chương 1- giới thiệu và khái niệm căn bản

7/23/2019 Chng 1- Gii Thiu V Khi Nim Cn Bn

1/37

18-Aug-

An ton qu trnh

nh gi kt qu hc tp

Bi tp nhm

(bo co & thuyt trnh nhm): 20%

Bi tp c nhn(bi tp thc hin trn lp hoc v nh) : 20%

Kim tra cui k : 60%


2/37

18-Aug-

Ti liu tham kho

Daniel A. Crowl; Joseph F. Louvar, Chemical Process Safety: Fundamentals andApplications, 2nd edition, Prentince Hall PTR, 2002. (TEXTBOOK)

Roy E. Sanders, Chemical Process Safety: Learning from Case Histories,

Butterworth-Heinemann, 1999.

Dow's Chemical Exposure Index Guide, New York: American Institute of Chemical

Engineers, 1994.

Dow's Fire and Explosion Index Hazard Classification Guide, 7th ed., New York:

American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 1994.

Frank P. Lees, Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2d ed., London:

Butterworth-Heinemann, 1996

Cc khi nim cn bn

- An ton qu trnh

- Ri ro v mc chp nhn ri ro-

Cc ch s thng k v an ton v ngha- An ton t tnh (inherent safety) v cc

nguyn tc an ton t tnh


3/37

18-Aug-

An ton qu trnh

HK 1 -2012 HBK TPHCM TS Nguyn Qu 5

Antonqutrnh

An ton qu trnh

HK 1 - 2012 HBK TPHCM TS Nguyn Qu 6

Antonqutrnh


4/37

18-Aug-

An ton qu trnh

Mc tiu

Bo v :

Con ngi

Ti sn

Cng ng


Antonqutrnh

An ton qu trnh


Antonqutrnh


5/37

18-Aug-


nh ngha v an ton qu trnh

C cu cht ch qun l s tch hp vo cc qutrnh ca cc h thng vn hnh c tnh him nguycao bng cch ng dng cc nguyn tc thit k ,k thut v thao tc vn hnh tt.

Ngn nga v kim sot cc phn vic c timnng pht sinh ra s c vi cc cht c hi hocnng lng nguy him ( chy , n).

Cc s c ny c th to ra cc tc ng c hi,chy, n v sau cng l tn hi sc khe nghimtrng, thit hi ti sn, nh tr sn xut v tc ngsu n mi trng.

(BP, da theo Centre for Chemical Process Safety, AIChE)

An ton qu trnh


Ant

onqutrnh S tn ti v phn vinh :

Tn hi gy thng tt cho nhn vin Thit hi ti sn ca nh my Tn hi thng tt v thit hi ti sn ca cng ng Mt thu nhp Mt s bo him an ton etc


6/37

18-Aug-

i vi nh u t

Nhn thc c s quan trng thc hin : Qui nh an ton

M s

Tiu chun


Phi bit rng cc iu trn khng c vi phm trongvic thit k v vn hnh

Antonqutrnh

An ton qu trnh

Cc qu trnh gn y : phc tp p sut cao hn Ha cht nhiu hn phn ng, v ha hc k

lCc quy trnh phc tp hn i hi cng ngh anton phc tp hnAn ton v sn xut c coi l bnh ngAn ton pht trin thnh mt ngnh khoa hctrong bao gm rt nhiu l thuyt v thchnh k thut cao v phc tp


7/37

18-Aug-

An ton qui trnh & nh my

Antonquitrnh&nhmy

Ha cht v i sng > 1000 chng loi ha cht mi hng nm Phc v trong nhiu nghnh ngh khc nhau : hu c,v c,

dt nhum, sn, thuc tr su, ch phm c bitetc Ri ro tng cao cng vi s pht trin ny. Ngoi s tin ch v c li cho i sng, ha cht cng c cc

tnh cht v nguy c ring. (chy , n, c hi hoc n

mnetc) Chu k vng i ca s nguy him v tin ch ca ha cht

HK 1 -2012 HBK TPHCM 13TS Nguyn Qu

BN phi c trch nhim ng gp s an ton

CHNG TRNH AN TON

i hi mt h thng ghi li nhng g cn phi c thc hin lm nhng g cn phi c thc hin ghi li cc cng vic c thc hin

Mt THI tch ccs t nguyn lm mt s cng vic bc bo.

Am hiu CC YU T CN BNtrong vic thit k, xy dng v vn hnh an ton qu trnh ha hc .

