chronology & constitution. roc (taiwan) yearbook 2011 appendices chronology constitution

Treasuring the earth’s resources is the common responsibility of all inhabitants of the global village.

Appendices

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Chronology: 2010Jan. 5 — The Legislative Yuan passes an

amendment to the Act Governing Food Sanitation 食品衛生管理法, ban-ning the import of cow parts from ar-eas where mad cow disease has been documented within the past decade.

— The Legislative Yuan passes the Hak-ka Basic Act 客家基本法 to promote Hakka language and culture.

7 — The Legislative Yuan passes an amendment to the Political Donations Act 政治獻金法 that relaxes restrictions on small-sum anonymous campaign donations, revising the proportion of such donations to a political party, group or candidate from 10 percent to 30 percent of total donations.

— The Legislative Yuan passes an amendment to the Insurance Act 保險

法, prohibiting the payment of death benefits for children who die under the age of 15.

— The Legislative Yuan passes the Cul-tural and Creative Industries Act 文化

創意產業發展法, requiring the govern-ment to promote the development of the arts through tax rebates, discounts and subsidies.

9 — The Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) 民主進步黨 wins all three seats contested in legislative by-elections in Taichung 臺中, Taoyuan 桃園 and Taitung 臺東 counties.

12 — The Legislative Yuan passes an amendment to the Organizational Act of the Executive Yuan 行政院組織法, under which the number of Cabinet-level organizations will be cut from 37 to 29 and comprise 14 ministries, eight councils and commissions, three independent agencies and four subor-dinate bodies.

— The U.S.-based human rights organiza-tion Freedom House releases its 2010

Freedom in the World report, listing Taiwan as one of the freest countries whose people enjoy a high degree of political rights and civil liberties.

18 — The Legislative Yuan passes amend-ments to the Local Government Act 地方制度法, clearing the way for year-end elections in the nation’s special municipalities.

20 — In the 2010 Index of Economic Free-dom, released jointly by The Heritage Foundation and The Wall Street Jour-nal, the ROC is ranked as having the world’s 27th freest economy, a leap over 2009, when it ranked 35th.

24 — An ROC C-130 Hercules transport aircraft carrying medical supplies for earthquake victims in Haiti lands at San Isidro Air Base in the Dominican Republic.

27 — The Taipei International Book Exhibi-tion opens at the Taipei World Trade Center 臺北世界貿易中心; a record-high 58 countries and regions participate.

— The Ministry of Economic Affairs approves the first large-sum invest-ment in Taiwan by a state-run main-land Chinese company—Yangzhou Yangtze Investment and Development Group Co. Ltd. 揚子江集團—which will invest approximately NT$66 million (US$2.09 million) to open a restaurant in Taipei.

Feb. 20 — Au Revoir, Taipei 一頁臺北 receives the Best Asian Film Award from the Network for the Promotion of Asian Cinema at the Berlin International Film Festival 2010, beating out 11 other entries.

27 — The DPP wins three of four seats in the ROC’s legislative by-elections, taking Chiayi 嘉義, Hsinchu 新竹 and Taoyuan 桃園 counties, while the Kuomintang (KMT) 中國國

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Chronology: 2010

民黨 retains the Hualien County 花蓮

縣 seat. 28 — The Taipei Jingmei Girls High School

臺北市立景美女子高級中學 tug-of-war team out-pulls rivals from around the globe to win gold in the 540-kilogram category at the World Indoor Champi-onships in Italy.

Mar. 10 — ROC baker Wu Pao-chun 吳寶春 wins the title of Master Baker in the bread category at the Bakery World Cup in France.

21 — President Ma Ying-jeou embarks on a seven-day trip to Kiribati, the Marshall Islands, Nauru, Palau, the Solomon Islands and Tuvalu, all ROC diplomatic allies in the South Pacific.

Apr. 1 — The Hong Kong-Taiwan Economic and Cultural Co-operation and Pro-motion Council (ECCPC) 港台經濟

文化合作協進會, whose mission is to facilitate relations between the two sides, is formally inaugurated.

— Across Taiwan, the Easycard 悠遊

卡, a stored-value card that had been used only for public transit, can now be used to pay for purchases at over 10,000 retail locations.

6 — Taipei and Shanghai ink four memo-randums of understanding that cover cultural exchanges, tourism, technology parks and environmental protection.

9 — ROC men and women’s tug-of-war teams out-pull rivals to win gold at the Asian Tug-of-War Championships in South Korea.

16 — The ROC signs a working holiday pact with Canada.

21 — The Taipei Culture Center 臺北文化中

心, which promotes cultural exchang-es between the ROC and Japan, opens in Tokyo.

23 — The Legislative Yuan passes the Fair and Speedy Criminal Trials Act 刑事

妥速審判法 to ensure that defendants in criminal cases are brought to trial as quickly as possible.

30 — The ROC and Japan sign a memo-randum of understanding in Taipei to strengthen cooperation in a wide range of areas, including global warming, disaster prevention and fighting international crime.

May 4 — The Taiwan Strait Tourism Associa-tion (TSTA) 臺灣海峽兩岸觀光旅遊協

會, Taiwan’s first semi-official agency in the mainland, opens an office in Beijing.

7 — The TSTA’s mainland counterpart, the Cross-Strait Tourism Exchange Asso-ciation 海峽兩岸旅遊交流協會, launches operations in Taipei.

10 — Chen Shu-chu 陳樹菊, a 61-year-old vegetable vendor in eastern Taiwan, is named one of the 100 most influential people in the world by Time magazine for her extraordinary generosity.

