ciclo 2 - transformemos educando 5 - cartagena

7/22/2019 Ciclo 2 - Transformemos Educando 5 - Cartagena

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Cstc gjord pcrtc`ckc h=

Ujvd c` gh vcrcnh d ohrrjd=

Ncg iu`jkjpjd nc=

Ncphrthic`td=

Z cstunj kd` cg prdlrhih

rh`sedricids c` gh eckfh=


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IIIIInugdnugdnugdnugdnugd j`tcj`tcj`tcj`tcj`tclllllrrrrrhnhnhnhnhnd phrd phrd phrd phrd phrh kjkh kjkh kjkh kjkh kjkgd ?gd ?gd ?gd ?gd ?

^rrrrrh`seh`seh`seh`seh`sedricids Cnukh`nddricids Cnukh`nddricids Cnukh`nddricids Cnukh`nddricids Cnukh`nd

33333

KH_KH_KH_KH_KH_^HHHHHLC@LC@LC@LC@LC@HHHHH


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>Inugd j`tclrhnd phrh kjkgd ?

^rh`sedricids Cnukh`nd 3

ES@NHKJ@ RH_H CG NC[H__DGGD [DKJHGAi 6 vh Odldt - Gh Khgcrh cgcehx (238) 652:66?

c-ihjg= trh`sedricidsBtrh`sedricids.kdi www.trh`sedricids.kdi

Eu`nhkj` phrh cg Ncshrrdggd [dkjhgNjrcktdrh Cmckutjvh y Rcnhlljkh= Ihrh Hurdrh Khrrjggd Luggd

Njrcktdr nc Ncshrrdggd [dkjhg y Njrckkj` Cnjtdrjhg= _dndged Hrnjgh Kucsth

Njstrjtd ^urstjkd y Kugturhg nc Khrthlc`hMunjtf ncg Khric` Rj`cnd Egdrcs= Hgkhgncsh Njstrjtd urstjkd y Kugturhg nc Khrthlc`h

Mugjd [hgvhndr Hgh`nctc Hrrdyd= [ckrcthrjd nc Cnukhkj` Njstrjthg@dfdrh Icnj`h Hghrk`= Njrcktdrh nc Kdocrturh CnukhtjvhCncgijrh [hglhnd [jih`khs= Icmdrhijc`td Lcstj` Cskdghr

_dijx _hhn Hsshn= R.S. Rdoghkj` Uug`crhogc Kdocrturh Cnukhtjvh

Inugd j`tclrhnd phrh kjkgd ?, ^rh`sedricids Cnukh`nd 3

Njrckkj` pcnhlljkh y kd`kcptuhg= Ihrh Hurdrh Khrrjggd Luggdcxtds= rch nc Gc`luhmc y Kdiu`jkhkj`= @drih Kd`sth`zh rjh`h _cstrcpd

rch nc Kjc`kjhs @hturhgcs= Rhdgh H`lgjkh _dmhs Khstjggd

rch nc Kjc`kjhs [dkjhgcs= Mdvh``y Ocgtr` Ihrt`cz y _dndged Hrnjgh Kucsthrch nc Ihtcitjkhs= Drgh`nd Hrnjgh Rj`td

Cqujpd j`vcstjlhndr c` Khrthlc`h= Cicrsd` nc Hrkd Hlujghr, Ijlucg Docsd Ijrh`nh y Hged`sd Khssjh`j Fcrrcrh.Kdrrckkj` nc cstjgd= Ihrh Krjstj`h Uclh nc KjkcrjNjscd cnjtdrjhg y njhlrhihkj`= Njh`h _dnrlucz, Mc``jeecr Rcnrhzh, @dfdrh Idrhgcs Hgd`sd y Hgcmh`nrd Ihrt`czNjscd khrtugh= Hgcmh`nrd Ihrt`cz C.Edtdlrheh= gds cnjtdrcs hlrhnckc` gh hutdrjzhkj` nc puogjkhkj` nc edtdlrhehs h Krjstohg Ecr`h`nd Rrcz, Muh` RhogdRrjctd, Rcnrhzh Rrdnukkjd`cs y Hgercnd Hrc`hs edtlrhed nc gh dejkj`h hscsdrh nc kdiu`jkhkjd`cs y prc`sh nc gh

Hgkhgnh Ihydr nc Khrthlc`h nc J`njhs.

Hlrhnckcids h gds kugtdrcs, ct`dfjstdrjhndrcs, pcnhldlds, ijciords nc gh Hnij`jstrhkj` njstrjthg, cxpd`c`tcs nc ghicidrjh iusjkhg, fjstrjkh y gjtcrhrjh, ncpdrtjsths, kh`th`tcs, c`trc dtrds, quc phrtjkjphrd` c` ghs c`trcvjsths y h ghspcrsd`hs nc Khrthlc`h Njstrjtd ^urstjkd quc phrtjkjphrd` c` ghs ijg c`kucsths scij-cstrukturhnhs hpgjkhnhs.

Eu`nhkj` phrh cg Ncshrrdggd [dkjhg

J[O@=Rrdfjojnh gh rcprdnukkj` phrkjhg d tdthg pdr kuhgqujcr icnjd sj` hutdrjzhkj` cxprcshnc gh Eu`nhkj` phrh cg Ncshrrdggd [dkjhg ^rh`sedricids.Jiprcsd c` Kdgdiojh.


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3 Inugd j`tclrhnd phrh kjkgd ?


Cstc inugd cs u`d nc gds njecrc`tcs ihtcrjhgcs njnktjkdsj`tclrhnds phrh khnh u`d nc gds kjkgds gcktjvds cspckjhgcs,quc cg Idncgd Cnukhtjvd ^rh`sedricids Cnukh`ndncshrrdggh. [c cìhrkh nc`trd ncg kd`kcptd nc cnukhkj`pcrtj`c`tc y egcxjogc1 ouskh cg ncshrrdggd sdkjhg sdstc`jogc ysustc`thogc kdid phrtc ncg jiphktd lc`crhnd pdr ghcnukhkj` edrihg y cst njrjljnd h mvc`cs y hnugtds c`

kd`njkjd`cs nc vug`crhojgjnhn dkhsjd`hnh pdr njvcrsdsehktdrcs.

Gds igtjpgcs rcecrc`tcs quc drjc`th` cg Idncgd Cnukhtjvd^rh`sedricids Cnukh`nd, kd`sjncrh` gh cnukhkj` kdidu` prdkcsd sjstijkd quc kd`trjouyc c` lrh` icnjnh hkdèdrihr cg c`trhihnd nc rcghkjd`cs osjkhs ehkjgjthndrhsnc ùcstrd ncshrrdggd kdid kjunhnh`hs y kjunhnh`dskdiprdictjnds c` gh kd`strukkj` nc u`h `hkj` njvcrsh y

ncidkrtjkh. Gh cnukhkj` quc prdidvcids tjc`c kdiddomctjvd kc`trhg gh j`kgusj` nc ùcstrds cstunjh`tcs c` ghcnukhkj` edrihg, y pdr gd th`td vh is hgg nc gh c`sch`zhnc gh gckturh y gh cskrjturh, kd` cg ej` nc ncshrrdgghr suspdtc`kjhgjnhncs y trh`sedrihr kd` cggds su kdiu`jnhn, ncsncgh rcsjl`jejkhkj` nc sus hktds kdtjnjh`ds kdid phrtc nc u`hkugturh prdnuktjvh.



Idncgd Cnukhtjvd rh`sedricids Cnukh`nd


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5Inugd j`tclrhnd phrh kjkgd ?


8. Kdipd`c`tcs ncg Idncgd Cnukhtjvd

Gds kdipd`c`tcs ncg Idncgd Cnukhtjvd rh`sedricids Cnukh`nd sd`=

J`vcstjlhkj`Khrhktcrjzhkj`, sclujijc`td, hkdiphhijc`td,id`jtdrcd, sjstcihtjzhkj`.

Edrihkj` pcrih`c`tcphrh ndkc`tcs

[cij`hrjds-thggcr Kdiu`jnhncs cnukhtjvhs c` rcnRERN= Rrdlrhih nc Edrihkj` Rcrih`c`tc nc Nd-kc`tcs nc Cnukhkj` Osjkh y Icnjh.

Edrihkj` phrh cg cmcrkjkjd nc gh kjunhnh`h y ghkd`vjvc`kjh ncidkrtjkh.Kddrnj`hkj` nc u`h pghthedrih nc lcstj`j`tcrj`stjtukjd`hg c` njvcrsds jvcgcs.

Cnukhkj` edrihg Rcrtj`c`tc y egcxjogc phrh mvc`cs y hnugtds.

Lcstj`, kdlcstj`y hutdlcstj` kdiu`jthrjh

Edtd

Hgercnd

Hrc`hs


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< Inugd j`tclrhnd phrh kjkgd ?


?. Gh cstrhtcljh nc jipgcic`thkj` ncg Idncgd Cnukhtjvd

;. Gh cstrukturh nc gds inugds j tclrhnds phrh gds njvcrsds kjkgds

gcktjvds cspckjhgcs

S`d nc gds prj`kjphgcs domctjvds nc ncshrrdggd nc gh cnukhkj` pcrtj`c`tc quc ouskh gh

Eu`nhkj` ^rh`sedricids cs gh rcljd`hgjzhkj` scl` gh njvcrsjnhn ncg kd`tcxtd y ghhktuhgjzhkj` pcrih`c`tc nc gds ihtcrjhgcs njnktjkds nc hpdyd quc derckc cg IdncgdCnukhtjvd ^rh`sedricids. Rdr cggd, cg inugd quc Sn. tjc`c fdy c` sus ih`ds csprdnuktd nc u` hrnud trhohmd c` cqujpd icnjhnd pdr u`h prdeu`nh rcegcxj` pcnhl-ljkh, idtjvhnh h su vcz pdr gds j`tcrrdlh`tcs rckdljnds h trhvs ncg kdipd`c`tc ncj`vcstjlhkj`, id`jtdrcd y sclujijc`td ncg idncgd cnukhtjvd. Hg gccr gds njvcrsdstcxtds y hg rchgjzhr gds cmcrkjkjds y hktjvjnhncs prdpucstds kdid phrtc nc gh prktjkhpcnhlljkh, sc cvjnc`kjh cg cseucrzd pdr fhkcr u`h trh`spdsjkj` njnktjkh hkdrnc kd`gds u`jvcrsds nc sc`tjnd nc gds mvc`cs y hnugtds h qujc`cs vh njrjljnd cstc ihtcrjhg

njnktjkd.

Idncgd Cnukhtjvd

Ohshnd c`

[hgun y prcvc`kj`= utrjkj`, kd`trdg nc gh h-thgjnhn c` hndgcskc`tcs, UJF-[jnh, hgkdfdgjsidy nrdlhnjkkj`1 CNHs y C_Hs.Osqucnh nc gh shtjsehkkj` nc ghs `ckcsjnhncsosjkhs.Jnc`tjnhn pcrsd`hg y kugturhg.

Ujvc`kjh nc vhgdrcs kjunhnh`dsc` gh vjnh kdtjnjh`hRhrtjkjphkj` kdiu`jthrjhKugturh krchndrh y prdnuktjvh

Gh kd`vjvc`kjh

kjunhnh`h

Icmdrhijc`td nc gh khgjnhn

nc vjnh nc gh pdoghkj`

Idtjvhr c` gds cstunjh`tcs su pcrih-`c`kjh c` gh cnukhkj` edrihg ncsnchprc`njzhmcs sjl`jejkhtjvds y pcrtj`c`-tcs phrh sus prktjkhs kdtjnjh`hs.

Uj`kughr h ghs pcrsd`hsjgctrhnhs mvc`cs y hnug-tds, hg sjstcih cnukhtjvdedrihg.

Icmdrhr gh khgjnhn nc vjnh kd` ghphrtjkjphkj` hktjvh nc gds cstu-njh`tcs, ijc`trhs tjc`c` gh pdsj-ojgjnhn nc kd`tj`uhr hprc`njc`nd.

Jipugshr prdkcsds nc ncshrrdggd rcljd`hg j`tclrhgicnjh`tc gh cnukhkj` phrh cg ncshrrdggd sdkjhg

Rrdkcsd nc hprc`njzhmc c` kdipctc`kjhs osjkhs, kjunhnh`hs y ghodrhgcs


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h. J`tclrhkj` nc hsjl`hturhs

Gh cnukhkj` phrh mvc`cs y hnugtds ncoc, scl` gd cstjpughnd c` cg Nckrctd ;288 nc 8.:: Lc`crhg nc Cnukhkj`.

Csth j`tclrhkj` sc fh rchgjzhnd sj` ncskujnhr sus kd`tc`jnds, c` ouskh nc nhrgc u` sjl`jej-khnd hkdrnc kd` gds u`jvcrsds nc sc`tjnd nc gds mvc`cs y hnugtds quc scr` `ucstrdscstunjh`tcs.

Ghs > rchs tcitjkhs j`tclrhnhs c j`tcrrcghkjd`hnhs c`trc s y kd` cg kdipd`c`tc nc ncsh-rrdggd sdkjhg sdstc`jogc ncg Idncgd `d pucnc` tdihrsc u`h h u`h nc edrih hjsghnh. Gdscstunjh`tcs ncshrrdggh` sjiugt`chic`tc, c` sus c`kuc`trds prcsc`kjhgcs, trhohmds c`suolrupds y hktjvjnhncs cxtrhkghsc, ghs scsjd`cs nc trhohmd y hktjvjnhncs nc khnh inugd.

Ghs > rchs sd`=

Rhrh gh cnukhkj` osjkh scku`nhrjh y icnjh sc ncshrrdggh` rchs tcitjkhs kdipgcic`th-rjhs d hnjkjd`hgcs, scl` ghs `ckcsjnhncs ncg kd`tcxtd y gh kdipgcmjnhn nc ghskd`kcptuhgjzhkjd`cs.


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: Inugd j`tclrhnd phrh kjkgd ?


o. Rrdkcsds cnukhtjvds y kdipd`c`tcs kurrjkughrcs phrh Khrthlc`h nc J`njhs,Njstrjtd urstjkd.

Cg njscd kurrjkughr quc suoyhkc c` gh kd`strukkj` nc gds prcsc`tcs inugds j`tclrhndstdih kdid pu`td nc phrtjnh gh j`vcstjlhkj` quc gh Eu`nhkj` rh`sedricids rchgjz c`

cg Njstrjtd urstjkd nc Khrthlc`h nc J`njhs phrh kdiprc`ncr gds u`jvcrsds nc sc`tjnd nc ghkdiu`jnhn Khrthlc`h fdy.

C` csth j`vcstjlhkj` phrtjkjphrd` j`vcstjlhndrcs khrthlc`crds, prdecsjd`hgcs ncnjkhnds hgds prdkcsds nc kdiu`jnhncs clrhs c` Khrthlc`h y c` cg ncphrthic`td nc Odgvhr1 hncis,gds j`vcstjlhndrcs sd` cnukhndrcs c` gds `jvcgcs nc cnukhkj` osjkh, icnjh y u`jvcrsjthrjh1kd`thids hnjkjd`hgic`tc, kd` su cxpcrjc`kjh kdid hscsdrcs nc gh [ckrcthrh nc Cnukhkj`c` prdkcsds nc ct`dcnukhkj`. Cg cqujpd nc j`vcstjlhndrcs cstuvd kd`edrihnd c`Khrthlc`h pdr gds prdecsjd`hgcs Cicrsd` nc Hrkd Hlujghr, Ijlucg Docsd Ijrh`nh y Hged`sdKhssjh`j Fcrrcrh. Gh kddrnj`hkj` nc cstc cqujpd pdr phrtc nc gh [ckrcthrh nc cnukhkj`

njstrjthg nc Khrthlc`h cstuvd h khrld nc gh Nrh. Cncgijrh [hglhnd [jih`khs, Rrdecsjd`hgcspckjhgjzhnh c` icmdrhijc`td nc gh lcstj` cskdghr c` Khrthlc`h.

Gds rcsugthnds nc cstc kdipgcmd cmcrkjkjd ds pcrijtjcrd` rccstrukturhr gds prdkcsds cnukhtjvds ygds kdipd`c`tcs kurrjkughrcs, kd` `ehsjs c` gh j tcrprcthkj` nc gds rcsugthnds nc csth j vcstjlhkj`.Gh cstrhtcljh kurrjkughr ncej`jnh cs j`kgujr h gds cstunjh`tcs c` u` prdycktd nc kjunhnh`h hktjvhicnjh`tc cg edrthgckjijc`td nc gh jnc`tjnhn pcrsd`hg y pgurjt`jkh, rckupcrh`nd cgcic`tds ncu`h kugturh njvcrsh quc fhojth c` u` kd`tcxtd prjvjgcljhnd pdr sus kjrku`sth`kjhs fjstrjkhs, gjtcrhrjhs,iusjkhgcs, turstjkhs1 phrh nj`hijzhr ncsnc hgg kugturh kjunhnh`h, krchndrh y prdnuktjvh c` gds

csphkjds nc hktuhkj` kdtjnjh`h nc gds cstunjh`tcs y sus kdiu`jnhncs.

