutes (t = 15 or 30 minutes (or less))• Full earth disk• Restricted viewing of high-latitudes due to large viewing
angles; excellent viewing of the tropics• Same viewing angle for fixed point• Differing solar illumination for fixed point throughout the
day• Resolution: visible – 1 km , infrared 4 km
sounder – 10 km• Constant hourly viewing helps get clear field of view for
sounding• Passive sensors
Satellite Meteorology: Remote Sensing Using the New GOES Imager
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
Characteristics of POES• Observes events at fixed and infrequent times• Repeat coverage twice daily (t =12 hours)• Global coverage• Excellent viewing of all latitudes• Varying viewing angle• Same solar illumination• Resolution: visible – 1 km, infrared – 1 km
sounders: microwave – 10-50 km, infrared - 20 km• Microwave helps with atmospheric and surface detection
in the presence of clouds• Passive and Active sensors
Satellite Meteorology: Remote Sensing Using the New GOES Imager
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
Image Resolution
The design of the sensor and resulting image resolution is determined by many factors:
• Detail in the horizontal (imagers)• Detail in the vertical (sounders)• Satellite distance from earth (36,000 km vs. 850 km)• Resolving power of the lens and the wavelength of
radiation.• Size of sensor (cost)
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
Active vs. Passive Sensors
• A passive sensor measures energy emitted by another source.
• An active sensor, such as a weather radar, measures the return signal from a pulse of energy emitted by the sensor itself.
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
Multispectral vs. Hyperspectral
• Multispectral sensors – sensors that collect imagery for a small number of broad wavelength bands
• Hyperspectral sensors – sensors that collect imagery for a large number (hundreds) of narrow contiguous wavelength bands.
The GOES Spacecraft
GOES-8 Spacecraft
GOES I-M DataBook
Area Scan
(For GOES 8 – 11)
GOES-12 has a wider spectral band for the water vapor channel and the 12.0 um channel has been replaced witha 13.3 um channel.
GOES I-M DataBook
Imager
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
GOES Imager ChannelsGOES Wavelength Central Number of DetectorChannel (µm) Wavelength Detectors Resolution
(µm) (per scan) (km)
_________________________________________________________
1 0.52-0.72 0.7 8 1 Visible
2 3.78-4.03 3.9 2 4 Shortwave IR
3 6.47-7.02 6.7 1 8 3 G12 5.77-7.33 6.5 2 4
4 10.2-11.2 10.7 2 45 11.5-12.5 12.0 2 4
6 G12 12.9-13.7 13.3 1 8 Lon
gwav
e IR
GOES Sounder Channels
ChannelCenter Wavelength
(um)
Comment (spectral region, application)
ChannelCenter Wavelength
(um)
Comment (spectral region, application)
1 14.71CO2, Stratosphereic temperature 10 7.43 Water vapor, Lower to mid-
level tropospheric moisture
2 14.37CO2, Stratosphereic temperature 11 7.02 Water vapor, mid-level
tropospheric moisture
3 14.06CO2, Upper-tropospheric temperature 12 6.51 Water vapor, upper-level
tropospheric moisture
4 13.96CO2, Mid-tropospheric temperature 13 4.57 CO2, Lower-level
tropospheric temperature
5 13.37CO2, Lower-tropospheric temperature 14 4.52 CO2, Mid-level
tropospheric temperature
6 12.66 Water vapor, lower-tropospheric moisture 15 4.45 CO2, Upper-level
tropospheric temperature
7 12.02Water vapor, “dirty” (moisture contaminated) window
16 4.13 CO2, Boundary-layer temperature
8 11.03 Window, cloud-top and surface temperature 17 3.98 Window, cloud top and
surface temperature
9 9.71 Ozone, stratospheric ozone 18 3.74 Window, cloud top and surface temperature
Visible 0.94 Visible window, cloud top and surface features
Resolution = 10 km
Lon
gwav
eM
idw
ave
Midw
ave
Shortw
ave
Satellite Meteorology: Using the GOES Sounder
GOES I-M DataBook
GOES
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
SECTOR DURATION MINS:SECS CONUS 4:48 N. HEMIS. EXT 14:13 S. HEMIS. 4:48 FULL DISK 26:05
GOES-EAST ROUTINEIMAGER SCHEDULE SECTORS
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
SECTOR DURATION MINS:SECS CONUS 4:43 N. HEMISPHERE 9:44
S. HEMIS. S. S. 1:45
FULL DISK 26:05
GOES-EAST RAPID SCAN IMAGERSCHEDULE SECTORS