Hc hi t nhng KINH NGHIM ca lch sThng hiu lch s ca cc trng hp tai nn xy ra trong qu khTham vn ng nghip v kinh nghim v li khuyn

An ton cn phi c THI GIAN hc tp, lm vic, ghi chp, chia s kinh nghim v tp hun

hoc c o to


8/37

18-Aug-

H THNGQUN L AN

TON

Con ngi v tisn Phng n

Qun l an ton quitrnh



Antonquitrnh&nhmy

13. S tham giaca nhn vin


Qun l an

ton quitrnh

1-Thng tin v anton qui trnh

2- Phn tch

him nguy caqui trnh

3- Quy trnh vnhnh 4- Tp hun &

o to

5- Kim sotnh thu

6- Thm tratrc khi

ng

7- Tng thchthit b

8- Cng vicbt thng

9- Qun l sthay i

10- iu tra s c

11- K hochkhn cp &

ng cu

12- Thm nh


Antonq

uitrnh&nhmy


9/37

18-Aug-


Antonquitrnh&nhmy

-Mi quan h gia an ton qui trnhsn xut v dy chuyn thit b

-H s k thut v an ton, an ton lin

quan n vt liu s dng


qui trnh = nh hng ln nhau Thit b Ha cht

Qui trnh Vn hnh


HK 1 - 2012 HBK TPHCM 18TS Nguyn Qu

Antonq

uitrnh&nhmy


10/37

18-Aug-

Mi quan h gia an ton qui trnh snxut v dy chuyn thit b

Antonquitrnh&nhmy

HK 1 - 2012 HBK TPHCM 19TS Nguyn Qu

H s k thut v an ton, an ton linquan n vt liu s dng

Antonq

uitrnh&nhmy



11/37

18-Aug-


Antonquitrnh&nhmy



Antonq

uitrnh&nhmy



12/37

18-Aug-

Lch s v an ton qui trnh

1066 ti Anh, William The Conqueror ra ch th phi dp tt vlp ph cc ng la trc khi rt qun

1566 Ti Manchester ta n ra sc lnh rng cc bao ng cis dng cho cc l bnh m phi c lu gi vi mt khongcch an ton v pht ai rm ngoi ng hoc t latrong phng m khng c ng khi

Sau , lut phng chy vo th k 17th v 18th l bin phpc lp ra sau cc s c ha hon , nh l trn chy ln cathnh ph Lun n (1666)

Cuc cch mng cng nghip v s bng pht v cng nghipha- du i hi hnh lang php l bo m an ton tich lm v cng chng

(Theo ti liu ca BP)


Antonqutrnh

AN TONi hi mt h thng

ghi li nhng g cn phi c thc hin lm nhng g cn phi c thc hin ghi li cc cng vic c thc hin

Mt THI tch ccs t nguyn lm mt s cng vic bc bo.

Am hiu CC YU T CN BNtrong vic thit k, xy dng v vn hnh an ton qu trnh ha hc .

Hc hi t nhng KINH NGHIM ca lch sThng hiu lch s ca cc trng hp tai nn xy ra trong qu khTham vn ng nghip v kinh nghim v li khuyn

An ton cn phi c THI GIAN hc tp, lm vic, ghi chp, chia s kinh nghim v tp hun hocc o to

BN phi c trch nhim ng gp s an ton


13/37

18-Aug-

An ton qu trnh ?


Antonqutrnh 3 lnh vc quan trng :

Cng ngh

C s, thit b, nh my

Con ngi

Nh mySn xut

An ton qu trnh ?


Ant

onqutrnh

Qui

trnh

An ton


14/37

18-Aug-

qui trnh ?

Qui trnh x l kh thi SO2


Antonqutrnh

qui trnh ?

Qui trnh x l kh thi SO2

SO2 + CaO + 1/2 H2O => CaSO3. 1/2 H2OCaSO3 + 1/2 O2 + 2H2O => CaSO4.2H2O


Ant

onqutrnh


15/37

18-Aug-

qui trnh ?

Qui trnh x l kh thi SO2SO2 + CaO + 1/2 H2O => CaSO3. 1/2 H2O

CaSO3 + 1/2 O2 + 2H2O => CaSO4.2H2O


Antonqutrnh

Phn ng

1

Phn ng

2

SO2

CaO

H2O

CaSO4.2H2O

H2OO2

CaSO4.2H2O

Kh sch

qui trnh ?


Ant

onqutrnh

Phn ng1

Phn ng2

SO2

CaO

H2O

CaSO4.2H2O

H2OO2

CaSO4.2H2O

Kh sch


16/37

18-Aug-

qui trnh ?