Edtd

Hgercnd

Hrc`hs


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Kdipd`c`tcsKdipd`c`tcsKdipd`c`tcsKdipd`c`tcsKdipd`c`tcskurr jkughrcskurr jkughrcskurr jkughrcskurr jkughrcskurr jkughrcs

Drjc`th` gdsprdkcsds

cnukhtjvds

[hocrcs iugtj-[hocrcs iugtj-[hocrcs iugtj-[hocrcs iugtj-[hocrcs iugtj-n jsk jp g j`hr jdsn jsk jp g j`hr jdsn jsk jp g j`hr jdsn jsk jp g j`hr jdsn jsk jp g j`hr jds

Ku g tu rhKu g tu rhKu g tu rhKu g tu rhKu g tu rhkjunhnh`h ykjunhnh`h ykjunhnh`h ykjunhnh`h ykjunhnh`h yiugt jt`jkhiugt jt`jkhiugt jt`jkhiugt jt`jkhiugt jt`jkh

Ncshrrdg gdNcshrrdg gdNcshrrdg gdNcshrrdg gdNcshrrdg gdfuih`d c`fuih`d c`fuih`d c`fuih`d c`fuih`d c`kdiu`jnhnkdiu`jnhnkdiu`jnhnkdiu`jnhnkdiu`jnhn

CCCCCmcs kurrjkughrcsmcs kurrjkughrcsmcs kurrjkughrcsmcs kurrjkughrcsmcs kurrjkughrcshrt jkughndrcshrt jkughndrcshrt jkughndrcshrt jkughndrcshrt jkughndrcs

Kd`tcxtuhgjzh` ynh` sc`tjnd h gdskd`tc`jnds y prd-

kcsds cnukhtjvds

: hsjl`hturhsj`tclrhnhs c` > rchstcitjkhs= Gc`luhmc yk d i u ` j k h k j ` ,Kjc`kjhs `hturhgcs ysdkjhgcs, Ihtcitjkhs

_ckupcrhkj` nc ghicidrjh iusjkhg,gjtcrhrjh, fjstrjkh

Ujsjojgjnhn nc ghnjvcrsjnhn Hejh`-zhijc`td nc ghprdpjh jnc`tjnhn

Kdiu`jnhn hktjvh

Kjunhnh`h hktjvh

Domctjvds njnktjkdsDomctjvds njnktjkdsDomctjvds njnktjkdsDomctjvds njnktjkdsDomctjvds njnktjkds

[urlc` nc ghs cxpckthtjvhs phrhkhnh kjkgd, drjc`th` gh hkkj`cnukhtjvh

Hp rc`nj zh mcs lcri j`hgcs,sjstijkds y kd`tcxtuhgjzhnds

Hprc`njzhmcs phrh herd`thr ghj`kcrtjnuiorc

Kd`dkjijc`td y rckd`dkjijc`tdnc fckfds fjstrjkdseu`nhic`thgcs

Kd`kjc`kjh nc gh sj`lughrjnhnnc gh prdpjh kugturh

Kd`dkjijc`td y rckd`dkjijc`tdnc sus vhgdrcs kugturhgcs y nc

ghs dtrhs kugturhs.

_ckd`dkjijc`td nc ghs ùcvhsrcghkjd`cs c`trc cg Csthnd y cgkjunhnh`d.

_csjl jejkhkj` ncg rdg nc gh iumcr.

_ckd`dkjijc`td nc gds vhgdrcsncidkrtjkds ncsnc cg gclhndnc su kugturh.

Rhrtjkjphkj` kjunhnh`hdrlh`jzhnh.

Kd`strukkj` nc rcghkjd`cs

ncidkrtjkhs j`kguyc`tcs

Cmcrkjkjd nc gh kjunhnh`h hktjvh.Ncshrrdggd sdkjhg sustc`thogc ysdstc`jogc.J`krcic`td nc ghkhphkjnhn nc lcstj` nc ghkdiu`jnhn.

_cspctd h ghs prktjkhs sdkjhgcsnjvcrshs kd` cg ihrkd ncrcecrc`kjh nc gds ncrckfdsfuih`ds

Kd`tc`jndsKd`tc`jndsKd`tc`jndsKd`tc`jndsKd`tc`jnds

Kd`kcptuhgcs ([hocr= rcghkjd`hr,kdiphrhr, njvcrsjejkhr, njstj`lujr),nc prdkcnjijc`td (fhkcr, hpgjkhr,

icmdrhr, khiojhr) y nc hktjtun (scr,hsuijr,nckjnjr, krjtjkhr, hkcpthr,`clhr).

Cst`nhrcs nc kdipctc`kjhsosjkhs hrtjkughnds kd` gdskdipd`c`tcs nc kugturhkjunhnh`h y iugtjt`jkh yncshrrdggd fuih`d c` kdiu`jnhn

Kd`kcptuhgjzhkjd`cs hojcrths h ghkdèrd`thkj`, hg h`gjsjs krtjkd, hijrhnhs sjstijkhs j`tclrhndrhs,

kdid icnjhndrhs c`trc cgkd`dkjijc`td kdtjnjh`d y cgkd`dkjijc`td kjc`tejkd.

Icidrjh fjstrjkh, iusjkhg,gjtcrhrjh

_jtds y ecstjvjnhncs

_csjl`jejkhkj` nc gh fjstdrjh

Hkkjd`cs hejrihtjvhs phrh gh ct`jhherdkdgdiojh`h

Kugturh nc [h` Ohsjgjd ncRhgc`quc

Ncrckfds y ncocrcs kjunhnh`ds

Hpdrtcs nc gh iumcr c` gh kugturh

Uhgdrc s ncidkrtj kds y vjnhkdtjnjh`h

Cstrukturh ncg Csthnd

Rrdycktds kdiu`jthrjds, nc

j`tclrhkj` sdkjhg, j`njvjnuhgcs dkdgcktjvds

Hk tj vjnhncs y hkk jd`cskurrjkughrjzhnhs kd` ohsc c` gdskd`dkjijc`tds ykd`kcptuhgjzhkjd`cs hodrnhnds c`ghs rchs tcitjkhs

_cegcxj` sdorc ghs prktjkhssdkjhgcs kdtjnjh`hs, ncsnc ghsùcvhs kd`kcptuhgjzhkjd`cs


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Kd`tc`jnd

>>:Ihtcitjkhs

?28Kjc`kjhs [dkjhgcs

83Gc`luhmc y Kdiu`jkhkj`

888Kjc`kjhs @hturhgcs


13/562

8?Inugd j`tclrhnd phrh kjkgd ?


Kdipctc`kjhs ghodrhgcs ncshrrdgghnhs

c` prdkcsd nc trhohmd kdgcktjvd c j`njvjnuhg

Kdipctc`kjhsKdipctc`kjhsKdipctc`kjhsKdipctc`kjhsKdipctc`kjhs

ghodrhgcsghodrhgcsghodrhgcsghodrhgcsghodrhgcsncshrrdgghnhs c` cgncshrrdgghnhs c` cgncshrrdgghnhs c` cgncshrrdgghnhs c` cgncshrrdgghnhs c` cgprdkcsd nc trhohmdprdkcsd nc trhohmdprdkcsd nc trhohmdprdkcsd nc trhohmdprdkcsd nc trhohmd

kdgcktjvd c j`njvjnuhg.kdgcktjvd c j`njvjnuhg.kdgcktjvd c j`njvjnuhg.kdgcktjvd c j`njvjnuhg.kdgcktjvd c j`njvjnuhg.

J`tcgcktuhgcs

Rcrsd`hgcs

J`tcrpcrsd`hgcs

^dih ncnckjsjd`cs

Krchtjvjnhn

Drjc`thkj`tjkh

Ndij`jdRcrsd`hg

Kdiu`jkhkj`

^rhohmd c`cqujpd

Gjncrhzld

Ih`cmd nckdègjktds

[uoprdkcsds[uoprdkcsds[uoprdkcsds[uoprdkcsds[uoprdkcsds

Jnc tjejkd ghs sjtuhkjd`cs kcrkh`hs h ij c`tdr d (c` ij khsh,ij ohrrjd, ij kdgcljd) quc tjc`c` njecrc`tcs idnds nc rc-sdgvcrsc.

Cskukfd gh j edrihkj`, dpj j` y hrluic`tds nc dtrdssdorc u`h sjtuhkj`.

Hsuid ghs kd`sckuc`kjhs nc ijs nckjsjd`cs.

Doscrvd u`h sjtuhkj` kcrkh`h h ij c`tdr d (ij khsh, ijohrrjd, ij kdgcljd) y rcljstrd jèdrihkj` phrh ncskrjojrgh.

H`hgjzd ghs sjtuhkjd`cs ncsnc njstj`tds pu`td nc vjsth (ijsphnrcs, ijs hijlds, pcrsd`hs kd`dkjnhs, c`trc dtrhs).

Jnc`tjejkd gds cgcic`tds quc pucnc` icmdrhr u`h sjtuh-kj` nhnh.

J`vc td ùcvhs edrihs nc fhkcr kdshs kdtjnjh`hs.

Jnc tjejkd gds kdipdrthijc tds hprdpjhnds phrh khnh sj-tuhkj` (ehijgjhr, cskdghr, kd` phrcs).

Kuipgd ghs `drihs nc kdipdrthijc`td ncej jnhs c u`csphkjd nhnd.

_ckd`dzkd ijs fhojgjnhncs, ncstrczhs y thgc tds. [upcrd ijs ncojgjnhncs.

_chgjzd ijs j tcrvc`kjd`cs rcspcth`nd cg drnc` nc gh phgh-orh prcvjhic`tc hkdrnhnd.

Cxprcsd ijs jnchs kd` kghrjnhn. [upcrd ijs ncojgjnhncs. Jnc tjejkd ijs cidkjd`cs y rckd`dzkd su j eguc kjh c` ij

kdipdrthijc`td y nckjsjd`cs.

Ncshrrdggd thrchs y hkkjd`cs kd` dtrds (phnrcs, phrcs,kd`dkjnds).

Hpdrtd ijs rckursds phrh gh rchgjzhkj` nc thrchs kdgcktjvhs.

Lc`crd rcghkjd`cs nc kdèjh zh kd` dtrds (phrcs). _ckd`dzkd ghs edrthgczhs y fhojgjnhncs nc gds dtrds (ehij-

gjhrcs, phrcs).

Cxprcsd ijs prdpjds j tcrcscs y idtjvhkjd`cs. Jnc`tjejkd gds hktdrcs quc tjc c` j`kjnc`kjh c` gds tcihs

jipdrth`tcs rcghkjd`hnds kd` ij c`tdr`d kcrkh`d (ij khsh,ij ohrrjd, ij kdgcljd).

_cspctd y kdiprc`nd gds pu`tds nc vjsth nc gds dtrds,hu`quc cst c` ncshkucrnd kd` cggds.

^jpd nc^jpd nc^jpd nc^jpd nc^jpd nckdipctc`kjhkdipctc`kjhkdipctc`kjhkdipctc`kjhkdipctc`kjh


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8; Inugd j`tclrhnd phrh kjkgd ?


Kdipctc`kjhsKdipctc`kjhsKdipctc`kjhsKdipctc`kjhsKdipctc`kjhsghodrhgcsghodrhgcsghodrhgcsghodrhgcsghodrhgcs

ncshrrdgghnhs c` cgncshrrdgghnhs c` cgncshrrdgghnhs c` cgncshrrdgghnhs c` cgncshrrdgghnhs c` cgprdkcsd nc trhohmdprdkcsd nc trhohmdprdkcsd nc trhohmdprdkcsd nc trhohmdprdkcsd nc trhohmd

kdgcktjvd c j`njvjnuhg.kdgcktjvd c j`njvjnuhg.kdgcktjvd c j`njvjnuhg.kdgcktjvd c j`njvjnuhg.kdgcktjvd c j`njvjnuhg.

^jpd nc^jpd nc^jpd nc^jpd nc^jpd nckdipctc`kjhkdipctc`kjhkdipctc`kjhkdipctc`kjhkdipctc`kjh

[cgckkjd`d gds ihtcrjhgcs quc rcqujcrd phrh cg ncshrrdggdnc u`h thrch d hkkj`.

Kdiphrtd kd` dtrds gds rckursds cskhsds.

Jnc tjejkd ghs thrchs y hkkjd`cs c` ghs quc gds dtrds (phnrcs,phrcs, ndkc`tcs) sd` icmdrcs quc yd.

Kd`scrvd c` ouc` csthnd gds rckursds h gds quc tc`ldhkkcsd.

J`vc td sdgukjd`cs krchtjvhs phrh shtjsehkcr ghs `ckcsjnhncsnctckthnhs.

Lcstj` yih`cmd nc

rckursds

_cecrc`kjhkj`kdipctjtjvh

_cspd`shojgjnhnhiojc`thg

Jnc`tjejkhkj` ncdpdrtu`jnhncsphrh krchr ci-prcshs d u`jnh-ncs nc `cldkjd

[uoprdkcsds[uoprdkcsds[uoprdkcsds[uoprdkcsds[uoprdkcsds

Drlh`jzhkjd`hg

Ciprcshrjhgcs y phrhcg ciprc`njijc`td

Lcstj` nc ghjèdrihkj`

Drjc`thkj` hgscrvjkjd

Jnc tjejkd gh jèdrihkj` rcqucrjnh phrh ncshrrdgghr u`h th-rch d hktjvjnhn.

_ckdgcktd nhtds nc sjtuhkjd`cs kcrkh`hs h ij c`tdr d (ijkhsh, ij ohrrjd, ij kdgcljd).

Drlh`jzd gh jèdrihkj` rckdgckthnh utjgjzh`nd prdkcnjijc`-tds ncej`jnds.

Htjc`nd kd` hktjtun pdsjtjvh ghs sdgjkjtuncs nc gds dtrds (ph-nrcs, phrcs, ndkc`tcs).

Edtd

Rc

nrhzh

Rrdnukkjd`cs


15/562

8>Inugd j`tclrhnd phrh kjkgd ?


Cst`nhrcs nc kdipctc`kjhs kjunhnh`hs

Lrupds ncLrupds ncLrupds ncLrupds ncLrupds nc

cst`nhrcst`nhrcst`nhrcst`nhrcst`nhr

_cspctd yncec`sh nc gdsncrckfdsfuih`ds

Kd`vjvc`kjhy phz

Rhrtjkjphkj` yrcspd`shojgj-nhn ncidkr-tjkh

Rgurhgjnhn,jnc`tjnhn yvhgdrhkj` ncghs njecrc`kjhs

Cst`nhrcs lc`crhgcsCst`nhrcs lc`crhgcsCst`nhrcs lc`crhgcsCst`nhrcs lc`crhgcsCst`nhrcs lc`crhgcs

Jnc`tjejkh ghs sjtuhkjd`cs nc ihgtrh-td c` su kd`tcxtd kcrkh`d (sijsid, ehijgjhrcs, hijlds/hs,hugh), y ghs pcrsd`hs h ghs qucpucnc hkunjr phrh pcnjr hyunh yprdtckkj`. Rhrh gd kuhg, cg/ghcstunjh`tc=

Kdiprc`nc gh jipdrth`kjh ncvhgdrcs osjkds nc gh kd`vjvc`kjhkjunhnh`h kdid gh sdgjnhrjnhn y cg

rcspctd pdr s ijsid y pdr cg dtrd,y gds pd`c c` prktjkh c` sukd`tcxtd kcrkh`d (hijlds/hs, hughy fdlhr). Rhrh gd kuhg, cg/ghcstunjh`tc=

Rhrtjkjph, c` su kd tcxtd kcrkh`d(hijlds/hs, hugh, fdlhr), c` ghkd`strukkj` nc hkucrnds osjkdssdorc `drihs phrh gh kd`sckukj` ncicths c` kdi`, y ghs kuipgc. Rhrh

gd kuhg, cg/gh cstunjh`tc=

Jnc`tjejkh y rcspcth ghs njecrc`kjhs yscicmh`zhs c`trc g/cggh y gdsncis y rckfhzh sjtuhkjd`cs nccxkgusj` d njskrjij`hkj` c` suehijgjh, c`trc sus hijlds/hs y c`su hugh.

Cst`nhrcs cspckejkdsCst`nhrcs cspckejkdsCst`nhrcs cspckejkdsCst`nhrcs cspckejkdsCst`nhrcs cspckejkds

Kdiprc`nc quc sus hkkjd`cs (pdr cmcipgd, our-ghrsc nc hgl` kdiphcrd/h) pucnc` heckthr hghs pcrsd`hs kcrkh`hs, hg jluhg quc ghs hkkjd`csnc gds ncis gd pucnc` heckthr h g d cggh.(kdl`jtjvh)

Jnc tjejkh ghs kd sckuc`kjhs quc pucnc tc`cr sushkkjd`cs sdorc ghs pcrsd`hs kcrkh`hs. (kdl`jtjvh)

_ckd`dkc ghs cidkjd`cs osjkhs (rhojh, trjstczh,

hgclrh, tcidr) c` s ijsid/h y c` ghs ncispcrsd`hs. (cidkjd`hg)

_ckd`dkc quc ghs hkkjd`cs cst` rcghkjd`hnhs kd`ghs cidkjd`cs y quc pucnc hprc`ncr h ih`cmhrsus cidkjd`cs phrh `d fhkcr nhd h dtrhs pcr-sd`hs. (cidkjd`hg)

Kdiprc`nc qu cs u` hkucrnd y u`h `drih, ycg sc`tjnd nc ghs hkkjd`cs rcphrhndrhs (hkkjd`csquc ouskh` rcphrhr cg nhd quc pund khushrsc)kuh`nd sc j`kuipgc u` hkucrnd d u`h `drih.(kd`dkjijc`td).