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
SECTOR DURATION MINS:SECS CONUS 4:43 N. HEMISPHERE 9:44 SRSO (Maryland) 1:02 FULL DISK 26:05
GOES-EAST SUPER RAPID SCAN IMAGER SCHEDULE SECTORS
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
GOES-EAST SOUNDER SCAN
SCHEDULES
SECTOR DURATION MINS:SECS CONUS 30:00 E. CARIBBEAN 22:00 GULF OF MEXICO 22:00 N. ATLANTIC 22:00
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
GOES Imager Products
Heavy Rainfall High density winds
Fog/low cloud
Inflight Icing
Volcanic ash detection
Fire detection
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
GOES Sounder Products
Lifted IndexCAPE
Convective Inhibition
Total Precipitable Water
Surface Skin Temperature
Water vapor winds
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
POES
• Main Operational POES:
NOAA
DMSP• Semi-operational POES:
QuikSCAT
Terra and Aqua (contain MODIS imager)
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
NOAA KLM System
Sensors of interest• Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer/3
(AVHRR/3)
• Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit – A (AMSU – A)
• Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit – B (AMSU – B)
• High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS/3)
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP)
Sensors of interest• Special Sensor Microwave / Imager (SSM/I) • Special Sensor Microwave / Temperature
(SSM/T) – Atmospheric Temperature Profiler• SSM/T2 – Atmospheric Water Vapor Profiler
http://dmsp.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp.html
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
Cross-track Scanning (AVHRR, AMSU, MODIS)
Polar Satellite Products for the Operational Forecaster – COMET CD Module
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
Conical Scanning –SSM/I
Polar Satellite Products for the Operational Forecaster – COMET CD
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
Orbital Coverage
Introduction to POES data and products – COMET/VISIT teletraining
•Satellite makes one orbit (360°) in about 100 min; i.e., it goes about 3.6°/min, or about 10° in 3 minutes.•With a knowledge of which way the satellite is moving and how fast it is moving, one can estimate viewing time at a particular point.
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
AMSU coverage (2200 km swath)
http://amsu.cira.colostate.edu/
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
SSMI coverage (1400 km swath)
Example from NOAA’s Marine Observing Systems Team Web Pagehttp://manati.orbit.nesdis.noaa.gov/doc/ssmiwinds.html
swath
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
AVHRR/3 (3000 km swath)
ChannelSpectral Range
(um)
Ground Resolution (at
nadir) (km)Application
1 0.58-0.68 1.09Clouds, land-water boundaries, snow, ice, vegetation monitoring
2 0.725-1.0 1.09Clouds, land-water boundaries, snow, ice, vegetation monitoring
3A 1.58-1.64 1.09 Clouds, sea surface temperature
3B 3.55-3.93 1.09 Clouds, sea surface temperature
4 10.3-11.3 1.09 Clouds, sea surface temperature
5 11.5-12.5 1.09 Clouds, sea surface temperature
http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/seg/globsys/avhrr4.shtml
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
AVHRR Products
• Sea Surface Temperature (SST)
• Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
• Atmospheric aerosols
• Volcanic Ash detection
• Fire detection
SST
NDVIAerosols
Fires
Volcanic Ash
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
AMSU-A AMSU-BChannel
Frequencies (GHz)
and Polarizations
Frequencies (GHz)
and Polarizations
1 23.8 R 89.0R
2 31.4R 157.0R
3 50.3R 183.3 +/- 1R
4 52.8R 183.3 +/- 3R
5 53.6R 183.3 +/- 7R
6 54.4R
7 54.9R
8 55.5R
9 57.2R
10 57.29 +/- .217R
11 57.29 +/- .322 +/- .048R
12 57.29 +/- .322 +/- .022R
13 57.29 +/- .322 +/- .010R
14 57.29 +/- .322 +/- .0045R
15 89.0R
Notation: x±y±z; x is the center frequency. If y appears, the center frequency is not sensed, but two bands, one on either side of the center frequency, are sensed; y is the distance from the center frequency to the center of the two pass bands. If z appears, it is the width of the two pass bands. Polarization: R = rotates with scan angle.