Antonqutrnh

qui trnh ?


Ant

onqutrnh


17/37

18-Aug-

Sc in


Ng/t

Ct / nghin

Nhit

Chcnngvn hnh

Ting n

Phng x

Ha cht

Safety

Antonqutrnh

Ri ro v mc chp nhn ri ro

HIM NGUY RI RO


Antonq

uitrnh&nhmy


18/37

18-Aug-

Cc ch s thng k v an tonv ngha

T l mc OSHA,

T l tai nn gy t vong (FAR), v

t l t vong, hoc trng hp t vong ivi mi ngi trong nm

THNG K TAI NN & MT MT

bin php quan trng cho s hiu qu ca cc chng trnhan ton.xc nh mt qu trnh c an ton hay khng hay s hiu

qu ca mt th tc v an ton ang lm vicnhng thng k ny cn phi c s dng mt cch cnthn.Cc s liu thng k ch l con s trung bnh v KHNG phnnh c tim nng cho tng qu trnh n l


19/37

18-Aug-

AN TON LAO NG V QUN L Y T(OSHA)

T l nh theo OSHA da trn c s ca 100 nm cng laong.

Mt nm ngi lao ng lm vic 2000 gi (50 tun lm victrong nm x 40 gi / tun). ( 2000 gi cng/nm)

Do , da trn 200.000 gi cng ( 100 nm), s nguy himvi ngi lao ng c nh nh sau:

T l nh theo OSHA (da vo cc thng tch vbnh tt) = S ngi b thng v bnh tt x200.000 / Tng s gi lm vic ca tt c nhn vintrong thi gian .

AN TON LAO NG V QUN L Y T(OSHA) p theo

Mt t l tnh ton khc c th c da trn ngy cnglao ng b mt thay v chn thng v bnh tt h ly

T l OSHA (datrn lng ngy

cng lao ng b

mt)

S lng ngycng b mt X200.000

Tng s gi cngca tt c cc laong trong thigian

=_______________


20/37

18-Aug-

FAR (Fatal Accident Rate)T l tai nn gy t vong

FAR c s dng ch yu ca ngnh cng nghip ha hcAnh

FAR c nh theo bo co s t vong da trn 1000 nhnvin lm vic ton b cuc i ca h

Cc nhn vin c cho l lm vic tng cng 50 nm.

Do , FAR da trn 108 gi cng.

Phng trnh kt qu l

FAR =_______________S lng t vong x 108

Tng gi cng catt c nhn vin lmvic trong thi giany

T l t vong

T l t vong trn mi ngi mi nm H thng ny l c lp vi s gi lm vic thc t Bo co ch s t vong d kin trn mi ngi mi nm

T l t vong = _______________

S lng t vongtrong nm

Tng s lngngi ng k


21/37

18-Aug-

SO SNH CC S THNG K

OSHA v FAR ph thuc vo sgi tinhs ton.

Mt s t l FAR c th cchuyn i sang t l t vong(hoc ngc li) nu s gi tnhton c bit.

T l OSHA khng th chuyn ic sang t l FAR hoc t l tvong v t l OSHA bao gmthng tin chn thng v tvong.

Accident Facts, 1985 ed. (Chicago; National Safely Council.1985), p. 30.

In fury Facts. 1999 ed (Chicago: National Safety Council.1999), p. 66,

JFiank P. Lees. Loss Prevention in the Process Industries(London: Buttcrworths. 1986), p. 177 *Ptank P. Lees. LassPrevention In the Process Industries, 2d ed. (London:Butterwortls.1996). p. 2/9. kh

Cng nghip T l OSHA (cc trnghp bao gm c cc ngykhng lm vic v s lngt vong)

FAR

(t vong)

Ha cht v ccnghnh lin quan

0.49 035 4.0 12

Luyn kim 1.54. 1-28 8.0

M than 2.22 0,26 40 73

Xy dng 3-88 0,6 67 5.0

Git m 5.27 0.96

Tt c cc nghnhsn xut

1.68 1.2

`

TH D 1

Th d 1-1: Mt qu trnh c bo co c t l FAR l 2. Nucng nhn lm vic theo ca 8 gi mi ngy v 300 ngy trongnm, bn hy nh xc sut t vong cho mi ngi trongnm.

Kt qu

T l t vong cho mi ngi trong nm =(8gi/ngy) x (300ngy/nm) x (2 t vong/108 gi)=4.8x10-5


22/37

18-Aug-

RI RO CHP NHN C

Khng th loi b hon ton nguy c.