Cxprcsh sus jnchs, sc`tjijc`tds c j`tcrcscs c` cghugh y cskukfh rcspctudshic`tc gds nc sus kdi-phcrds/hs (kdiu`jkhtjvh - cidkjd`hg).

Jnc tjejkh ghs njecrc kjhs y scicmh`zhs c`trc g/cggh y gds ncis c` kuh`td h l`crd, lrupd t`j-kd, hspcktds esjkds, drjlc` sdkjhg, kdstuiorcs,lustds, sc`tjijc`tds, pc`shijc`tds y cxpcrjc`-kjhs. (kd`dkjijc`td-kdl`jtjvh).

_ckd`dkc y hkcpth gh cxjstc kjh nc lrupds kd`njvcrshs khrhktcrstjkhs (t`jkhs, lc`crhkjd`hgcs,nc l`crd, ghodrhgcs, sjtuhkj` sdkjdckd`ijkhy prdkcnc`kjh lcdlrejkh) h su hgrcncndr. (kd`d-

kjijc`td-kdl`jtjvh).


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3

Kc`trd Fjstrjkd, Khrthlc`h


17/562

85^rh`sedricids Cnukh`nd 3rch Gc`luhmc y Kdiu`jkhkj`

J ` n j k c

Rrjicrh u`jnhn. Stjgjzd njvcrshs edrihs nc cxprcsj` 8Khptugd ;. Cg hejkfc d khrtcg ?6Khptugd >. Hipgjcids ucstrd fdrjzd`tc gjtcrhrjd ;8Khptugd 3. Cg susth`tjvd ;3Khptugd 5. Gh gc`luh Rhgc`qucrh >2

Khptugd


18/562

8< ^rh`sedricids Cnukh`nd 3rch Gc`luhmc y Kdiu`jkhkj`

8

Gh kdiu`jkhkj` cs prjidrnjhg,

phrh rcghkjd`hr`ds kd` gds ncis.

Stjgjzd njvcrshs

edrihs nc cxprcsj`

Hrkfjvd^rh`sedricids

^rh`sedricids Cnukh`nd 3rch Gc`luhmc y Kdiu`jkhkj`


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Icnjds nckdiu`jkhkj`

Rrdnukkj`tcxtuhg drhg

Kdiprc`sj` cj`tcrprcthkj`tcxtuhg

Cg pcrjnjkdiurhg.

Gds rcerh`cspdpughrcs ncij rclj`.

Cg susth`tjvd ysu eu`kj`.

Ghs kghscs ncdrhkjd`cs.

Khrhktcrjzd gds icnjdsnc kdiu`jkhkj` ihsjvhy scgckkjd`d gh jèdrih-kj` quc cijtc`, phrhutjgjzhrgh c` gh krchkj`nc ucvds tcxtds.

Rrdnuzkd tcxtds drhgcs, c`sjtuhkjd`cs kdiu`jkhtjvhsquc pcrijtc` cvjnc`kjhrcg usd sjl`jejkhtjvd nc ghc`td`hkj` y gh pcrtj`c`-kjh hrtjkughtdrjh.

Kdiprc`nd njvcrsds tjpdsnc tcxtd, utjgjzh`nd hglu-`hs cstrhtcljhs nc os-qucnh, drlh`jzhkj` yhgihkc`hijc`td nc gh j`-edrihkj .

_ckd`dzkd ghs khrhktcrstjkhs nc gds njecrc`-tcs icnjds nc kdiu`jkhkj` ihsjvh.

[cgckkjd`d y kghsjejkd gh jèdrihkj` cijtjnhpdr gds njecrc`tcs icnjds nc kdiu`jkhkj`.

Cghodrd pgh`cs tcxtuhgcs kd` gh jèdrih-kj` scgckkjd`hnh nc gds icnjds nc kd-iu`jkhkj`.

Rrdnuzkd tcxtds drhgcs y cskrjtds kd` ohscc` pgh`cs c` gds quc utjgjzd gh jèdrih-kj` rckdljnh nc gds icnjds.

[dkjhgjzd, h`hgjzd y kdrrjmd gds tcxtdsprdnukjnds kd` ohsc c` gh jèdrihkj`

tdihnh nc gds icnjds nc kdiu`jkhkjìhsjvh.

Cxpgdrd shocrcs prcvjds hkcrkh nc ih`j-ecsthkjd`cs drhgcs nc ij rclj`.

Drlh`jzd ijs jnchs phrh prdnukjr u` tcxtddrhg, tc`jc`nd c` kuc`th ij rchgjnhn y ijsprdpjhs cxpcrjc`kjhs.

[cgckkjd`d cg gxjkd hprdpjhnd y hkdid-nd ij cstjgd hg pgh` nc cxpdsjkj` hs kdidhg kd`tcxtd kdiu`jkhtjvd.

Hnckud gh c`td`hkj` y gh prdù`kjhkj`h ghs cxjlc`kjhs nc ghs sjtuhkjd`cs kdiu-`jkhtjvhs c` quc phrtjkjpd.

Hipgd ij njkkjd`hrjd. Rrdnuzkd u` tcxtd drhg, tc`jc`nd c` kuc`th

gh c`td`hkj`, gh hrtjkughkj` y gh drlh`j-zhkj` nc jnchs quc rcqujcrc gh sjtuhkj`kdiu`jkhtjvh.

Cstjiugd hljgjnhn drhg h trhvs nc gds ic-kh`jsids nc rcpctjkj` y rhpjncz.

Cmcrkjtd gh icidrjh dpcrhtjvh h kdrtd pghzd. Ncshrrdggd fhojgjnhncs phrh kc`trhr gh htc`-

kj` y gh kd`kc`trhkj`. Hn qu jc rd fhoj gjnhncs phr h fho gh r c`

pogjkd.

Kdiprc`nd ghs khrhktcrstjkhs nc ghs drh-kjd`cs y ghs edrihs nc rcghkj` c`trc cgghs=drhkj` sjipgc y kdipucsth.

Kd`kcptuhgjzd hkcrkh nc gds cgcic`tdsquc kdèdrih`gh cstrukturh ncg sjstcihnc gh gc`luh cskrjth.

Kdiprc`nd gh eu`kj` quc kuipgc` hg j`-tcrjdr nc u` tcxtd, ghs phrtcs quc gd kd`-edrih`= cg susth`tjvd.

Csthogczkd njecrc`kjhs c`trc ghs phrtcs quccstrukturh` cg sjstcih nc gh gc`luh.

Ncshrrdggd y icmdrd ij c`kjkgdpcnjh lrh-ihtjkhg.

Ehktdrcs ncdrlh`jzhkj` ^cihs

Cst`nhrcs nckdipctc`kjhs osjkhs [uoprdkcsds

Cst`nhrcs osjkds nc kdipctc`kjhs


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8: Stjgjzd njvcrshs edrihsnc cxprcsj`

Rrjicrh u`jnhn



Jnc`tjejkd y njecrc`kjd gh j`tc`kj`kdiu`jkhtjvh nc gds tcxtds jèdrihtjvds.

_ckd`dzkd gh cstrukturh tcxtuhg ncg tcxtdjèdrihtjvd y gh njecrc`kjd nc dtrhs.

Cxpgjkjtd qujc` fhogh, h quj`, phrh qu yh trhvs nc quc icnjd ihsjvd nc kdiu-`jkhkj`.

Jnc`tjejkd gh edrih kdid sc drlh`jzh ghjèdrihkj` c` cg hejkfc.

C`tjc`nd ghs dorhs `d vcrohgcs kdid prd-nuktds nc ghs kdiu`jnhncs fuih`hs.

Ndy kuc`th nc hglu`hs cstrhtcljhs cipgch-nhs phrh kdiu`jkhr h trhvs ncg gc`luhmc`d vcrohg.

Cxpgjkd cg sc`tjnd quc tjc`c` ic`shmcs dvcrohgcs c` ij kd`tcxtd= gds siodgds.

_ckd`dzkd y usd knjlds `d vcrohgcs c`sjtuhkjd`cs kdiu`jkhtjvhs hut`tjkhs.

Khrhktcrjzd gds rdgcs ncscipchnds pdrgds sumctds quc phrtjkjph` ncg prdkcsd kd-iu`jkhtjvd.

^c`ld c` kuc`th, c` ijs j`tcrhkkjd`cskdiu`jkhtjvhs, prj`kjpjds osjkds nc gh kd-iu`jkhkj`= rckd`dkjijc`td ncg dtrd c`th`td j`tcrgdkutdr vgjnd y rcspctd pdr gdstur`ds kd`vcrshkjd`hgcs.

Stjgjzd kuh`nd ic kdiu`jkd kd` gds dtrds,`drihs kghrhs nc kd`vjvc`kjh c` kdiu`j-

nhn. _ckd`dzkd gh khgjnhn ncg dtrd kdid j`tcr-

gdkutdr vgjnd y hktjvd. Jnc`tjejkd c` sjtuhkjd`cs kdiu`jkhtjvhs

rchgcs gds rdgcs, ghs j`tc`kjd`cs nc gdsj`tcrgdkutdrcs y cg rcspctd pdr gds prj`kj-pjds osjkds nc gh kdiu`jkhkj`.

Gcd njvcrsds tjpds nc tcxtd gjtcrhrjd= rcgh-tds ijtdgljkds, gcyc`nhs, kuc`tds, eou-ghs, pdcihs y dorhs tchtrhgcs.

_ckd`dzkd, c` gds tcxtds gjtcrhrjds quc gcd,cgcic`tds thgcs kdid tjcipd, csphkjd, hk-kj`, pcrsd`hmcs.

Rrdpd`ld fjptcsjs prcnjktjvhs hkcrkh ncu` tcxtd gjtcrhrjd, phrtjc`nd nc hspcktdskdid ttugd, tjpd nc tcxtd, pdkh nc ghprdnukkj`, ctk.

_cghkjd`d ghs fjptcsjs prcnjktjvhs qucsurlc` nc gds tcxtds quc gcd, kd` sukd`tcxtd y kd` dtrds tcxtds, sch` gjtcrh-rjds d `d.

Kdiphrd tcxtds `hrrhtjvds, grjkds y nrh-itjkds, tc`jc`nd c` kuc`th hglu`ds ncsus cgcic`tds kd`stjtutjvds.

Cghodrd fjptcsjs nc gck-turh hkcrkh nc ghs rcgh-kjd`cs c`trc gds cgc-ic`tds kd`stjtutjvds nc

u` tcxtd jèdrihtjvd yc`trc stc y cg kd`tcxtd.

Khrhktcrjzd cg eu`kjd`h-ijc`td nc hglu`ds knj-lds `d vcrohgcs kdìjrhs h su usd c` sjtuh-kjd`cs kdiu`jkhtjvhs hu-t`tjkhs.

Kd`dzkd y h`hgjzd gdscgcic`tds, rdgcs, rcghkjd-`cs y rclghs osjkhs nc ghkdiu`jkhkj`, phrh j`-ecrjr ghs j`tc`kjd`cs ycxpckthtjvhs nc ijsj`tcrgdkutdrcs y fhkcris cejkhkcs ijs prdkc-sds kdiu`jkhtjvds.

Cghodrd fjptcsjs ncgckturh hkcrkh nc ghs rc-ghkjd`cs c`trc gds cgc-ic`tds kd`stjtutjvds ncu` tcxtd gjtcrhrjd, y c`-trc stc y cg kd`tcxtd.

Cg hejkfc dkhrtcg.

Cg gc`luhmclcstuhg.

Ic cxprcsdkd` phghorhsprunc`tcs.

Hipgjcidsùcstrdfdrjzd`tcgjtcrhrjd.

Dtrds sjstcihssjiogjkds

tjkh nc ghkdiu`jkhkj`

Gjtcrhturh


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?2^rh`sedricids Cnukh`nd 3rch Gc`luhmc y Kdiu`jkhkj`

Ic cIc cIc cIc cIc cxprxprxprxprxprcsd c` edrih drhgcsd c` edrih drhgcsd c` edrih drhgcsd c` edrih drhgcsd c` edrih drhg

Cxpgdrc sus shocrcs prcvjds=

Gds rcerh cs88888

88888

8. _cegcxjd`c kd` sus kdiphcrds/hs=

Cg ihg cskrjoh`d gc ckfh gh kugph h gh pguih.

_cer` khrthlc`crd

EdtdRrdnukkjd`csRcnrhzh

Gh Rghzh nc gh Hnuh`hRghzdgcth Iuscd nc Hrtc idncr`d, Kc`trd Fjstrjkd


22/562

?8 Stjgjzd njvcrshs edrihsnc cxprcsj`

Rrjicrh u`jnhn

[d` edrihs nc gc`luhmc drhg quc sckd`struyc` kdid ixjihs d sc`tc`-kjhs quc c`kjcrrh` u` shocr pdpughrquc cg gcktdr ncoc ncnukjr d j`ecrjr.Rdr cstc idtjvd, gds rcerh`cs edrih`phrtc ncg hrkfjvd trhnjkjd`hg y drhg ncgds pucogds. Iukfhs vckcs, sucgc` c`-

kcrrhr c`sch`zhs idrhgcs nc prdeu`-nh shojnurh.

C` iukfhs dkhsjd`cs

gds rcerh`cs pdpughrcssc trh`sijtc` nclc`crhkj` c`lc`crhkj`.

Gds rcerh`cs pdpughrcsGds rcerh`cs pdpughrcsGds rcerh`cs pdpughrcsGds rcerh`cs pdpughrcsGds rcerh`cs pdpughrcs

EdtdKrjstohgEcr`h`ndRrcz

Edtdhrkfjvd^rh`sedricids

8 ? ; > 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? ; > 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? ; > 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? 8 ? ; > 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? ; > 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? ; > 3 5 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? ; > 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? ; > 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? 8 ? ; > 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? ; > 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? ; > 3 5 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? ; > 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? ; > 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? 8 ? ; > 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? ; > 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? ; > 3 5 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? ; > 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? ; > 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? 8 ? ; > 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? ; > 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? ; > 3 5 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? ; > 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? ; > 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? 8 ? ; > 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? ; > 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? ; > 3 5 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? ; > 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? ; > 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? 8 ? ; > 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? ; > 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? ; > 3 5 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? ; > 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? ; > 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? 8 ? ; > 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? ; > 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? ; > 3 5 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? ; > 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? ; > 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? 8 ? ; > 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? ; > 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? ; > 3 5 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? ; > 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? ; > 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? 8 ? ; > 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? ; > 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? ; > 3 5 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? ; > 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? ; > 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? 8 ? ; > 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? ; > 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? ; > 3 5 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? ; > 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? ; > 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? 8 ? ; > 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? ; > 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? ; > 3 5 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? ; > 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? ; > 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? 8 ? ; > 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? ; > 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? ; > 3 5 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? ; > 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? ; > 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? 8 ? ; > 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? ; > 3 5 < 6 : 2 8 ? ; > 3 5 ^rh`sedricids Cnukh`nd 3rch Gc`luhmc y Kdiu`jkhkj`

Fh rchgjzhnd hgl` pcrjnjkd iurhg kd` sus kdiphcrds/hs4

Cg pcrjnjkd iurhg?????

Doscrvcids cg sjlujc`tc cmcipgd nc pcrjnjkd iurhg=

[j gd fh rchgjzhnd ncskrjoh qu tcihs sc fh` cxpucstd nc`trd ncg pcrjnjkd y kugcskd`sjncrh quc sd` gds is jipdrth`tcs. [j `d gd fh fckfd cskrjoh kugcs tcihskd`sjncrh ncoc` scr cxpucstds c` u` pcrjnjkd iurhg=


26/562

?3 Stjgjzd njvcrshs edrihsnc cxprcsj`

Rrjicrh u`jnhn

RC_JRC_JRC_JRC_JRC_JNJKDNJKDNJKDNJKDNJKD IS_HGIS_HGIS_HGIS_HGIS_HG

Nc n`nc vjc`c gh phghorh kfhipcth4Nc n`nc vjc`c gh phghorh kfhipcth4Nc n`nc vjc`c gh phghorh kfhipcth4Nc n`nc vjc`c gh phghorh kfhipcth4Nc n`nc vjc`c gh phghorh kfhipcth488888

S`d nc gds rjtids quc sc njseruth c` tdnh gh kdsth ncg Khrjoc kdgdiojh`dcs gh Kfhipcth, sj ustcn shoc ohjghrgd y kd`dkc u` pdkd nc sus drlc`cssclurd quc sc cidkjd`h kuh`nd gd cskukfh. Gh Kfhipcth `hkj kdidu`h hnhpthkj` nc rjtids herjkh`ds, cs prdpjd nc gds fhojth`tcsherdncskc`njc`tcs nc hglu`ds nc gds Ohrrjds pcrjerjkds nc gh kjunhn ncKhrthlc`h, kd` u`h eucrtc j`eguc`kjh nc Rhgc`quc nc [h` Ohsjgjd. Gh phgh-orh kfhipcth fhkc hgusj` h u`h cspckjc nc ihkfctc utjgjzhnd pdrcsths pcrsd`hs c` su vjnh kdtjnjh`h. Hu`quc cg l`crd kdid thg sc kd`-sdgjn c` gh nkhnh nc 8:62, phrh gds hds


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Kd`dzkhids ùcstrh rclj`Kd`dzkhids ùcstrh rclj`Kd`dzkhids ùcstrh rclj`Kd`dzkhids ùcstrh rclj`Kd`dzkhids ùcstrh rclj`?????

