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CINEMATOGRAPHY SHOTS POINT OF VIEW LENSES & FOCUS CAMERA MOVEMENT LIGHTING & COLOR

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CINEMATOGRAPHY

SHOTS

POINT OF VIEW

LENSES & FOCUS

CAMERA MOVEMENT

LIGHTING & COLOR

THE SHOT• Basic unit of

cinematography

• Represents a point of view (pov)

• Only changes with a cut to another image, or shot

• The images, right, are two separate shots The one on top reflects the

pov of L.B. Jeffries

The next shot reflects, again, the pov of L.B. Jeffries—the viewer sees what he sees

(Actually, this shot could also represent Lars Thorwald’s pov, as he looks toward Jeffries’ apartment.)

POINT OF VIEW (POV)• SUBJECTIVE

Recreates perspective of a character

Easily achieved through eyelinematch

• OBJECTIVE A more general,

impersonal perspective

(Corrigan and White, 105)

Depth of Field

• Refers to the distance through which elements in an image are in sharp focus.

• Shots can be focused to create different depths that subtly shape our understanding of an image (Corrigan and White, 113)

• Achieved through different ways of focusing the camera lens

FOCUS• Focus refers to the point in

the image that is most clearly and precisely outlined and defined by the lens of the camera. (Corrigan

and White, 105)

• Variations in focus include: Deep space

Shallow space

Deep focus

Shallow focus

Racking focus

Deep Space Shallow Space

• Significant images

positioned both

near to and distant

from camera, not

necessarily in focus

• Figures occupy same

space

• Looks flat

Deep Focus

• Significant elements

occupy widely

separated planes in

the image, both must

be in focus

Shallow Focus

• Keeps only one plane in

sharp focus; the opposite

of deep focus.

• Used to direct the

viewer's attention to one

element of a scene.

• Common in close-up.

Racking Focus• Focus shifts rapidly from

one object to another

• This technique is an overt way of steering audience attention through the scene, as well as of linking two spaces or objects.

• Racking focus is usually done quite quickly; in a way, the technique tries to mimic a brief, fleeting glance that can be used to quicken the tempo or increase suspense.

LENSES• All these different types of shots and focus are

achieved with special camera lenses

Telephoto Lens• One effect of using a long

lens is to compress the

apparent depth of an image,

so that elements that are

relatively close or far away

from the camera seem to lie

at approximately the same

distance.

Zoom Lens • Creates movement

Wide-Angle Lens• Places most or all focal planes on

the screen in focus for the viewer--that is, more objects come into focus.

• Exaggerates depth within the frame; may even distort images or boundaries within the frame when used for a medium or close-up shot.

• The sense of movement within the frame increases.

Extreme Wide-Angle Lenses

Zoom Shot• The zoom shot uses a

lens that allows the filmmaker to change the focal length of the lens while the shot is in progress.

• We seem to move toward or away from the subject

• Zooms are sometimes used at the beginning of a scene, or even of a film, to introduce an object or character by focusing on it.

Dolly Zoom Shot• In a Dolly Zoom, the camera

moves closer to a subject while at the same time zooming out its field of view.

• The effect could also be achieved in reverse: the camera dollies away from the subject while zooming in its field of view.

• The effect is jarring Rarely see these two processes

happening at the same time in cinema.

• Often used to represent the sensation of vertigo, a

"falling-away-from-oneself feeling”

a feeling of unreality

to suggest that a character is undergoing a realization that causes him or her to reassess everything he or she had previously believed.

Another Dolly Zoom Shot

One More Dolly Zoom Shot

Lenses & Focus:Examples

• In the following film clip, identify the effect the use of lenses and focus has on your experience of the scene.

• Vertigo (1958)

Lenses & Focus:Examples• In the following film clip,

identify the effect the use of lenses and focus has on your experience of the scene.

• 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968)

Lenses & Focus:Examples

• In the following film clip, identify the effect the use of lenses and focus has on your experience of the scene.

• Jaws (1975)

Lenses & Focus:Examples

• In the following film clip, identify the effect the use of lenses and focus has on your experience of the scene.

• Do the Right Thing (1989)

• Be advised, the Do the Right Thing clips do contain some “language.” If this offends you, choose one of the other clips.

Lenses & Focus:Examples

• In the following film clip, identify the effect the use of lenses and focus has on your experience of the scene.

• Barton Fink (1991)

Lenses & Focus Quiz1. What is Focus?

2. What is Depth of Field?

3. What three elements affect the Depth of Field?

4. What is Deep Focus?

5. What is Shallow or Selective Focus?

6. What is Racking Focus?

7. What is a Telephoto (Long) Lens?

8. What is a Wide Angle (Short) Lens?

9. What is a Zoom Lens?

10. What is the effect of a Dolly Zoom Shot?