Mi qu trnh ha hc c mt s ri ro nht nh

giai on thit k cn phi quyt nh xem ri ro no l cth "chp nhn c"

Cc k s phi thc hin mi n lc gim thiu ri rotrong hon cnh kinh t ca qu trnh

Nguyn nhn t vong SL t vong nm 1998

Giao thng xe c

Cng cng khng phi ngh nghip 38,900

Ngh nghip 2,100

ti nh 200

cng 41,200 (43,5%)

Ngh nghip

Khng do giao thng 3,000

Giao thng 2,100

cng 5,100 (5.4%)

Ti nh ( khng phi l do nghnghip)

Khng do giao thng 28.200

Miao thng 200

Cng 28,400 (30.0%)

Cng cng 20,000

Cng 20,000 (21.1%)

Tng cng t vong do tai nn 92200


23/37

18-Aug-

BN CHT CA QUY TRNH TAI NN

Hu ht cc tai nn u theo mt trnh t ba bc:

khi ng (trng hp bt u xy ra tai nn),

lan truyn (mt hoc nhiu s kin duy tr hoc lanrng tai nn), v

chm dt (mt hoc nhiu s kin dng chn tainn hoc gim thiu phm vi).

bc hiu ng mong mun Qui trnh

Khi ng gim bt Tip t v lin kt

Tr ha

Chng n in

Lan can v bo v

quy trnh bo tr

Giy php lm vic nng ( hot work)

Yu t con ngi thit k

qu trnh thit k

Nhn thc v c tnh nguy him ca ha cht

Lan truyn gim bt Chuyn giao vt liu khn cp

Gim kho vt liu d chy

B tr khong cch gia cc thit b v nh xng

Vt liu xy dng khng chy

Lp t van kim tra v van ngt khn cp

Chm dt Tng ln Thit b v quy trnh cha chy

h thng gim bt

h thng phun sng/nc

Lp t van kim tra v van ngt khn cp


24/37

18-Aug-

BA LOI HNH TAI NN

Loi hnh tai nn Xc sut xy ra Kh nng t vong Tim nng gy thithi kinh t

Chy Cao Thp Trung bnh

N Trung bnh Trung bnh Cao

Phng x Th p Cao Thp

An ton t tnh (inherent safety)v cc nguyn tc an ton t tnh

An ton t tnh cp n ha hc v vt l ngn chn tai nn Cc phng cch chnh thit k tng cng an ton t tnh hn Tng cng

Gim s lng vt liu nguy him s dng cng mt lc

v d bng cch s dng l nh hn Thay th

Thay th mt vt liu khc t nguy him hn v d lm sch bng nc hoc cht ty ra ch khng phi dng

dung mi d chy Gim bt

Gim cng ca mt hiu ng,

v d c mt cht lng lnh thay v ca mt cht kh p sut cao,

hoc s dng cc vt liu c nng pha long thay v m c


25/37

18-Aug-

Hn ch tc dng

Thit k v lp t thit b khi tnh trng ti t nht xy ra cng chc th gy t nguy him,

v d khi thit b b r r th cng ch chy/ri vo mt ni an ton n gin ha / Li dung sai

Lp t h thng ng ng gn gng v d ln theo trc quan

Bng iu khin c thit k d hiu

Nh my phi c thit k d dng bo tr, bo dng

An ton t tnh (inherent safety)v cc nguyn tc an ton t tnh

An ton qu trnh

Antonq

utrnh&nhmy


26/37

18-Aug-

Human ErrorLi v hnh vi con ngi

Quyt nh hoc hnh vi khng phhp hoc khng mong mun ca conngi c tim nng gim thiu hiu

qu an ton hoc hiu sut

Li v hnh vi con ngi

Yu t con ngi Con ngi v h thng gy ra

li Hc hi t tai nn nh v nguyn nhn ca h

thng Thng tin v chuyn giao ca Cc nn tng l thuyt v k

nng thc c a ra nhgi v gim li ca con ngi.


27/37

18-Aug-

Li v hnh vi con ngi

Yu t con ngi

Cc sai lm v hnh vi sai phm

truyn t thng tin v giao ca

xc nh s lng li do nhn t

Li v hnh vi con ngi

Li do con ngi hay l li do thit k?

Thiu thng minh hay thiu thng tin?

Thiu kh nng hay thiu hng dn?