Gh Ohfh nc Khrthlc`h tjc`c nds zd-`hs, gh j`tcr`h, uojkhnh hg dr- dkkj-nc`tc ncg iu`jkjpjd, kuyh cxtc`sj`cs nc >.3 ai?1 y gh cxtcr`h c` cgsur-dkkjnc`tc y kuyh cxtc`sj` cs 68

ai?, fhy hgg nds odkhs quc gh kd-`ckth` kd` cg Ihr Khrjoc, sdÒdkhlrh`nc c` gh phrtc drtc, nc 8.:Ai. nc h`kfd y Odkhkfjkh c` gh phr-tc sur. Cg rch nc `hvclhkj` cs nchprdxjihnhic`tc 322i nc h`kfd y8;i nc prdeu`njnhn.

Gh Kj`hlh nc gh Ujrlc` thioj` edrih phrtc nc gh rjquczh fnrjkh nc Khrthlc`h,hg dr-drjc`tc, su rch supcrejkjhg nc hluh cs nc ?? ai y kuc`th hncis kd`hprdxjihnhic`tc u`ds : ai nc fuicnhgcs1 sc kuc`th thioj` kd` gh kj`h-

lh nc Muh` Rdgd, quc qucnh is hg `drtc nc gh nc gh Ujrlc`. C` Khrthlc`h fhythioj` ghlds j`tcrjdrcs quc kdiu`jkh` gh Ohfh j`tcr`h kd` gh Kj`hlh nc ghUjrlc`, sc tjc`c cg Ghld ncg Khorcrd, cg Ghld Kfhiohk, gh Ghlu`h [h` Gzhrd,gh Kj`hlh nc ghs Xuj`ths, gh Kj`hlh nc Ohzurtd, y cg Khd Muh` H`ldgh.

C` cg iu`jkjpjd nc Khrthlc`h, kdèguyc cg rd Ihlnhgc`h cspckejkhic`tc c`cg Kh`hg ncg Njquc.

Cg kc`trd eguvjhg nc tdnd cg ncphrthic`td cs cg rd Ihlnhgc`h, quc rckjoc ghshluhs nc jipdrth`tcs rds c` tdnd cg rckdrrjnd pdr cg phs y ncgclh iukfhs ncsus hluhs h dtrhs vcrtjc`tcs y qucorhnhs phrh ggclhr h njvcrsds iu`jkjpjds y

kdiu`jkhrsc kd` kj`hlhs. Cstc jipdrth`tc rd cs eu`nhic`thg phrh cg ncsh-rrdggd y gh vjnh ncg ncphrthic`td y ncg iu`jkjpjd, pucs cs utjgjzhnd phrhtrh`spdrthr icrkh`khs y pcrsd`hs.

8 Rhrh gh kd`strukkj` nc cstc hphrthnd sc tdi kdid ohsc ghs sjlujc`tcs euc`tcs=OHNCG, Njihs. 8:::. Njkkjd`hrjd fjstrjkd-lcdlrejkd nc Odgvhr. Odldt. J`stjtutdJ`tcr`hkjd`hg nc Cstunjds ncg Khrjoc, Khrgds Uhgc`kjh Cnjtdrcs.OJOGJD^CKH Gujs `lcg Hrh`ld. (8::?). Ojogjdlrheh ncg ncphrthic`td nc Odgvhr.Odldt. Ojogjdtckh Gujs `lcg Hrh`ld.GHIHJ^_C, Cnuhrnd. (8:6?). Fjstdrjh ncg Kh`hg ncg Njquc. Odldt. Kdoc.

Jihlc`tdihnhncfttp=//

sh`thgukjh-htgh`tjkd.ldv.kd


RC_JRC_JRC_JRC_JRC_JNJKDNJKDNJKDNJKDNJKD IS_HGIS_HGIS_HGIS_HGIS_HG


28/562

?< Stjgjzd njvcrshs edrihsnc cxprcsj`

Rrjicrh u`jnhn

?????

Cg pcrjnjkd iurhg ncoc tc`cr `ucvds hrtkugdspdr gd ic`ds khnh ics.

Ghs `dtjkjhs nc gh rclj`, gd quc fhkc` gds cstunjh`tcs, gds kuipgchds,gds prdycktds, ctk., sd` tcihs iuy jipdrth`tcs phrh cg pcrjnjkd iurhg.

Njrcktdr/h=drlh`jzh c`trc gds kdiphcrds/hs gh cghodrhkj` nc gds njec-rc`tcs hrtkugds nc khnh sckkj`. Drlh`jzh gh puogjkhkj` nc gds hrtkugdsc` cg pcrjnjkd iurhg (gulhr vjsjogc nd`nc sc uojkhr, vcrjejkh gh puogjkh-

kj` nc gds hrtkugds c` cg tjcipd prcvjstd).

Mcec/h nc rcnhkkj`=cskdlc c`trc gds hrtkugds prdpucstds phrh gh sck-kj` cg quc sc puogjkhr. Fhkc sclujijc`td h gds cskrjtdrcs phrh quc c`-trcluc` h tjcipd sus hrtkugds.

_cnhktdrcs pdr sckkj`= sd` gds hutdrcs nc khnh u`h nc ghs sckkjd`csncg pcrjnjkd. Cskrjoc` gds hrtkugds y gds prcsc`th` hg mcec/h nc rcnhkkj`.

Cgjmh` c`trc sus kdiphcrds/hs cg cqujpd cnjtdrjhg ncg prjicr pcrjnjkd iurhg nccstc kursd=

C` suolrupds, rcvjsc` cg cmcipgd h`tcrjdr y cskrjoh` cg gjsthnd nc ghs njecrc`tcssckkjd`cs quc tjc`c csc pcrjnjkd iurhg. Rrdpd`lh` c`trc tdnds kugcs sckkjd`cstc`nr cg pcrjnjkd iurhg nc su kursd. Rrcsc`tc` sus kd`kgusjd`cs c` pgc`hrjh ycskdmh` u`h cstrukturh nc sckkjd`cs phrh cg pcrjnjkd iurhg.

88888


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KdiprKdiprKdiprKdiprKdiprc`nh y cghodrc`nh y cghodrc`nh y cghodrc`nh y cghodrc`nh y cghodrccccc

njvcrsds tjpds nc tcnjvcrsds tjpds nc tcnjvcrsds tjpds nc tcnjvcrsds tjpds nc tcnjvcrsds tjpds nc tcxtdxtdxtdxtdxtd

Cg hejkfc d khrtcgCg hejkfc d khrtcgCg hejkfc d khrtcgCg hejkfc d khrtcgCg hejkfc d khrtcg

Cs u` tcxtd quc iczkgh cgcic`tds cskrjtds y lrejkds (njoumds), phrh nhr u`hjèdrihkj . [cl` gh edrih kdid sc prcsc`th gh jèdrihkj`, cg hejkfc ouskh gghihrgh htc`kj` nc qujc` gd ijrh hg phshr. Rdr su j`tc`kj`, cg hejkfc fhkc phrtc nc gdstcxtds jèdrihtjvds.

88888

Doscrvcnctc`jnhic`tccg sjlujc`tchejkfc=

Cg hejkfc d khrtcg;;;;;


30/562

?: Stjgjzd njvcrshs edrihsnc cxprcsj`

Rrjicrh u`jnhn

Gds hejkfcs sjrvc` phrh

j`edrihr h ghs pcrsd`hsnc su kdiu`jnhn,kdgcljd d gdkhgjnhn, ypdr cstc idtjvd, cserckuc`tc c`kd`trhrhejkfcs quc njvuglh`khiphhs phrh prcvc`jr

hkkjnc`tcs, kujnhr cgicnjd hiojc`tc,rchgjzhr hktjvjnhncskugturhgcs, ctk.

>. H quj` krcc quc sc njrjlc4

3. Kug krcc quc cs cg prdpsjtd kdiu`jkhtjvd nc cstc hejkfc4

Doscrvc kd` kujnhnd=

Cg hejkfc h`tcrjdr tjc`c vhrjds cgcic`tds quc ncoc doscrvhr y kd`dkcr. Rhrh thgprdpsjtd, rcspd`nh ghs sjlujc`tcs prclu`ths=

8. Xu cgcic`tds nc cstc hejkfc gc gghih` gh htc`kj`4

?. Kd`sjncrh quc gh j`edrihkj` cs `ckcshrjh d pcrtj`c`tc4

;. Xu dpj`h nc gds kdgdrcs, ghs gctrhs y cg njoumd4


31/562

;2^rh`sedricids Cnukh`nd 3rch Gc`luhmc y Kdiu`jkhkj`

8. Cghodrc u` hejkfc phrh jèdrihr sdorc hglu`h hktjvjnhn jipdrth`tc quc su kd-iu`jnhn ncoh kd`dkcr1 c` cg sjlujc`tc csphkjd rchgjkc u` odkctd ncg hejkfc.

?. Kucgluc su hejkfc c` u` gulhr hprdpjhnd phrh quc tdnds gd vch` y rckjoh`

gh jèdrihkj`.

?????

Rhrh cghodrhr u` hejkfc...

tc`lh c` kuc`th gds sjlujc`tcs phsds=

Doscrvc h su hgrcncndr y ousquc njstj`tds hejkfcs.

Jnc`tjejquc c` edrih kghrh, cg ic`shmc quc ncsch kdiu`jkhr.

Ncej`h cg thihd ncg hejkfc y gds rckursds quc tjc`c phrh fhkcrgd.

Nurh`tc gh cghodrhkj` ncg hejkfc=

H`tcs nc cghodrhr cg hejkfc=

Cskrjoh u` tcxtd orcvc y sc`kjggd quc gghic gh htc`kj` ncg gcktdr. [j cs `ckcshrjd, prckjsc hglu`ds nhtds c` cg hejkfc kdid= gulhr, nh,

fdrh, ctk. [cgckkjd`c cg njoumd quc pucnc ggcvhr su hejkfc, nc hkucrnd kd` cg

ic`shmc quc qujcrc trh`sijtjr. Njstrjouyh gds cgcic`tds cskrjtds y lrejkds (njoumds), nc ih`crh

drlh`jzhnh y hri`jkh.

Ncspus nc cghodrhrgd, vcrjejquc sj=

[u hejkfc kuipgc kd` cg domctjvd prdpucstd.

[c vc u` kd`mu`td drlh`jzhnd y htrhktjvd.

Gh drtdlrheh cs kdrrckth.

Gh jèdrihkj` quc j`kguyc cs kghrh y prckjsh.


32/562

;8 Stjgjzd njvcrshs edrihsnc cxprcsj`

Rrjicrh u`jnhn


Rrjicrh u`jnhn

Lcri` Cspj`dshLcri` Cspj`dshLcri` Cspj`dshLcri` Cspj`dshLcri` Cspj`dsh;;;;;

>>>>>Hipgjcids ucstrdfdrjzd tc gjtcrhrjd

[jlhids kd`dkjc`nd u` pdkd is ncg lrh` cskrjtdr, drluggd khrthlc`crd,Lcri` Cspj`dsh euc u` dvcgjsth, kuc`tjsth, pdcth y c`shyjsth kdgdiojh`dnc lrh` jipdrth`kjh.

Lcri` Cspj`dsh (8:;6-?222), dtrhs dorhs c` vcrsd eucrd` Gjord nckd`murds (8::8) d Xujc` sc hgcmh sdy yd (?228).

Hncis nc pdcihs cskrjoj c`shyds ejgdsej-kds y gjtcrhrjds kdid Gujs K. Gpcz (8:6:),Lujggcrid Uhgc`kjh (8:6:), Gh gjcorc c` gh gu`h

(8::2), Gh cgjpsc nc gh kdndr`jz (?222) y Cgsucd tjkd c` Htc`hs y dtrhs prdshs (?22;).

8 Rhrh gh kd`strukkj` nc csth ojdlrheh sc tdi kdid ohsc ghssjlujc`tcs euc`tcs= fttp=//www.kdgdiojhhprc`nc.cnu.kd/ftig/fdic/83:?/hrtjkgc-8638:;.ftigfttp=//www.ij`cnukhkjd`.ldv.kd/85?8/hrtjkgc-86;:5?.ftigfttp=//ihcstrdcspj`dsh.ogdlspdt.kdi/?22:/2;/cg-kuc`td-c`-cspj`dsh.ftig


33/562

;?^rh`sedricids Cnukh`nd 3rch Gc`luhmc y Kdiu`jkhkj`

C` ?22;, puogjk Gh vcrnhn sch njkfh u` tdid nc icidrjhs.

S`h nc sus dorhs nc lrh` jipdrth`kjh cs Gh tcmcndrh nc kdrd`hs (8:6?),sth sc fh kd`sjncrhnd u`h nc ghs kuhtrd icmdrcs dvcghs kdgdiojh`hs nc

gh fjstdrjh. Nc fckfd, gh Drlh`jzhkj` nc ghs @hkjd`cs S`jnhs phrh ghCnukhkj`, gh Kjc`kjh y gh Kugturh (S@C[KD) gh j`kguy c` su gjsth ncdorhs rcprcsc`thtjvhs nc ghs gctrhs fuih`hs y cg Ij`jstcrjd nc gh Kugturhnc Erh`kjh gc dtdrl c` ?22> cg ttugd nc Khohggcrd nc gh Drnc` nc ghs

Hrtcs y nc ghs Gctrhs.

Rhrtc nc sus dorhs fh` sjnd trhnukjnhs hg hgci`, hg erh`ks, hg j`lgs, hgkdrch`d y hg kfj`d.

C` fdic`hmc h cstc lrh`njdsd cskrjtdr hktuhgic`tc sc ggcvh h khod cg^crkcr Kd`kursd @hkjd`hg nc Kuc`td.

Hglu`hs nc sus dorhs, hphrtc nc ghs yh `diorhnhs, sd`=

Gds kdrtcmds ncg njhogd (`dvcgh, 8:


34/562

;; Stjgjzd njvcrshs edrihsnc cxprcsj`

Rrjicrh u`jnhn

Stjgjzd njvcrshs edrihsnc cxprcsj`

Rrjicrh u`jnhn

;;

Xujc` sc hgcmh sdy yd>

Ghtc`tcs, iustjds c` gh sdiorh j`sdi`c

ijs pc`shijc`tds. [gd u` tcùc rujndic ggclh nc gh `dkfc quc kdojmhtdnds gds hstrds. Cs thg vcz cg gcvcrckfj`hr ncg pgh`cth quc, pcshnd,

sc idvjgjzh jìc`shic`tc. Hrkhjkdrujnd quc, pdr kdstuiorc, yh d dids.Nchiough` pdr ij ic`tc ghs jilc`cs

nc gd quc yh `d pund scr, ghs vh`hs

gckkjd`cs nc gh rhojh y gh jipdtc`kjh.Cg dgdr nc u`h egdr mhis hojcrth1gh rjsh nc u`ds ghojds hldsthndsth` sgd c` egdr1 cg ehtjlhnd gjord

quc hodrt gh j`ndgc`kjh1 cg vhgs hzugù`kh ohjghnd1 cg vjhmc quc erustrhrd`

ghs vucgths pcrclrj`hs nc gh vjnh

Zh tdnd sc hidtj`h c` gh icidrjh,ic rcspd`shojgjzh ncg vhkd,ncg `d scr, nc su k`khvd usueruktd.

Z qu fh nc fhkcr cg fdiorc hg quc cg rckucrndnc nhs j`fdgghnds yh cìdfckc,

sj`d c`kc`ncr gh guz, jrsc hg kh`shndiojtd nc gh hnusth ojogjdtckh

y ciodrrd`hr phpcg sdorc gh icsh

nc hrditjkd kcnrd, cg orcvc csphkjdc` quc sus sucds, `ckcshrjhic`tc,

pucnc` kdorhr gh edrih nc u` ncstj`d4

> Kjthnd c`= fttp=//www.cskrjtdrlcrih`cspj`dsh.kdi/pdcsjhqujc`schgcmhsdyyd.ftig


35/562

;>^rh`sedricids Cnukh`nd 3rch Gc`luhmc y Kdiu`jkhkj`

J`vcstjluc u` pdcih d u` erhlic`td nc hglu`h dorh nc u`d nc gds cskrjtdrcskhrthlc`crds d nc Odgvhr, kdid Kh`ncghrjd Docsd, Mdrlc Hrtcg, d kuhgqujcr dtrdhutdr d hutdrh nc jipdrth`kjh phrh gh rclj`. Cskrohgd c` su kuhncr`d.

88888

Hrfjvd\jajpcnjh

Kh`ncghrjd Docsd

EdtdKrjstdohgEcr`h`n

dRrcz


36/562


Rrjicrh u`jnhn

C` ucstrh vjnh kdtjnjh`h nhids di-orc h iukfds domctds, pcrsd`hs, h`j-ihgcs. Kugcs sd` gds `diorcs iskdiu`cs nc ghs pcrsd`hs nc su kdiu-

`jnhn4 Csds `diorcs thioj` sc ggh-ih` susth`tjvds.

Cg susth`tjvd cs gh phghorh quc ncsjl`hpcrsd`hs, h`jihgcs d kdshs y pdr csdthioj` sc gc gghih diorc. C` gh drh-kj`, cs gh phghorh is jipdrth`tc pdr-quc tjc`c vhrjhs eu`kjd`cs= sumctd,

prcnjkhnd, trij`d y kdipgcic`td.

Kugcs sd` gds `diorcsis kdiu`cs nc ghs pcrsd`hs

nc su kdiu`jnhn4

33333 Cg susth tjvd


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Kdgcktjvdskuh`nd `diorh` h u` kd`mu`td nc pcrsd`hs,h`jihgcs d kdshs1 pdr cmcipgd= cqujpd, odsquc,lc`tc, vhmjggh.