Source: Kidder and Vonder Haar (1995)
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
SSM/I – Microwave Imager
Polarization: V = vertical, H = horizontal
Source: Kidder and Vonder Haar (1995); POES Microwave Applications CD - COMET
Frequency (GHz) Polarization Spatial Resolution
19.35 V, H 43 x 69 km
22.35 V 40 x 60 km
37.0 V, H 29 x 37 km
85.5 V, H 13 x 15 km
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
Meteorological Parameters
Summary of Key Interactions and Potential UsesFrequencies
AMSU SSMI
Microwave Processes Potential Uses
23 GHz 22GHz Absorption and emission by water vapor
Oceanic precipitable water
31, 50,
89 GHz
19, 37,
85 GHz
Absorption and emission by cloud water
Oceanic cloud water and rainfall
89 GHz 85 GHz Scattering by cloud ice Land and ocean rainfall
31, 50,
89 GHz
19, 37,
85 GHz
Variations in surface emissivity:–Land vs. water
–Different land types
–Differenc ocean surfaces
Scattering by snow and ice
Land/water boundaries
Soil moisture/wetness
Surface vegetation
Ocean surface wind speed
Snow and ice coverPolar Satellite Products for the Operational Forecaster – COMET CD
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
AMSU/SSMI Products
• Total Precipitable Water (TPW)• Cloud Liquid Water (CLW)• Rain rate• Snow and Ice cover
TPW
CLW
Rain rate
Snow cover
Ice cover
http://amsu.cira.colostate.edu/
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
QuikSCAT
Orbit: Sun-synchronous, 803 km, 98.6° inclination orbit
Seawinds Instrument: Microwave Radar (active sensor)
• 13.4 GHz
• Retrieval of near surface wind speed and direction
• Resolution on ground: 25 km
1800 km wide swath
NASA/JPL web pages: http://winds.jpl.nasa.gov/aboutScat/index.cfm
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
Example from NOAA’s Marine Observing Systems Team Web Pagehttp://manati.orbit.nesdis.noaa.gov/quikscat/
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
Example from NOAA’s Marine Observing Systems Team Web Pagehttp://manati.orbit.nesdis.noaa.gov/quikscat/
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
MODISModerate Resolution Imaging
Spectroradiometer 36 spectral bands
2330 km swath width
55° view angle
Resolution on ground at nadir:– 1 km for all channels
– 250 m for bands 1 and 2 (0.645 and 0.865 um)
– 500 m for bands 3 – 7 (0.470, 0.555, 1.240, 1.640, 2.130 um)
MODISReflective Bands
Band Central wavelength (um) Primary Use
1, 2 0.645, 0.865 Land/Cloud/Aerosols Boundaries
3, 4 0.470, 0.555 Land/Cloud/Aerosols Properties
5 – 7 1.240, 1.640, 2.130
8 – 10 0.415, 0.443, 0.490 Ocean Color/
Phytoplankton/
Biogeochemistry11 – 13 0.531, 0.565, 0.653
14 – 16 0.681, 0.750, 0.865
17 – 19 0.905, 0.936, 0.940 Atmospheric Water Vapor
26 1.375 Cirrus Clouds
Emissive Bands
20 – 23 3.750(2), 3.959, 4.050 Surface/Cloud Temperature
24, 25 4.465, 4.515 Atmospheric Temperature
27, 28 6.715, 7.325 Cirrus Clouds, Water Vapor
29 8.550 Cloud Properties
30 9.730 Ozone
31, 32 11.03, 12.02 Surface/Cloud Temperature
33 – 36 13.335, 13.635, 13.935, 14.235 Cloud Top Altitude
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
MODIS Aqua coverage (2330 km swath)
Space Science and Engineering Center (SSEC)http://www.ssec.wisc.edu/datacenter/aqua/
MODIS Products
Clear sky precipitable water (IR)
Cloud fraction (daytime)
Aerosol optical depth
Cloud optical thickness (water)
Surface albedo
Normalized difference vegetation index
Ecosystem classification
AND MANY MORE http://modis-atmos.gsfc.nasa.gov/index.html
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
Summary of swath widths for select POES
AVHRR 3000 km
AMSU 2200 km
SSMI 1400 km
QuikSCAT 1800 km
MODIS 2330 km
CIRA & NOAA/NESDIS/RAMM
ReferencesCDs produced by the COMET program (see meted.ucar.edu)
Polar Satellite Products for the Operational Forecaster POES Introduction and BackgroundPOES Microwave ApplicationsAn Introduction to POES Data and Products
Satellite Meteorology: Remote Sensing Using the New GOES ImagerSatellite Meteorology: Using the GOES Sounder
Space Systems Loral, 1996 : GOES I-M DataBookCan be found online at: http://rsd.gsfc.nasa.gov/goes/text/goes.databook.html
NOAA KLM User’s Guide http://www2.ncdc.noaa.gov/docs/klm/index.htm
NOAA/NESDIS Office of Satellite Operations: http://www.oso.noaa.gov/goes/index.htm
NOAA/NESDIS Office of Satellite Data Processing and Distribution http://www.osdpd.noaa.gov/
Hastings, D. and W. Emery. 1992. The Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR): a brief reference guide. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing 58(8):1183-1188.
Kidder, S.Q., and T.H. Vonder Haar, 1995: Satellite Meteorology. Academic Press, 466 pp.Stan Kidder’s AMSU webpage at CIRA: http://amsu.cira.colostate.edu/
Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) http://dmsp.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp.html
NASA/JPL web pages: http://winds.jpl.nasa.gov/aboutScat/index.cfm
NOAA’s Marine Observing Systems Team Web Page http://manati.orbit.nesdis.noaa.gov/doc/oceanwinds1.html
MODIS Rapid Response System http://rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/
NASA MODIS Home page http://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/