28/37

18-Aug-

Cc dng li do con ngi

Hot ng

Khng

ch ch

Chch

Ri ch

Sai st

Li

Khng ch i vo ch cm

B stThay i

Ln xn / khng thch hp

QunB qua

Mt v trQun

Qui trnh sai

Vt qui nh Vi phmPh hoi

56

Li v hnh vi con ngi

Cc hnh vi gy li khng c xu

do:

Thiu kinh nghim

Tp hun khng y

Nm bt khng chnhxc

Cc tnh hung khc Nhn vin l yu t quan

trng quyt nh mi hotng ca thit b


29/37

18-Aug-

Trng thi tm l

Trng thi tm l cth gy ra :

Stress

Sao lng

Mt mi

Lm sao gim li do con ngigy ra?

Chn nhn vin c khnng ph hp

Tp hun

Nng cao cht lngthit b, qu trnh vnhnh v mi trng lmvic


30/37

18-Aug-

3

H s an ton ca h thng

K thut/Cng ngh

Mitrng

Conngi

STRESS c coi nh l yu tchnh gy ra li do con ngi

Stress vt l:

Nhit , thi gian, Mong i, v..v

Stress sinh l:

Ng khng iu , au m, vv.. Stress tm l:

Lo s, Tht vng, p lc x hi/ kinh t, vv..


31/37

18-Aug-

3

Li do pht m/ ngn ng

Kh khn nhn nghe c m thanh (ni): Cht lng m thanh u vo ( pht m)

m iu ( ging ni tng vng), ngi nc ngoi (khng phi bn a)

Tt pht m: ni lp, ni sai, /mm/, /um/

Thng thng t l li khong : 10-30%

H thng thng tin hin nay cha c kh nngphc hi li ny

Li do con ngi gy ra:

-90% tai nn giao thng

-86% Tai nn trn cht c hi vo nm 1986

-80-90% Tai nn ca cc nh my ha cht

-80% tai nn ti cc gin khoan du trongnhng thp nin va qua

-88% tai nn cng nghip


32/37

18-Aug-

3

Li do con ngi gy ra:.

-Ocean Ranger, Newfoundland, 1982. Tu phcv gin khoan Ocean drilling platform b lt,ton b thy th b cht

-Hinton, Alberta 1986, Tai nn ng st -23cht , 71 b thng, tn tht $35 triu , cxc nh li do con ngi.

64

Khng ph hp

Nguy him

Li do con ngi gy ra ?


33/37

18-Aug-

3

OSHA Office of Training and Education 65

Yu t con ngiChng trnh an ton

v sc khe

66

Li im ca hiu qu chng trnhan ton v sc khe

Gim thng tt v bnh nghnghip

Nng cao tinh thn v kh nng snxut

Gim chi ph bi thng tai nn laong


34/37

18-Aug-

3

67

Cc yu t chnh

An ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng, v chngtrnh y t c hiu qu bao gm bn yu t sauy:

S cam kt ca qun l v s tham gia ca

nhn vin

Phn tch ch lm vic

Phng nga v kim soat mi nguy

Tp hun an ton

68

S cam kt ca qun l v stham gia ca nhn vin

S cam kt ca qun l to ra ng lcv ngun lc ( ti chnh v con ngi)

S tham gia ca nhn vin to ra mitrng pht trin , tin b v an ton

v sc khe cng nhn


35/37

18-Aug-

3

69

Chnh sch v mc tiu

Tnh trng r rng v an ton ch lm v chnh schsc khe

Xy dng v thng tin r rng v mc tiu v itng cho chng trnh an ton v sc khe

Li cun s tham gia ca lnh o cp cao vochng trnh

70

S tham gia ca nhn vin

Khuyn khch nhn vin tham gia chngtrnh v quyt nh n an ton v sc kheca h

Truyn t trch nhim cho tt c mi kha

cnh ca chng trnh


36/37

18-Aug-

3

71

Trch nhim

B phn chu trch nhim v chng trnh anton v sc khe phi c c quyn hn vphng tin

Qun l, gim st v nhn vin phi c t chc p ng trch nhim ca mnh

Hng nm chng trnh hot ng phi c xemxt nh gi, xc nh cc thiu st, v sa i

khi cn thit

72

Phn tch ni lm vic

Kim tra ni lm vic v xcnh:

-- Mi nguy ang c

-- Khi thay i iu kin v cchvn hnh th c th to ra minguy

Qun l phi ch ng phn tchcng vic v ni lm vic lng trc v ngn nga sy ras bt li


37/37

18-Aug-

73

Quan st thng th

Tin hnh iu tra c bn ton din van ton v sc khe

Phn tch mi nguy ca cng vic

Ai c th gip c:

-- Chng trnh t vn OSHA

-- Cng ty bo him

-- Cc nh t vn

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