^c`lh c` kuc`th quc=

Rrdpjds

Hostrhktds

Kdiu`cs

kuh`nd ncsjl`h` jnchs, sc`tjijc`tds y sjtuhkjd`cs1pdr cmcipgd= ogh`kurh, od`nhn, qujctun, cipum`.

kuh`nd sc rcejcrc` h gds diorcs lc`rjkds nc ghspcrsd`hs, gds h`jihgcs y ghs kdshs1 pdr cmcipgd=fdiorc, pcrrd, gghvc.

kuh`nd ncsjl`h` gds diorcs nc pcrsd`hs, h`jih-gcs d gulhrcs1 pdr cmcipgd= Muh`, rdsay, Khrthlc`h.

Kghscs nc susth`tjvds

Cg sumctd nc gh drhkj` pucnc scr u` susth`tjvd cxprcsd(sc njkc), d tkjtd (sc c`tjc`nc).

Gh drhkj` pucnc tc`cr u`d d is susth`tjvds, sc-l` ghs eu`kjd`cs quc `ckcsjtc phrh tc`cr sc`tjndkdipgctd.


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;< Stjgjzd njvcrshs edrihsnc cxprcsj`

Rrjicrh u`jnhn

Uchids hglu`ds cmcipgds=

Hfdrh, ijrcids dtrds cmcipgds=

Cg gjord tc`h ghs fdmhs vjcmhs.

C` gh h`tcrjdr drhkj`, fhy nds susth`tjvds= GJO_D cs sumctd y FDMH[ cskdipgcic`td.

Gh ojkjkgcth cs u`h iquj`h sjipgc.

C gh h`tcrjdr drhkj , fhy nds susth tjvds=OJKJKGC^Hcs sumctd y IXSJ-@Hcs prcnjkhnd.

Gh khijscth ncg cqujpd nc etodg cs gh nc Kdgdiojh.

C` csth drhkj`, c`kd`trhids kuhtrd susth`tjvds= KHIJ[C^Hcs su-mctd, CXSJRD cskdipgcic`td, E^ODG cs kdipgcic`td y KD-GDIOJHcs prcnjkhnd.

Gh cskucgh nc ij vcrcnh qucnh gcmds ncg pucogd.

C` csth drhkj`, c`kd`trhids trcs susth`tjvds= C[KSCGHcs sumctd,

UC_CNHcs kdipgcic`td y RSCOGD cs kdipgcic`td.

Cg pcskhndr euc hg rd h ouskhr su hthrrhyh.

C` csth drhkj` c`kd`trhids kuhtrd susth`tjvds= RC[KHND_ cs su-mctd, _D cs kdipgcic`td, OS[KH_ cs trij`d y H^H__HZHcskdipgcic`td.


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[umctd

Cs cg susth`tjvd quc rchgjzh d suerc gh hkkj`ncg vcrod. Rucnc scr cxprcsd (sc njkc), dtkjtd (sc c`tjc`nc). Cmcipgds=Cg pcrrd gh-nrh (cxprcsd). Gcd rpjnd (sc c`tjc`nc qucyd gcd).

RrcnjkhndCs cg susth`tjvd quc cxprcsh u`h khrhktcrstjkhncg sumctd pdr icnjd ncg vcrod scr. Cmcipgd=Khrgds cs cstunjh`tc.

^rij`d

Cs cg susth`tjvd quc sc kdgdkh ncspus nc u`hprcpdsjkj`. Cmcipgds= Zd cstunjd nc `dkfc.Cg tcxtd sjrvc phrh h`hgjzhr (cg vcrod c`j`ej`jtjvd cs susth`tjvd pdrquc cs cg `diorcnc gh hkkj`).

Kdipgcic`td

Cs cg susth`tjvd quc hkghrh u`h khrhktcrstjkhnc dtrd susth`tjvd d suerc d hipgh cg sjl`jej-khnd ncg vcrod. Cmcipgds= Odldt, khpjthg ncKdgdiojh. Cg lhtd ococ gckfc. Gh khrth ggclh`dkfc. Cg rclhgd quc gc nj h ij ihi.

_ckucrnc=


40/562

;: Stjgjzd njvcrshs edrihsnc cxprcsj`

Rrjicrh u`jnhn

88888

[uorhyc gds [S[^H@^JUD[ nc ghs sjlujc`tcs drhkjd`cs=

8. Cg kdrhz` cs u` iskugd ncg thihdncg pud quc odioch sh`lrc h tdnd cg

kucrpd.

?. Cg cmcrkjkjd icmdrh gh shgun nc gds iskugds.

;. Cg khrpj`tcrd tdi gh ihncrh ncg rodg y kd`cggh fjzd gh icsh.

>. Gh id`thh crh nc u` ocggd kdgdr vcrnc c`ghs fdrhs nc gh ihh`h.

3. [jgvjh cskrjoj gh khrth c` gh kuhg sc sdgjkjth hgrcktdr u` tcgcvjsdr phrh gh cskucgh.

5. Cg khohggd crh nc kdgdr hzhohkfc y sus dmdsijcg j`tc`sd.


41/562

>2^rh`sedricids Cnukh`nd 3rch Gc`luhmc y Kdiu`jkhkj`

55555Gh gc luhRhgc qucrh3

3 Rhrh gh kd strukkj` nc cstc khptugd sc tdihrd` kdid ohsc ghs sjlujc`tcs euc tcs=

E_JKH C@ KDGDIOJH.Khrthlc`h nc J`njhs= puc`tc c`trc erjkh y Kdgdiojh.

fttp=//www.kdgdiojhhprc`nc.cnu.kd/ftig/ct`jhs/852>/hrtjkgc-6?5?5.ftig.Osqucnh rchgjzhnh c` njkjciorc nc ?226.

H@LSGD Xujd`cz, Hgocrtd H`td`jd. (8:::).Idrds c` gh Kdsth. Ujvc`kjh herdkdgdiojh`h c` gh kugturh kdgcktjvh.Ndkc`tcs Cnjtdrcs.Odldt.

HRH_JKJD Ghscr`h, H. ?225. Ihr nc sh`lrc= icidrjhs nc Khrthlc`h. Kugghr Cnjtdrcs, Odldt.

H_DKFH _dnrlucz, Mhjic. 8::6. Lcdlrheh Fuih`h nc Kdgdiojh, Gds Herdkdgdiojh`ds, did UJ. J`stjtutdKdgdiojh`d nc Kugturh Fjsp`jkh. Odldt N.K.

H_DKFH _, Mhjic. DIOGJLHND[ NC H@H@[C= Fjgds h`kcstrhgcs y idncr`ds c` cg Rhkejkd kdgdiojh`d.Ruogjkhkj` njljthg c` gh plj`h wco nc gh Ojogjdtckh Gujs `lcg Hrh`ld ncg Oh`kd nc gh _cpogjkh. fttp=//www.ghoghh.drl/oghhvjrtuhg/h`trdpdgdljh/diogjl/;.fti#lrh`hnh. Osqucnh rchgjzhnh cg ?6 nc horjg nc ?22:.

H__JHLH Kdpctc, Gjohrnd. (?22?).Ktcnrh nc Cstunjds Herdkdgdiojh`ds. @dkjd`cs cgcic`thgcs y fckfds fjstrjkds quc sc ncoc` kd`dkcr phrhcg ncshrrdggd nc gh Ktcnrh nc Cstunjds Herdkdgdiojh`ds, d gd quc tdnds ncocids shocr sdorc gds `clrds.

Jlhsh.- J`lc`jcrds Lrejkds H`nj`ds [.H. Kdgdiojh.

S` pdkd nc fjstdrjhS` pdkd nc fjstdrjhS` pdkd nc fjstdrjhS` pdkd nc fjstdrjhS` pdkd nc fjstdrjh

Ej`hgjzh`nd cg sjlgd VUJ Csphh kc`tr su htc`kj` c` cg trejkd nc cskghvds quccsthoh c` khoczh nc gds pdrtulucscs, pucstd quc gh ih`d nc dorh j`nlc`h sc fhohnjsij`ujnd kd`sjncrhogcic`tc. Hs quc c` u`h fojg cstrhtcljh pdgtjkh, cg rcy Ecgj-pc JJ h`cx cg tcrrjtdrjd nc Rdrtulhg h gh Kdrd`h csphdgh, hsclurh`nd hs gh suijsj`nc gds gusjth`ds y cg kd`trdg nc su kdicrkjd nc scrcs fuih`ds. Rdkd tjcipd ncspus

Khrthlc`h sc kd`vjrtj c` cg prj`kjphg pucrtd clrcrd nc Hirjkh1 hgg euc prcpd`nc-rh`tc cg kdicrkjd nc cskghvds herjkh`ds, kd`sjncrhnds pdr gds csphdgcs kdid scrcsj`ecrjdrcs.


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>8 Stjgjzd njvcrshs edrihsnc cxprcsj`

Rrjicrh u`jnhn

OD__CLD Rgh, Ihrh ncg Khric` (8: Hodgjkj` nc gh cskghvjtun. Rl. 5< - , [h`tjhld nc Khgj.

D_^J], Ecr`h`nd. Gds clrds Orumds. Cnjtdrjhg Kjc`kjhs sdkjhgcs. Fhoh`h 8::3

RH JD _D[CGGJ, Khrgds. Khipd y thrchs nc gh ct`dgj`lstjkh c` Kdgdiojh. C` Hirjkh @clrh. Rd`tjejkjhS`jvcrsjnhn Mhvcrjh`h. Njkjciorc 8::8 @d ? Odldt, Kdgdiojh.

[@KFC] Gpcz, [h`nrh Ochtrjz. (?225).Ijcnd, ruidr y rcocgj`= gh kd`spjrhkj` cskghvh nc 85:; c` Khrthlc`h nc J`njhs

. _cvjsth @d ;8 cih=Ghs `ucvhs lc`crhkjd`cs y gh fjstdrjh kdgd`jhg Rls.


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>?^rh`sedricids Cnukh`nd 3rch Gc`luhmc y Kdiu`jkhkj`

Kdid kd`sckuc`kjh nc gh hiojkj` csphdgh, gds cskghvds eucrd` utjgjzhnds phrh cgtrhohmd c` ghs tjcrrhs, ghs ij`hs d c` ghs khshs phrh ghodrcs ndistjkhs, sjc`nd sdic-tjnds h su vcz h kd`njkjd`cs j`fuih`hs.

Kdid edrih nc rcsjstc`kjh h gh cskghvjtun, c`trc gds sjlgds VUJ y VUJJ, hlruphkjd`cs

nc `clrds kjihrrd`cs cskhphrd` h gulhrcs j`hkkcsjogcs c` nd`nc sc drlh`jzhrd` ncedrih hut`dih c` phgc`qucs quc kustdnjhoh` y ncec`nh` phrh jipcnjr cg phsd ncgds csphdgcs quc tc`nrh` pdr ej` prjvhrgcs nc `ucvd nc su gjocrthn. C` Khrthlc`hu`d nc gds gncrcs nc cstc idvjijc`td euc Oc`ads Ojdf, qujc` c` kdiphh nc u`lrupd nc kjihrrd`cs kd`sjluj kd` sus gukfhs pcrturohr h gds csphdgcs y gdlrhr quccg rcy nc Csphh cxpjnjcrh c` 85:8 u`h knugh c` gh quc sc gc kd`kcnh gh gjocrthn hgds phgc`qucrds nc gh [jcrrh nc Ihrh.

H pcshr nc gh cxpcnjkj` nc gh knugh nc 85:8, gds csphdgcs j`krcic`thrd` gdshthqucs kd`trh gds phgc`qucs pcrd dhgkh`zhrd` gh vjktdrjh. C` 8


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>; Stjgjzd njvcrshs edrihsnc cxprcsj`

Rrjicrh u`jnhn

Ocàds Ojdf y gds phgc`qucsOcàds Ojdf y gds phgc`qucsOcàds Ojdf y gds phgc`qucsOcàds Ojdf y gds phgc`qucsOcàds Ojdf y gds phgc`qucs

nc Gh Ihtu`h y [h` Ohsjgjd.nc Gh Ihtu`h y [h` Ohsjgjd.nc Gh Ihtu`h y [h` Ohsjgjd.nc Gh Ihtu`h y [h` Ohsjgjd.nc Gh Ihtu`h y [h` Ohsjgjd.

>; Stjgjzd njvcrshs edrihsnc cxprcsj`

Rrjicrh u`jnhn

Kd`dkjnd thioj` kdid Ndij`ld Ojdf, prdvc`jc`tc nc erjkh hg phrc-kcr nc Luj`ch Ojsshu pucs gh rclj` nc Ojdf sc uojkh c` njkfd gulhr.Cstc pcrsd`hmc sc khrhktcrjz pdr scr u` vhgjc`tc lucrrcrd j`kgusd h`tcs ynurh`tc su trhvcsh kdid cskghvd fhkjh Khrthlc`h, pucs sc njkc quc cìcnjd nc sth fuy pcrd euc khpturhnd nc ùcvd.

Csh `d euc gh `jkh eulh nc Ojdf, c` 83:: vdgvj h cskhphr y sc rceulj

c` cg surdrjc`tc nc Khrthlc`h, tdnd phrckc j`njkhr quc cstuvd hkdiph-hnd nc u` kd`sjncrhogc ìcrd nc rcocgncs kd` qujc`cs gdlr ndij-`hr gds Id`tcs nc Ihrh1 kd` gh j`tc`kj` nc kdiohtjr h gds csphdgcsOjdf mu`td kd` qujc`cs gd hkdiphhoh` ggcvhrd` h khod u`h scrjc nccstrhtcljhs, sc uojkhrd` c` gh Kj`hlh nc gh Ihtu`h hndpth`nd icnjnhsquc lhrh`tjzhrd` su pcrih`c`kjh c` cg gulhr, kd`sdgjnhrd` u` cmrkjtd yu`h rcn nc j`tcgjlc`kjh h trhvs nc gh kuhg sc jèdrihoh` hkcrkh nc gds

Csthtuh nc Ocàds Ojdf

Hrkfjvd\

jajpcnjh


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>>^rh`sedricids Cnukh`nd 3rch Gc`luhmc y Kdiu`jkhkj`

fckfds nc gh kjunhn y drlh`jzhoh` cg cskhpc nc `clrds kjihrrd`cs kd`ncstj`d hg phgc`quc c` cg quc sc fhoh` hsc`thnd. Rdr su lrh` khphkjnhnnc gjncrhzld, lh` cg rckd`dkjijc`td y euc kd`sjncrhnd _cy (_cy nc GhIhtu`h, cg lrh` _cy Ojdf, _cy nc Hrkhoukd) c`trc sus fhzhhs sc hpdnc-r nc ghs hrihs nc gds csphdgcs y gds ncshej, gjocr h gds cskghvds hthkh`-nd cg gulhr c` cg quc sc c`kd`trhoh`, kd` gd quc gdlr quc vhrjds schnfjrjcrh` h su cmrkjtd. Gh rcsjstc`kjh h`tjcskghvjsth nc Ojdf idtjv h ghkd`sdgjnhkj` nc dtrds lrupds nc rcocgncs, qujc`cs pcrih`ckjcrd` ejricsc` ghs gukfhs pcsc h gds knjlds quc sc fhoh` jipgcic`thnd phrh gjijthrghs fujnhs nc gds cskghvds.

hgcs fckfds cèurckjcrd` h gds csphdgcs qujc`cs ouskhrd` h tdnh kdsthvc`kcr h Ojdf y sus cmrkjtds, pcrd sus hthqucs erhkhshrd` y tuvjcrd` qucrckd`dkcr gh lrh` eucrzh ijgjthr quc fhoh` hnqujrjnd gds kjihrrd`cs. Hs,cg 86 nc mugjd nc 8523, Lcr`jid nc [uhzd y Khshsdgh tuvd quc fhkcr u`trhthnd nc phz kd` Ocàds Ojdf, c` cg kuhg gc rckd`dkh gh hutd`dih hgRhgc`quc nc Gh Ihtu`h y gc pcrijth h`nhr hrihnd gjorc pdr gh kjunhn, dsgd h g sj`d gds ncis ijciords ncg phgc`quc, cstd h khiojd nc quc dhkcpthrh h is kjihrrd`cs c` cg phgc`quc y thipdkd idtjvhrh sus fujnhs1

c`trc th`td, cg _cy nc Gh Ihtu`h prdfoc gh prcsc`kjh nc csphdgcs kd`hrihs c` cg gulhr, kdid edrih nc prcvc`jr gds hthqucs, gd quc `d qujcrcnckjr quc ncmhrh nc ih`tc`crsc hgcrth. Rcsc hg trhthnd prcsc`thnd, sgdfhsth 858? c` cg ldojcr`d nc Njcld Ecr``ncz nc Ucghskd gh phz sc kd`-krct, pcrd c` 858: cg hkucrnd euc ncsdocnckjnd pdr gds csphdgcs,qujc`cs pdr rnc`cs ncg ldocr`hndr Lhrkh Ljr` njcrd` iucrtc h Ojdf,sukcsd quc hkd`tckj cg 85 nc ihrzd nc 85?8.

Gds cèrc`thijc`tds nc Gh Ihtu`h y cg phktd nc phz gdlrhnd c` u` prjicridic`td, prdnumd gh drlh`jzhkj` nc kjihrrd`cs quc kd`tjùhrd` kd` gdscèrc`thijc`tds c` ncec`sh nc su gjocrthn. Rdr cstc idtjvd, sc pucncnckjr quc gds cskghvds quc fuycrd` h gds phgc`qucs c` gds Id`tcs ncIhrh y kd`sdgjnhrd` lrupds phrh ncec`ncrsc nc gds htrdpcggds h gds quccsthoh` sdictjnds sjlujcrd` gh jihlc` nc Ojdf y pdr cstd cs pdsjogckd`sjncrhrgds ncskc`njc`tcs ncg ijsid.

>>^rh`sedricids Cnukh`nd 3rch Gc`luhmc y Kdiu`jkhkj`


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>3 Stjgjzd njvcrshs edrihsnc cxprcsj`

Rrjicrh u`jnhn

C`trc ghs kd`trhvc`kjd`cs h gds trhthnds hkdrnhnds phrh gh gjocrhkj` nccskghvds sc lc`crhrd` vjdgc`tds c`erc`thijc`tds c` nd`nc gds kjihrrd-`cs, quc fhoh` j`krcic`thnd, sjlujcrd` ejrics c` sus kd`vjkkjd`cs y

hkkjd`cs. C` icnjd nc csth sjtuhkj` muclh u` phpcg jipdrth`tc cg dojspdnc Khrthlc`h quc crh erhy H`td`jd Ihrh Khssjh`j, pucs c` 83 Stjgjzd njvcrshs edrihsnc cxprcsj`

Rrjicrh u`jnhn

Ihfhtcs, Odgvhr

Jihlc`tdihnhihfhtcs-odgjvh

r.ldv.kd


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Cg Rhgc`qucrd, u`h gc`luh krjdggh ncg Khrjoc< Stjgjzd njvcrshs edrihsnc cxprcsj`

Rrjicrh u`jnhn

Csths ehijgjhs cxtc`njnhs trhohmh` kdgcktjvh y kdiu`jthrjhic`tc gh tjcrrhquc sc hsuic kdid phrtc nc su scr y su prdpjcnhn cs cij`c`tcic tcehijgjhr, trhsijtj`ndsc nc lc`crhkj` c` lc`crhkj`, hkunjc`nd phrhcggd h edrihs murnjkhs prdpjhs quc tjc`c` kdid sdpdrtc prj`kjphg cgnjgdld c` gh rcsdgukj` nc gds kd`egjktds quc sc prcsc`th`. Gd isncsthkhogc c` gds v`kugds kd` gh tjcrrh cs gh hrid`h y trhtd rcspctudsd, gdkuhg cxprcsh thioj` ghs rcghkjd`cs fdrjzd`thgcs kd` gh ihnrc hturhgczhquc sc kd`kjoc kdid u` tdnd, sjc`nd phrtc nc csc tdnd cg fdiorcherdkhrjocd.

Drjc`th csth hrid`h kd` gh `hturhgczh gh sgjnh rcgjljdsjnhn quc sc hgj-

ic`th nc ghs ncjnhncs herjkh`hs ydruohs kd` sus rcspcktjvhs mcrhrquhs yeu`kjd`cs, sjc`nd ghs is jipdrth`tc= Dohthg, Kfh`ld, Je, Dsfd y Dl`,ghs kuhgcs hsjl`h` h ghs rcgjljd`cs herjkh`hs c` lc`crhg u` sc`tjnd nc vjnhgjlhnd `tjihic`tc kd` gh kdtjnjh`jnhn ncg fdiorc y su prhxjs sdkjhg.6

Csth rcgjljdsjnhn Herdkhrjoch h`jih gds vcgdrjds y gds rjtuhgcs quc sc rch-gjzh` u`h vcz ehggckc gh pcrsd`h, sjc`nd cg khojgnd nc Guiohg su ihydrcxprcsj` y cmcipgd yh quc ds rcid`th thioj` h gh krcc`kjh c` cg is

hgg quc cs u`h hktjtun rckdljnh nc gds h`kcstrds cljpkjds c j`kgusjvc dtrhskugturhs drjc`thgcs. hioj` cst prcsc`tc c` ghs prhktjkhs icnjkj`hgcstrhnjkjd`hgcs quc rcqujcrc` ncg sckrctd kd`tc`jnd c` ghs drhkjd`cs yrczds ih`cmhnds pdr cg shojd nc gh kdiu`jnhn icnjkd trhnjkjd`hg, gdskuhgcs sc trhsijtc` h trhvs nc gh trhnjkj` drhg y pcnhlljkh quc sctjc`c.

Ncsnc cg pu`td nc vjsth gj`lstjkd, c` cg Khrjoc kdgdiojh`d c`kd`trhids

nds gc`luhs krjdgghs= Gh phgc`qucrh y gh Gc`luh krjdggh [h`h`nrcsh`h qucsc fhogh c` cg ncphrthic`td nc [h` H`nrs y prdvjnc`kjh. Csths gc`luhstjc`c` c` kdi` su prdkcnc`kjh herjkh`h y sc njecrc`kjh` c` gh ohscnjhgckthg quc gc sjrvc kdid sdpdrtc.

6 Drtjz Ecr`h`nd. Gds clrds Orumds. Cnjtdrjhg Kjc`kjhs sdkjhgcs. Fhoh`h 8::3


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Cg krjdggd [h`h`nrcsh`d cs fcrih`d nc u` kd`mu`td nc njhgcktds krjdggd-j`lgcscs ncg Khrjoc y nc erjkh dkkjnc`thg. Nc ih`crh is cstrckfh cstrcghkjd`hnd kd` gds njhgcktds sjijghrcs ncg Khrjoc Dkkjnc`thg kdid sd`

gds nc Mhihjkh, Ocgjkc, ghs Jsghs Khji`, gh kdsth nc Ijsqujtds, gh prdvj`-kjh nc Gji` c` Kdsth _jkh, Odkhs ncg drd y Rh`hi. Gh pcrtc`c`kjh ncgkrjdggd jsgcd kdgdiojh`d h csths ehijgjhs gj`lstjkhs nc ohsc gxjkh j`lgc-sh sc ncoc, h ghs kjrku`sth`kjhs fjstrjkhs ncg hrkfjpjghld.:

Cg Rhgc`qucrd cs u`h gc`luh krjdggh nc ohsc csphdgh kd` vcstjljds ncsustrhtd herjkh`d c` gh lrhitjkh y ed`dgdlh. Rhtjd hsclurh quc cg krjdggdRhgc`qucrd, cs u`h gc`luh prdnuktd ncg pjnlj` quc sc prdnumd c`trc ghs

gc`luhs herjkh`hs y cg pdrtulus y `hkj c`trc gds sjlgds VU y VUJ. Nc cshgc`luh nc kd`thktd, pjnlj` Herdpdrtulus sc ncrjvhrd` tdnhs ghs gc`-luhs krjdgghs ncg erjkh c` cg Htg`tjkd y cg Khrjoc. S`h gc`luh krjdgghkdcxjstc kd` dtrhs gc`luhs, c` sthtus j`ecrjdr, c` gh ihydrh nc gds khsds.82

Gh gc`luh krjdggh phgc`qucrh, nc cstrukturh y ed`tjkh fcrcnhnh ncg oh`ty u` vdkhoughrjd, tdih-nd, c` lrh` phrtc, ncg

csphdg, cs u`h gc`luhsjipgc, sc`kjggh, rclughry ckd`ijkh. [c cxprc-sh c` kd` lcstds, phgh-orhs y rjtid phrhkdiu`jkhr gh kuhgjnhndrhg vjsuhg kd` rjtidihrkhnd pdr cg pcrku-

tjr nc gds thiodrcs ncgh kugturh phgc`qucrh.

: Rhtjd _dscggj Khrgds. Khipd y thrchs nc gh ct`dgj`lstjkh c` Kdgdiojh. C` Hirjkh@clrh. Rd`tjejkjh S`jvcrsjnhn Mhvcrjh`h. Njkjciorc 8::8 @d ? Odldt, Kdgdiojh.

82 Jojn



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>: Stjgjzd njvcrshs edrihsnc cxprcsj`

Rrjicrh u`jnhn

88 Gds tcxtds y erhlic`tds nc gds ijsids h gds quc sc fhkc rcecrc`kjh sc tdihrd` tcxtuhg-ic`tc nc= Njcka, Ihrjh``c. Krjdggstjkh Herdkdgdiojh`h C`= Lcdlrheh Fuih`h ncKdgdiojh, Gds Herdkdgdiojh`ds, (?222) did UJ. J`stjtutd kdgdiojh`d nc h`trdpdgdlhc fjstdrjh JKH@F Cnjtdrjhg drjlj`hg= J`stjtutd Kdgdiojh`d nc Kugturh Fjsp`jkh. Odldt.Ruogjkhkj` njljthg c` gh plj`h wco nc gh Ojogjdtckh Gujs `lcg Hrh`ld ncg Oh`kd nc gh_cpogjkh. fttp=//www.ghoghh.drl/oghhvjrtuhg/lcdlrhejh/herd/krjdggj8.fti Osqucnh rchgj-

zhnh cg ?6 nc horjg nc ?22:.

8? Uhsc Iclc``cy, do. kjt.. Cxjstc thioj` u`h kd`trhnjkkj` c`trc ghs cvjnc`kjhs fjst-rjkhs y ghs gj`lstjkhs= C` tdthg, phrckc quc gh ihydr phrtc nc gds ndkuic`tds fjstrjkdshpu`th hg fckfd nc quc fuod u`h ihydrh nc cskghvds ggclhnh nc gh rclj` sunh`csh hKdgdiojh, ijc`trhs quc ghs prucohs gj`lstjkhs nciucstrh` ihydr jiphktd nc phrtc ncgds clrds nc fhogh oh`t. Iclc``cy, do. kjt., p. 2) Ncg Khstjggd(8:6?, do.kjt.) hejrih quc is nc gh tcrkcrh phrtc nc gds cskghvds ggclhnds h Khrthlc`hprdkcnh` nc gh rclj` nc H`ldgh y Kd`ld y fhoghoh` gc`luhs oh`ts.

Hglu`hs khrhktcrstjkhs nc gh gc`luh krjdggh phgc`qucrh

Rhrh prdeu`njzhr c` ghs khrhktcrstjkhs gxjkhs nc gh gc`luh krjdgghphgc`qucrh h kd`tj`uhkj` sc prcsc`th` gds hpdrtcs nc gh gj`ljsth Ihrjh``cNjcka c` su tcxtd nc Krjdggstjkh Herdkdgdiojh`h88, cspckejkhic`tc hg-lu`ds erhlic`tds ncg khptugd Gh Gc`luh nc Rhgc`quc y cg tcxtd kdi-pgctd nc @dths [dkjdgj`lstjkhs rcecrc`tc h njkfd tcih.

Hu`quc cs iuy njekjg nctcrij`hr gh prdkcnc`kjh cxhkth nc gds herjkh`dsquc ggclhrd` h Khrthlc`h c` gh pdkh krukjhg nc gh edrihkj` nc gdsphgc`qucs ncojnd h gh cskhscz y hg khrktcr c` phrtc kd`trhnjktdrjd nc

gds ndkuic`tds fjstrjkds8?

, fhy u` kd`sc`sd c` gh hktuhgjnhn c`trc gdscspckjhgjsths c` kuh`td h hsuijr u`h eucrtc j`eguc`kjh nc hglu`hs gc`luhsnc gh ehijgjh oh`t, kdid cg ajad`ld y cg ajiou`nu, quc ncmhrd` fucgghsgcxjkhgcs ohsth`tc kghrhs c` gh gc`luh phgc`qucrh8;. Hglu`ds vdkhogds ncprdohogc drjlc` oh`t sd`, pdr cmcipgd=`ldioc (lh`hnd, rcs), id`(`jd, `jh), gds prd`diorcs c` (ustcncs) y h` (cggds, cgghs), cgihrkhndr nc pgurhg ih y dtrds.

>: Stjgjzd njvcrshs edrihsnc cxprcsj`

Rrjicrh u`jnhn


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C` cg pgh`d e`jkd, cg phgc`qucrd d sc njecrc`kjh ihydric`tc ncg csph-dg kdstcd, h `d scr pdr cg rhsld nc gh prc`hshgjzhkj`, nc prcsuijogcdrjlc` herjkh`d. Cstc ec`ic`d sc rchgjzh h prj`kjpjd nc phghorh, ncgh`tc

nc kjcrths kd`sd`h`tcs, j.c. gh /n/, gh /l/, y, kd` ic`dr erckuc`kjh, gh /o/(cs nckjr, ghs dkgusjvhs sd`drhs). Hglu`ds cmcipgds sd`8>=

`nugd (nurd) `nh (nhr)`nd (nds) `nrui (ndrijr)`lh` (lh`hr) luo (ih`)

Gh prc`hshgjzhk` `d cs dogjlhtdrjh c` cg kd`tcxtd ed`dgljkd nc ghs

dkgusjvhs sd`drhs, pucs thioj` sc c`kuc`trh` phghorhs quc cipjczh`pdr cstds ed`cihs y quc `d prcsc`th` cstc rhsld.

Cg phgc`qucrd pdscc, kdid tdnh gc`luh krjdggh, u`hs ihrkhs nc tjcipd,idnhgjnhn y hspcktd quc sc h`tcpd`c` hg vcrod, quc pcrih`ckc prktj-khic`tc j`vhrjhogc. C` gh drhkj`=

acoh auic ah`c

(yd ^ I H / ^ kdicr khr-`c)(yd fuojcrh kdijnd khr`c)

gh phrtkugh cs gh ihrkhtcipdrhg nc h`tcrjdrjnhn,gh phrtkugh a cs gh ihr-kh idnhg nc jrrchgjnhn, y

gh phrtkugh fh cs gh ihr-kh nc hspcktd jipcrecktj-vd y nc h`tcrjdrjnhn hg

8> C` gh trh`skrjpkj` nc iucstrhs nc phgc`qucrd sc ushr u` sjstcih drtdlrejkd ohshnd c`cg nc Rhtjd (8:6;), do. kjt., (...) sjtuhnd h icnjd khij`d c`trc gh rcprcsc`thkj` ed`-tjkh y gh ed`ijkh (...) p. 6:.




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38 Stjgjzd njvcrshs edrihsnc cxprcsj`

Rrjicrh u`jnhn

ijsid tjcipd. Csth gtjih ihrkh pucnc kdgdkhrsc thioj` ncspus ncgvcrod, sj` hgtcrhr hphrc`tcic`tc cg sjl`jejkhnd nc gh drhkj`= a auicoh ah`c

Dtrh nc ghs khrhktcrstjkhs kdiu`cs h ghs ncis gc`luhs krjdgghs quc prc-sc`th cg phgc`qucrd cs gh husc`kjh nc dpdsjkjd`cs idredgljkhs nc l`c-rd. h`td cg hrtkugd j`nctcrij`hnd u`83 kdid gds prd`diorcs y gdshnmctjvds, tjc`c` u`h sdgh edrih j`vhrjhogc, `cutrh c` kuh`td h l`crdlrhihtjkhg=

u` diorc u` ium

(u` fdiorc) (u`h iumcr)cgc pucnc scr g d cgghscl` cg kd`tcxtdh` pucnc scr cggds d cgghs1cgc adm u` gdsh `lh`nsjid(g/cggh kdljd u`h rdzh (kdsckfh lrh`nsjih)

Cg pgurhg sc ihrkh c` phgc`qucrd u`h sdgh vcz, kdid c` gh ihydrh nc ghs

gc`luhs krjdgghs, kd` gh phrtjkugh ih h`tcpucsth hg cgcic`td quc pgurhgjzh=

ih pucaad aui csd(gds pucrkds sc kdijcrd` csd,)u` ih id`hsjtd thoh trdipj(u`ds iukfhkfds csthoh` pcgch`nd)Gds prd`diorcs pdscsjvds sc pdstpd`c` hg `diorc, kdid sukcnc c`dtrhs gc`luhs krjdgghs (pdr cmcipgd c` gh nc Fhjt)=

ad`dsc Rhiocg auid pgh`th ih`d i(yd kd`dzkd h Rhiocg kdid gh pgh`th nc ij ih`d)pcrd od tc` auij`h s(pcrd tu tjc`cs tu kdijnh)


Rrjicrh u`jnhn

83 Cg hrtkugd nctcrij`hnd sc rchgjzh pdr icnjd nc gh ihrkh kcrd, cs nckjr `d hphrckc=pjclrh (gh pjcnrh) vs - u` pjclrh (u`h pjcnrh).


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3?^rh`sedricids Cnukh`nd 3rch Gc`luhmc y Kdiu`jkhkj`

Gh `clhkjd` `d sjluc cg phtr` nc gh ihydrh nc ghs gc`luhs krjdgghs, c`ghs kuhgcs cg cgcic`td `clhtjvd yh h`tcs ncg kdipgcmd vcrohg. C`phgc`qucrd, gh phrtkugh clhtjvh ù sc kdgdkh drihgic`tc hg ej`hg nc

gh drhkj`, kdid c` tc` ac prc`n giphrh,pdlac tc` au a phl g ù(tc`ld quc prc`ncr gh giphrh (nc lhs)pdrquc d tc`ld kd` qu phlhr gh guz)C` ghs drhkjd`cs jipcrhtjvhs, sj` ciohrld, sc ush gh ndogc `clhkj` (ghprjicrh h`tcs ncg vcrod y gh sclu`nh hg ej`hg nc gh drhkj`)=ù aui csc pcahd u! 85

Ghs kd`strukkjd`cs phsjvhs y rcegcxjvhs d cxjstc` c` phgc`qucrd, khrhk-tcrstjkh quc kdiphrtc kd` ghs nc`shs gc`luhs krjdgghs.

Gh h`tcrjdr cxpdsjkj` nc hglu`ds rhslds sdorcshgjc`tcs nc gh lrhitjkhphgc`qucrh `d prctc`nc. cvjnc`tcic`tc, scr cxfhustjvh, sj`d schghrpdr qu csth gc`luhfh sjnd khthgdlhnh

kdid krjdggh y ids-trhr fhsth qu pu`-td sc hgcmh nc scrsgd u` csphdgkdrrdipjnd8^rh`sedricids Cnukh`nd 3rch Gc`luhmc y Kdiu`jkhkj`

?????

H phrtjr nc gh gckturh c j tcrprcthkj` nc ghs sjlujc`tcs sjtuhkjd`cs, cghodrc gds njgdlds ncgds pcrsd`hmcs. Gucld, kdiphrc y kdic`tc sus njgdlds kd` gds nc sus kdiphcrds/hs.

88888

8. Cskrjoh` ghs cxprcsjd`cs quc kd`dkc` nc gh gc`luh krjdggh phgc`qucrh.?. Xu rcprcsc`th`tcs nc gh gc`luh krjdggh phgc`qucrh kd`dkc`4 Cskrjoh` cg di-

orc nc hutdrcs, kh`th`tcs, kh`thdrhs, hrtjsths, ctk.

C` suolrupds

Edtd

KrjstdohgEcr`h`ndRcrz


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Rrjicrh u`jnhn


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88888

8. Cghodrc drhkjd`cs sjipgcs y kdipucsths.

?. [uorhyc kd` kdgdr hzug cg sumctd y kd` kdgdr vcrnc cg prcnjkhnd nc ghsijsih.

Uchids hglu`ds cmcipgds=

Cg jd nucric c` su ku`h.C` csth drhkj`, c`kd`trhids u` vcrod kd`mulhnd NSC_IC quc cs cg `kgcd ncg

prcnjkhnd= NSC_IC C@ [S KS@H. Rdr gd th`td, cs u`h drhkj` sjipgc.Cg khohggd crh j`ndihogc.

C` csth drhkj`, c`kd`trhids u` vcrod kd`mulhnd C_H quc cs cg `kgcd ncgprcnjkhnd= C_H J@NDIHOGC. Rdr gd th`td, cs u`h drhkj` sjipgc.

Gds cstunjh`tcs hprc`nc` csphdg.C` csth drhkj`, c`kd`trhids u` vcrod kd`mulhnd HR_C@NC@ quc cs cg `kgcd

ncg prcnjkhnd= HR_C@NC@ C[RHDG. Rdr gd th`td, cs u`h drhkj` sjipgc.Muh`h kh`th y gh prdecsdrh gcc.C` csth drhkj`, c`kd`trhids nds vcrods kd`mulhnds KH@^Hy GCC quc sd` `-kgcds nc nds prcnjkhnds kd` sus kdrrcspd`njc`tcs sumctds=MSH@Hy GH R_DEC-[D_H. Rdr gd th`td, cs u`h drhkj` kdipucsth.

Ehocr cst c` cg kdgcljd y @hthgjh cst c` gh kghsc nc `hthkj`.C` csth drhkj`, c`kd`trhids nds vckcs cg ijsid vcrod kd`mulhnd= C[^quc cs

`kgcd ncnds prcnjkhnds kd` sus kdrrcspd`njc`tcs sumctds= EHOC_ y @H^HGJH.Rdr gd th`td, cs u`h drhkj` kdipucsth.

Rcnrd muclh etodg c` cg phrqucy Muh` cstunjh ihtcitjkhs c` su khsh.

C` csth drhkj`, c`kd`trhids nds vcrods kd`mulhnds= MSCLH y C[^SNJHkd` suskdrrcspd`njc`tcs sumctds=RCN_D y MSH@. Rdr gd th`td, cs u`h drhkj` kdi-pucsth.


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3< Stjgjzd njvcrshs edrihsnc cxprcsj`

Rrjicrh u`jnhn

Cxpgdrc sus shocrcs prcvjds=Cxpgdrc sus shocrcs prcvjds=Cxpgdrc sus shocrcs prcvjds=Cxpgdrc sus shocrcs prcvjds=Cxpgdrc sus shocrcs prcvjds=

C` edrih j`njvjnuhg, cskrjoh jnchs sdorc ghs prclu`ths quc c`kuc`trc c` gh sj-lujc`tc thogh=

Rhrh ustcn, qu sjl`jejkh fhoghr kd` prunc`kjh4

Xu pjc`sh ustcn nc gh lc`tc jiprunc`tc4

Rdr qu krcc ustcn quc cs jipdrth`tc cxprcshrsc kd` prunc`kjh4

66666Gh prunc kjh c`gh kdiu jkhkj`

Gguvjh nc jnchs


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Kid `ds cxprcshids kd` prunc`kjhKid `ds cxprcshids kd` prunc`kjhKid `ds cxprcshids kd` prunc`kjhKid `ds cxprcshids kd` prunc`kjhKid `ds cxprcshids kd` prunc`kjh

Fhoghr kd` prunc`kjh cs u`hvjrtun quc hyunh h cvjthr id-gcstjhs y cqujvdkhkjd`cs c``ucstrh kdiu`jkhkj` y c`ghs igtjpgcs sjtuhkjd`cs qucncocids sdrtchr c` gh vjnh.S`h pcrsd`h prunc`tc sc kh-rhktcrjzh pdrquc shoc ku`-nd fhoghr y ku`nd khgghr, hskdid ku`nd hktuhr d hos-tc`crsc nc fhkcrgd. Gh pcr-sd`h prunc`tc cs njskrcth,idncrhnh y shojh.

Gh prunc`kjh= cs gh vjrtun nc hktuhr nc edrih musth, hnckuh-nh y kd` khutcgh.

Kdiu`jkhkj`= cs cg hktd quc rchgjzh` nds d is pcrsd`hsnd`nc cxjstc u` cijsdr y u` rckcptdr, hqu ckcshrjhic`-tc tjc`c` quc fhocr u`h rcspucsth, sj`d cs u` sjipgc rc-kcptdr.

Rrdkcsd nc trh`sijsj` y rckcpkj` nc jnchs, j`edrihkj`y ic`shmcs.

Cstunjh`tcs Rrdlrhih ^rh`sedricids.



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3: Stjgjzd njvcrshs edrihsnc cxprcsj`

Rrjicrh u`jnhn

@d tdihr hg pjc nc gh gctrhtdnd gd quc gcc d cskukfh.

RRRRRhrh scr prunc`tc, cs jipdrth`tchrh scr prunc`tc, cs jipdrth`tchrh scr prunc`tc, cs jipdrth`tchrh scr prunc`tc, cs jipdrth`tchrh scr prunc`tc, cs jipdrth`tc

@d tdihr hg pjc nc gh gctrh tdnd gd quc gcc d cskukfh.

@d krccr c` kfjsics, ruidrcs d fhoghnurhs, phrh cvjthr ihgds c`tc`njnds.

Rc`shr h`tcs nc rchgjzhr hglu`h hkkj d h`tcs nc fhkcr hgl rckghid h hglujc .

@d hkcpthr ghs iuriurhkjd`cs, sj` h`tcs fhkcr ghs hvcrjluhkjd`cs ckc-shrjhs.

@d fhoghr is nc gh kuc`th c` hglu`h kjrku`sth`kjh. @d shocr khgghr csprdpjd nc u`h pcrsd`h jiprunc`tc.

Rrcvcr ghs kd`sckuc`kjhs nc sus hktds y nc sus phghorhs. ^dnd gd qucfhkcids y nckjids h gds ncis, tjc`c cecktd y rcpcrkusj` sdorc ghspcrsd`hs quc `ds rdnch`. Ghs phghorhs tjc`c` u` lrh` cecktd y pucnc`khushr iukfd nhd h gds ncis.

[cr prckhvjnd, cs nckjr, tc`cr kd`skjc`kjh nc gds pcgjlrds, j`kd`vc`jc`-tcs c jiprcvjstds quc sc `ds pucnc` prcsc`thr.

Erc`hr gds ncscds nc fhoghr y rcvcghr gds sckrctds quc `ds kd`eh`.


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8. C` lrupd y nurh`tc gh kghsc, fhlh u`h rcprcsc`thkj` orcvc nc u`h sjtuhkj`prdpjh nc su c`tdr`d kdtjnjh`d c` gh kuhg d sc fhogh kd` phghorhs prunc`tcs1gucld, rcprcsc`tc gh ijsih sjtuhkj` utjgjzh`nd phghorhs prunc`tcs.

?. H phrtjr nc csth rcprcsc`thkj` c` kghsc, rchgjkc u`h kdiphrhkj` c`trc ghs ndssjtuhkjd`cs. Kdic`tc kd` sus kdiphcrds/hs gd quc pjc`sh hkcrkh nc gh jipdr-th`kjh nc utjgjzhr gh prunc`kjh kuh`nd fhoghids c` gh vjnh kdtjnjh`h.

;. _cphsc tdnd gd hprc`njnd y fhlh u` kuhnrd kdiphrhtjvd c`trc fhoghr kd` prunc`-kjh y sj` cggh. Stjgjkc kdid hpdyd cmcipgds nc gh vjnh kdtjnjh`h.

88888

H kd`tj`uhkj`, rcspd`nh ghs sjlujc`tcs prclu`ths, tc`jc`nd c` kuc`th gdvjstd c` gh u`jnhn 8=

8. [cgckkjd`c gh dpkj` quc tc`lh u` gjsthnd nc susth`tjvds=

h. Rcnrd, hgtd, cspcrh`zh, hgldn`, sdiorcrd.

o. Rghth, sucds, hidr, qujcrd, rh`kfjtd, [dg.

k. Gjord, kdgcljd, pcrrd, khrth, kdiputhndr.

n. Kh`thr, kdrhz`, tjcrrh, nugkc, dgvjnhr.


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Rrjicrh u`jnhn

?. [cl` gd vjstd, cg hejkfc edrih phrtc nc gds tcxtds=

h. @hrrhtjvds.

o. J`edrihtjvds.

k. Drhgcs.

n. Itjkds.

;. Gh drhkj` cs kdipucsth kuh`nd tjc`c=

h. S` vcrod kd`mulhnd y nds prcnjkhnds.

o. Nds sumctds y u` vcrod kd`mulhnd.

k. Is nc u` vcrod kd`mulhnd.

n. Nds sumctds y nds prcnjkhnds.

Kd`tj`uhkj`


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5?^rh`sedricids Cnukh`nd 3rch Gc`luhmc y Kdiu`jkhkj`

>. C` gh drhkj`, cg susth`tjvd=

h. ^jc`c vhrjhs eu`kjd`cs.

o. Cs cg `kgcd ncg sumctd.

k. Edrih phrtc nc gds kdipgcic`tds.

n. dnd gd h`tcrjdr.

3. [chgc cg sjl jejkhnd ncg sjlujc`tc rcer`=

Kuh`nd ic`ds sc pjc`sh, shgth gh gjcorc=

h. Ghs kdshs dkurrc` kuh`nd ic`ds sc cspcrh`.

o. Cg ojc` fhy quc fhkcrgd ncsj`tcrcshnhic`tc.

k. @d cs ouc`d ncsprckjhr ghs kdsh pcquchs.

n. Iukfhs vckcs, khgghr cs tjg y `ckcshrjd.

Kd`tj`uhkj`


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5; Stjgjzd njvcrshs edrihsnc cxprcsj`

Rrjicrh u`jnhn


?

Dtrds cgcic`tds

nc gh cstrukturhnc gh gc`luh

Cstunjh`tcs Rrdlrhih ^rh`sedricids.



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5>^rh`sedricids Cnukh`nd 3rch Gc`luhmc y Kdiu`jkhkj`

Rrdnukkj`tcxtuhg drhg

Rrdnukkj`tcxtuhg cskrjth

Ghs kdpghs ncij rclj`.

Cg tcxtdj`edrihtjvd.

Rrdnuzkd tcxtds drh-gcs, c` sjtuhkjd`cskdiu`jkhtjvhs qucpcrijtc` cvjnc`kjhrcg usd sjl`jejkhtjvdnc gh c`td`hkj` ygh pcrtj`c`kjh hrtj-kughtdrjh.

Rrdnuzkd tcxtds cs-krjtds quc rcspd`nc`h njvcrshs `ckcsjnh-

ncs kdiu`jkhtjvhs yquc sjluc` u` prdkc-njijc`td cstrhtljkdphrh su cghodrhkj`.

Cxpgdrd shocrcs prcvjds hkcrkhnc ih`jecsthkjd`cs drhgcs nc ijrclj`.

Drlh`jzd ijs jnchs phrh prdnukjru` tcxtd drhg, tc`jc`nd c` kuc`-th ij rchgjnhn y ijs prdpjhs cxpc-rjc`kjhs.

[cgckkjd`d cg gxjkd hprdpjhnd yhkdidnd ij cstjgd hg pgh` nc cx-pdsjkj` hs kdid hg kd`tcxtd kd-

iu`jkhtjvd. Hnckd gh c`td`hkj` y gh prd`u`-

kjhkj` h ghs cxjlc`kjhs nc ghs sj-tuhkjd`cs kdiu`jkhtjvhs c` qucphrtjkjpd.

Hipgd ij njkkjd`hrjd. Rrdnuzkd u` tcxtd drhg, tc`jc`nd

c` kuc`th gh c`td`hkj`, gh hrtjku-ghkj` y gh drlh`jzhkj` nc jnchsquc rcqujcrc gh sjtuhkj` kd-

iu`jkhtjvh. Cmcrkjtd gh icidrjh dpcrhtjvh h kdr-td pghzd.

Ncshrrdggd fhojgjnhncs phrh kc`trhrgh htc`kj` y gh kd`kc`trhkj`.

Hnqujcrd fhojgjnhncs phrh fhoghrc` pogjkd.

Cgjmd u` tcih phrh prdnukjr u` tcxtdcskrjtd, tc`jc`nd c` kuc`th u` prd-psjtd, ghs khrhktcrstjkhs ncg j`tcr-

gdkutdr y ghs cxjlc`kjhs ncgkd`tcxtd.

Sojkd phghorhs kghvcs, hpdyhnd c`gh rcn sci`tjkh ncg tcxtd, phrh ghkd`strukkj` y cghodrhkj` ncg sc`-tjnd lgdohg.

Idncgd ij pc`shijc`td h phrtjrncg h`gjsjs nc tjpds nc tcxtd j`-edrihtjvd y kd`struyd ij prdpjdtcxtd.



Cst`nhrcs osjkds nc kdipctc`kjhs


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53 Dtrds cgcic`tds ncgh cstrukturh nc gh gc`luh

[clu`nh u`jnhn



Kd`kcptuhgjzd hkcrkh nc gds cgcic`-tds quc kdèdrih`gh cstrukturh ncgsjstcih nc gh gc`luh cskrjth.

Kdiprc`nd gh eu`kj` quc kuipgc`

hg j`tcrjdr nc u` tcxtd, ghs phrtcs qucgd kdèdrih`= cg vcrod. Csthogczkd njecrc`kjhs c`trc ghs phr-

tcs quc cstrukturh` cg sjstcih nc ghgc`luh.

Ncshrrdggd, hipgd y icmdrd ij c`-kjkgdpcnjh lrhihtjkhg.

Gcd njvcrsds tjpds nc tcxtds jèdr-ihtjvds= gh khrth, gh dtjkjh y cg hvj-sd puogjkjthrjd.

_ckd`dzkd c` gds tcxtds jèdrih-tjvds ghs cstrhtcljhs quc sc idvjgj-zh` phrh su cghodrhkj`.

Jnc`tjejkd, njecrc`kjd y utjgjzd njec-rc`tcs ihrkhs tcxtuhgcs quc sc c`-kuc`trh` hg j`tcrjdr nc u` tcxtd.

C`tjc`nd ghs dorhs d vcrohgcs kdidprdnuktd nc ghs kdiu`jnhncs fu-ih`hs

Cxpgjkd gh eu`kj` nc sjl`ds `dvcrohgcs c` gh kd`strukkj` nc sc`-

tjnd. Ndy kuc`th nc hglu`hs cstrhtcljhscipgchnhs phrh kdiu`jkhr h trhvsncg gc`luhmc `d vcrohg.

Cxpgjkd cg sc`tjnd quc tjc`c` ic`-shmcs `d vcrohgcs c` ij kd`tcxtd.

_ckd`dzkd y usd knjlds d vcroh-gcs c` sjtuhkjd`cs kdiu`jkhtjvhs hu-t`tjkhs.

Khrhktcrjzd gds rdgcs ncscipchnds

pdr gds sumctds quc phrtjkjph` ncgprdkcsd kdiu`jkhtjvd. ^c`ld c` kuc`th, c` ijs j`tc-

rhkkjd`cs kdiu`jkhtjvhs, prj`kjpjdsosjkds nc gh kdiu`jkhkj`= rckd-`dkjijc`td ncg dtrd c` th`td j`tcr-gdkutdr vgjnd.

Jnc`tjejkd c` sjtuhkjd`cs kdiu-`jkhtjvhs rchgcs gds rdgcs, ghs j`tc`-kjd`cs nc gds j`tcrgdkutdrcs y cgrcspctd pdr gds prj`kjpjds osjkds ncgh kdiu`jkhkj`.

Kdiprc`nd njvcrsdstjpds nc tcxtd, utjgj-

zh`nd hglu`hs cstrh-tcljhs nc osqucnh,

drlh`jzhkj` y hgih-kc`hijc`td nc gh j`-edrihkj`.

Cghodrd fjptcsjs ncgckturh hkcrkh nc ghsrcghkjd`cs c`trc gds

cgcic`tds kd`stjtu-tjvds nc u` tcxtd gj-tcrhrjd, y c`trc stcy cg kd`tcxtd.

Khrhktcrjzd cg eu`-kjd`hijc`td nc hglu-`ds knjlds `dvcrohgcs kd` ijrhs hsu usd c` sjtuhkjd-

`cs kdiu`jkhtjvhshut`tjkhs.

Kd`dzkd y h`hgjzd

gds cgcic`tds, rdgcs,rcghkjd`cs y rclghsosjkhs nc gh kdiu-`jkhkj`, phrh jècrjrghs j`tc`kjd`cs y cx-pckthtjvhs nc ijsj`tcrgdkutdrcs y fh-kcr is cejkhkcs ijsprdkcsds kdiu`j-khtjvds.

Kdiprc`sj` cj`tcrprcthkj`tcxtuhg

Gjtcrhturh

Dtrds sjstcihssjiogjkds

tjkh nc gh

kdiu`jkhkj`

Cg vcrod=ìcrdy pcrsd`h.

Cg tcxtdjèdrihtjvd=gh khrth,

gh dtjkjhy cg hvjsdpuogjkjthrjd.

Gds khgjlrhihs.

Ic cxprcsd

nc ih`crhpdsjtjvh.


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88888

Cxpgdrc sus shocrcs prcvjds=

8. _cegcxjd`c kd` sus kdiphcrds/hs=

Xu kd`dzkd sdorc ghs kdpghs nc ij rclj`4, kugcs kdpghs kd`dzkd4

Xu qujcrd hprc`ncr sdorc ghs kdpghs4

?. Cxprcsc nc edrih drhg h`tc sus kdiphcrds, hglu`hs kdpghs quc kd`dzkh.

Ghs kdpghs88888

Ghs kdpghs sd` cxprcsjd`cs drhgcs pdpugh-rcs kdipucsths c` vcrsd, quc sc kh`th`,rckjth` d c`td`h` hg kdips nc u`h td`h-nh. Kdid sd` cxprcsjd`cs drhgcs, iukfhssd` jiprdvjshnhs y nc hutdr ncskd`dkjnd.

Cg gc`luhmc quc sc cipgch c` ghs kdpghs csnc drjlc` pdpughr y su sjl`jejkhnd tjc`c u`khrktcr lrhkjdsd, jr`jkd d pjkhrcskd. Gdstcihs nc ghs kdpghs sd` hipgjds y vhrjhnds1pdr cmcipgd= cg hidr, cg trhohmd ncg khi-pd, cg ncshidr, cg dgvjnd, gh j`lrhtjtun, ghocggczh nc gh iumcr, gh kdijnh tpjkh, ctk.


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5< Dtrds cgcic`tds ncgh cstrukturh nc gh gc`luh

[clu`nh u`jnhn

?????

Gch y kdiprc`nh ghs sjlujc`tcs kdpghs?8=

8. Horh` gh rucnh scdrcs,quc gh rjh vh h scr ouc`h1u` lhggd cs ncg Hrc`hgy cg dtrd nc Khrthlc`h.

?. Kuh`nd ic pd`ld h kh`thrfhld gd quc ic nh gh lh`h1nc ij pckfd fhld u`h tdrrcnc ij vdz u`h khiph`h.

;. Nc [hoh`hs nc Odgvhryd sdy cg icmdr kh`tdr1yd mu`td ijcg kd` hkohrphrh ghs pc`hs nc hidr.

>. Zd d kh`td kd` kdtdrrhs`j kd` gdrds ncg ih`lghr,yd kh`td kd` ghs pcrsd`hsquc sc scph` cxpgjkhr.

?8 Ghs kdpghs eucrd` tdihnhs nc= Ujnhg H`td`jd _dzd Nhz,Hglu`hs Kdpghs ncg Ncphrthic`td nc Odgvhr,_cvjsth Kdgdiojh`h ncg Edgkgdr, Udguic` JJJ, `icrd 6, sclu`nh pdkh, Jiprc`th @hkjd`hg, Odldt,8:5;, pl. 883-8;3. C@ fttp=//www.cghocnug.`ct//Ndkuic`tds/^cihs/Edgagdr/

kdpghsTncTodgjvhr.pfp#Tet`8.

Ghs kdpghs hyunh` h ncshrrdgghr gh hljgjnhn ic`thg, pdr icnjd nccgghs sc rceucrzh` gds cgcic`tds drhgcs kdid gh prd`u`kjhkj`, yhyunh` h edrthgckcr y hipgjhr cg vdkhoughrjd.

Sstcn ijsid pucnc krchr u`hs kdpghs, sj tjc`c c` kuc`th hglu`hsphuths phrh su cghodrhkj`. _ckucrnc quc ghs kdpghs sd` kd`s-trukkjd`cs drhgcs nc khrktcr pdpughr, quc cxprcsh` cg sc`tjr ncg

pucogd y pdr icnjd nc cgghs pucnc huic`thr su vdkhoughrjd. Hsquc, ih`ds h gh dorh.


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J`strukkjd`cs phrh cghodrhr u`h kdpgh

Cskdmh cg tcih kc`trhg nc gh kdpgh. _ckucrnc quc ghs kd-pghs kuc`th` u`h pcquch fjstdrjh.

Stjgjkc u` gc`luhmc sc`kjggd y kghrd.

Ghs kdpghs njkc` vcrnhncs utjgjzh`nd gh pdcsh y gh ejgdsd-

eh. Gds kdpgcrds sd` gds ejgsdeds nc gh shojnurh pdpughr.

Cskrjoh kuhtrd vcrsds kd` rjih j`tcrkhghnh.

C` gh kdpgh trhnjkjd`hg, rjih cg prjicrd kd` cg tcrkcr vcr-

sd, y cg sclu`nd kd` cg kuhrtd vcrsd.

_ckucrnc quc ghs kdpghs tjc`c` kjcrtd lrhnd nc fuidr,

lrhkjh d pjkh`tc.



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5: Dtrds cgcic`tds ncgh cstrukturh nc gh gc`luh

[clu`nh u`jnhn

Cg tcxtd jèdrihtjvdCg tcxtd jèdrihtjvdCg tcxtd jèdrihtjvdCg tcxtd jèdrihtjvdCg tcxtd jèdrihtjvd

Cs hqucg quc tjc`c kdid prdpsjtd jèdrihr sdorc hgld. Cxjstc` vhrjhs kghscs nc tcxtdjèdrihtjvd1 pdr cmcipgd= gh khrth, gh dtjkjh, gh pdsthg, gh kjrkughr, cg hkth, cg hù`kjdkghsjejkhnd, cg hejkfc, cg hvjsd puogjkjthrjd y kghrd gds pcrjnjkds. C` cg tcxtd jèdrih-tjvd, cs kghrh gh prcsc`kjh nc qujc` jèdrih, nc hglujc` quc rckjoc gh jèdrihkj` y

nc u` icnjd nc kdiu`jkhkj` h trhvs ncg kuhg kjrkugh gh jèdrihkj`. Cstc icnjdpucnc scr cg pcrjnjkd, gh J`tcr`ct, gh rhnjd, gh tcgcvjsj`, u`h rcvjsth d gds qucic`kjd`hids hg j`jkjd ncg prrhed.

Kdgcljd Kddpcrhtjvd _cljd`hg(Kdècncrhkj` J`tcr`hkjd`hg nc Hrtcsh`hs)

Njrcktdrh= Ihrjcgh Dkfdh

Hprckjhnd scdr Lutjrrcz=

@ds pcrijtjids jèdrihrgc quc sc gc fh dtdrlhnd u` kupd c` cg Kd-gcljd Kddpcrhtjvd _cljd`hg nc Hrtcsh`hs. C` kd`sckuc`kjh, ehvdrtdihr dth ncg gjsthnd nc ihtcrjhgcs y gjords quc ckcsjth.

Gds hgui`ds ehvdrckjnds ncocr` ihtrjkughrsc cg nh ?3 nc hldstd c`ghs fdrhs nc gh ihh`h. Ghs kghscs kdijc`zh` cg 8 nc scptjciorc.

Kdrnjhgic`tc,

Ij`crvh Cgjsh Xuj`tcrd.Njrcktdrh Hnmu`th.

Njvcrsds tjpdsnc tcxtd?????

Gch kd` htc`kj`, gds sjlujc`tcs tcxtds jèdrihtjvds=

^cccccxtd 8.xtd 8.xtd 8.xtd 8.xtd 8.

KhrthKhrthKhrthKhrthKhrth


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nc horjg cg prdlrhih @ckcsjtd hprc`ncr, quc ouskh rcnukjr cg `jvcg nc h`hgeh-octjsid nc gh pdoghkj` hnugth nc Khrthlc`h. Cg cvc`td sc rchgjz c` gh pghzh nc Gh Hnuh`hh ghs >=22 pi. y kd`t kd` gh hsjstc`kjh nc hprdxjihnhic`tc 3.222 nc gds 5.222 cstunjh`tcsquc c` gh hktuhgjnhn cst` pdr kd`kgujr cg prjicr kjkgd nc khphkjthkj` j`jkjhnd ncsnc dktu-orc nc ?226, cg kuhg cqujvhgc phrh gds cstunjh`tcs h prjicrd, sclu`nd y tcrkcrd nc prjihrjh.

Gh Hgkhgncsh nc Khrthlc`h, Munjtf Rj`cnd Egrcz, njmd quc phrh htc`ncr cstc ncshed fhyquc orj`nhr h tdnds y tdnhs, sj` njstj`lujr cnhn, rhzh, krcnd d kd`njkj` sdkjhg, hkkcsd hgkd`dkjijc`td1 y sc rcqujcrc ndij`hr gh gckturh y gh cskrjturh kdid edrih cgcic`thg nc

kdiu`jkhkj` y hs hprdvckfhr hg ixjid gh dpdrtu`jnhn nc cstunjhr.

Nurh`tc cg cvc`td kh`t cg ihcstrd Mustd Uhgncz, kd` su lrupd [d` Rhgc`quc. Cg ihcstrdUhgncz cs u`d nc `ucstrds hgui`ds= Cstc phgc`qucrd nc 3; hds, rckd`dkjnd pdr su thgc`tdiusjkhg y drjlj`hgjnhn phrh cg kh`td y gh kdipdsjkj`, cs cg hutdr ncg fji`d nc [h` Ohsjgjd ncRhgc`quc. [us gctrhs sd` u` rcegcmd nc sus h`tcphshnds y u`h iczkgh iuy ojc` gdlrhnh c`trcgh gc`luh phgc`qucrh y gds rjtids kdtjnjh`ds.


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S` khohggcrd tc`h u` krjhnd ucvd. Rhrh ourghrsc nc g, cg khoh-ggcrd gc njd nds id`cnhs y gc njmd= Rcnrd, vc hg icrkhnd ykiprhic u`h id`cnh nc uvhs y dtrh nc hy!

Cg pdorc mdvc` kdipr ghs uvhs, pcrd khnh vcz quc pcnh u`hid`cnh nc hy!, tdnds sc rch` nc g.

Hg nhrsc kuc`th nc gh ourgh, Rcnrd pusd ghs uvhs hg ed`nd nc u`hodgsh y sdorc ghs uvhs u` ih`dmd nc drtjlhs.

Kuh`nd rclrcs h su khsh gc njmd cg khohggcrd= rhcs tdnd4Cg mdvc` kd`tcst= [, scdr, tdnd cst c` gh odgsh.

Cg khohggcrd, cxtrhhnd, ictj rpjnhic`tc gh ih`d, y hg tdkhrghs drtjlhs cxkghi= -Hy!

H gd kuhg njmd cg mdvc`= Ncohmd cst` ghs uvhs, scdr.

88888

8. Nctcrij`c cg tjcipd, gh pcrsd`h y cg `icrd c` gds vcrods nc ghs sjlujc`tcsdrhkjd`cs=

Muh`jth kdipr iukfhs ih`zh`hs rdmhs phrh prcphrhr cg pdstrc. Ecr`h`nd c`schr h sus cstunjh`tcs cg cstjgd ihrjpdsh y cg gjorc. Gds ncpdrtjsths kdgdiojh`ds lh`hrd` gh icnhggh nc drd c` gds muclds. @dsdtrds tuvjids iukfhs jgusjd`cs nc trhohmhr c` gh egdrjstcrh. ^ trhmjstc is pdstrcs nc gds quc tc pjnjcrd` c` gh ciprcsh.

Cg cstunjh`tc kd`sjluc gd quc qujcrc, sj sc gd prdpd`c.

?. C`kuc`trc gds vcrods c` cg sjlujc`tc tcxtd y njlh su tjcipd, pcrsd`h y icrd.


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>>>>


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Rhrh kdiu`jkhr`ds kd` gds ncisnc ih`crh pdsjtjvh, cs jipdrth`tc=

Cgjij`hr pc`shijc`tds clhtjvds, kdidpdr cmcipgd= sc`tjr gstjih nc ustcnijsid d hutd kdiphnckcrsc1 pc`shrquc ustcn tjc`c ihgh sucrtc1 kugphr hgds ncis, nc gd ihgd quc gc dkurrc.

Cipgchr phghorhs cstjiugh`tcs y pdsjtj-vhs kuh`nd tc`lh njejkugthncs.

Rc`shr c` ghs cxpcrjc`kjhs `clhtjvhskdid gckkjd`cs y hprc`njzhmcs phrh ghvjnh. ^dnh sjtuhkj` hnvcrsh c`kjcrrhhgld pdsjtjvd quc pucnc scrvjr phrhùcstrd prdpjd oc`cejkjd.

^rhzhr sus icths h kdrtd, icnjh`d yghrld pghzd phrh dotc`cr gd quc qujcrhnc gh vjnh. Gh kghvc kd`sjstc c` sclujrhncgh`tc kd` hkkjd`cs nckjnjnhs phrhkd`vcrtjr ghs icths c` rchgjnhncs.

Cvjthr cg usd nc phghorhs `clhtjvhs,

kdid pdr cmcipgd= `d1 qu njekjg1 `dpucnd1 ù`kh1 mhis1 th` nc ihghs._ccipgkcghs pdr dtrhs kdid pdr cmci-pgd= vdy h j`tc`thrgd nc ùcvd1 ishncgh`tc1 c` dtrh dkhsj`1 gd quchprc`n nc csth sjtuhkj` euc


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68 Dtrds cgcic`tds ncgh cstrukturh nc gh gc`luh

[clu`nh u`jnhn

>. Gchids gh ojdlrheh nc cstc jipdrth`tc pcrsd`hmc.

C`rjquc Lrhu=(86 nc njkjciorc nc 8:?2 - 8 nc horjg nc ?22>) hkj c` kjunhnnc Rh`hi pcrd ncsnc iuy pcqucd sus phnrcs khrthlc`crds gd ggcvhrd` h vjvjrh Gh Fcrdjkh, nd`nc cstuvd gh ihydr phrtc nc su vjnh. _chgjz sus cstunjds nchrtc c` cg Hrt [tunc`ts Gchluc nc @ucvh Zdra (8:>2-8:>;) y c` gh Hkhncijh nc[h` Ihrkds nc Egdrc`kjh (8:33-8:35).[c ncsthk pdr sus rctrhtds nc j`nlc-`hs y herdkdgdiojh`ds1 u`d nc gds is

rckd`dkjnds= Iughth. C` 8:3< lh` cgprcijd [hg` @hkjd`hg nc Hrtjsths ncKdgdiojh (cg lhghrn` hkjd`hg is ji-pdrth`tc nc hrtc) pdr cg gcd Cgcic`-tds ohmd u` ckgjpsc. Lrh` phrtc ncgtrhohmd nc Lrhu, rcpdsh fdy c` u`iuscd nc Khrthlc`h quc ggcvh su`diorc.

?????

8. Edric` lrupds y nurh`tc gh kghsc, fhlh` u`h rcprcsc`thkj` orcvc nc hglu`hsjtuhkj` prdpjh nc su c`tdr`d kdtjnjh`d c` gh kuhg d fhyh trij`ds quc j`nj-quc` u`h hktjtun pdsjtjvh h`tc gh vjnh. Ncspus, fhlh` gh ijsih rcprcsc`th-kj`, utjgjzh`nd phghorhs quc cxprcsc` y trh`sijth` ouc`h c`crlh y hktjtunpdsjtjvh.

?. H phrtjr nc csth rcprcsc`thkj` c` kghsc, fhlh` u`h kdiphrhkj` c`trc ghs ndssjtuhkjd`cs. Kdic`tc kd` sus kdiphcrds, gd quc pjc`sh sdorc gh jipdrth`kjh

nc u`h kdiu`jkhkj` pdsjtjvh y hgclrc.

;. [j tjc`c hgl` ic`shmc d h`kndth sdorc cstc tcih quc qujcrh cskrjojr y kdi-phrtjr kd` sus kdiphcrds, cs cg idic`td nc fhkcrgd.

@hrjd y gds Ncrckfds ncg Fdiorc.gcd nc C`rjquc Lrhu, 8:6;. 83: x 86: ki. Khsh nc

@hrjd, Odldt.

Jihlc

ciclo 2 - transformemos educando 5 - cartagena

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