— Kaohsiung 高雄, Taiwan, and Xiamen 廈門, mainland China, forge closer management and logistical ties by signing a port agreement.

14 — Students from the ROC collect one top prize, five third-place honors and a fourth-place prize in categories ranging from animal and mathemati-cal science to chemistry and electrical and mechanical engineering at the Intel International Science and Engi-neering Fair in California.

15 — Students from the ROC capture 18 gold, 22 silver and four bronze med-als at the 21st International Invention, Innovation and Technology Exhibi-tion in Malaysia.

17 — Health Minister Yaung Chih-liang 楊志良 leads an ROC delegation that takes part in the 63rd World Health Assembly as an observer under the name “Chinese Taipei.”


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— The Asia-Pacific Economic Coop-eration (APEC) Business Advisory Council begins its five-day second meeting of the year in Taipei.

18 — The Legislative Yuan passes the Environmental Education Act 環境教

育法, which makes coursework on en-vironmental issues mandatory starting in 2011.

— The 2010 World Competitiveness Year-book, published by the Switzerland-based International Institute for Management Development, ranks the ROC the world’s eighth-most com-petitive economy.

24 — The APEC SME Crisis Management Center, devoted to helping members’ small and medium-sized enterprises prepare for future economic crises, opens in Taipei.

26 — The Taiwan-Hong Kong Economic and Cultural Co-operation Council ( E C C C ) 臺港經濟文化合作策進會 , Taiwan’s counterpart to Hong Kong’s ECCPC, begins operations.

June 1 — The Legislative Yuan approves amendments to the Labor Union Act 工會法, securing the right to form unions for millions of workers, in-cluding teachers.

8 — The Sydney-based Institute for Eco-nomics and Peace ranks the ROC the 35th-most peaceful country out of 149 nations measured in the Global Peace Index, up two slots from 2009.

— The ROC and The Gambia sign a bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement aimed at ex-panding economic cooperation be-tween the two countries.

24 — Officials from Taiwan and mainland China agree on an “early harvest” list of goods and services subject to tariff cuts. Beijing grants tariff reductions on some 500 items from Taiwan, while Taipei offers similar treatment for roughly 200 mainland Chinese products.

28 — In the greatest upset at Wimbledon 2010, Taiwan’s Lu Yen-hsun 盧彥勳 de-feats fifth-seed U.S. player Andy Rod-dick, earning a spot in the quarterfinals.

29 — Taipei and Beijing sign the landmark Cross-Straits Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (ECFA) 海峽

兩岸經濟合作架構協議 and the Intellec-tual Property Rights Protection and Co-operation Agreement (IPR Agreement) 智慧財產權保護合作協議 following talks in Chongqing 重慶, mainland China, between Taiwan’s Straits Exchange Foundation (SEF) 海基會 and its mainland Chinese counterpart, the Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits (ARATS) 海協會.

30 — Marshall Islands President Jurelang Zedkaia and his entourage arrive in the ROC for a six-day state visit.

July 1 — The Cabinet approves the pacts signed on June 29 between Taiwan’s SEF and mainland China’s ARATS.

4 — Huang You-di 黃友棣, composer of over 2,000 songs and one of the most influential 20th-century Chinese-language musicians, dies in Kao-hsiung City 高雄市 at the age of 98.

11 — The Taiwan-Israel Chamber of Com-merce 臺灣以色列商業文化促進會 i s established in Taipei to promote trade, culture, education and tourism between the two countries.

24 — Doris Chen 陳彥寧 becomes the first golfer from Taiwan to win the U.S. Girls’ Junior Championship.

27 — The ROC reaffirms its sovereignty over the Dongsha Islands 東沙群島 (also known as the Pratas Islands) in the South China Sea by opening a Marine National Park Headquarters 海洋國家公園管理處 office on the coral atoll.

Aug. 1 — Taiwan’s Yani Tseng 曾雅妮 wins the Women’s British Open, becoming the youngest player ever to have won three Ladies Professional Golf Asso-ciation (LPGA) majors.


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Chronology: 2010

— Chinese Taipei wins the 2010 World Junior Baseball Championship in Canada, its first gold medal in 27 years at the under-18 international competition, sponsored by the Inter-national Baseball Federation.

17 — The Legislative Yuan ratifies the ECFA.

19 — The Legislative Yuan amends three acts, allowing mainland Chinese stu-dents to study in Taiwan’s universi-ties and recognizing higher education degrees from the mainland.

21 — The Chongqing Junior High School 重慶國中 baseball team wins the Junior League World Series in the United States. This is the ROC’s 18th title at a Little League Baseball Inc.-sponsored tournament and its first since returning to tournament play in 2010 after withdrawing from compe-tition in 1997.

26 — A team of ROC junior all-stars wins the 2010 Asian “AA” Baseball Cham-pionship in Thailand.

30 — First lady Chow Mei-ching 周美青 ar-rives in Haiti on a two-day humanitar-ian mission to the earthquake-stricken nation.

31 — The ROC and Australia sign a memo-randum of understanding to cooperate on promoting green energy industries and technologies.

Sept. 9 — The ROC is ranked the world’s 13th-most competitive economy out of 139 surveyed in the annual Global Com-petitiveness Report released by the World Economic Forum.

12 — Two landmark agreements between Taiwan and mainland China—the ECFA and the IPR Agreement—take effect.

14 — The ROC reaffirms its sovereignty over the Diaoyutai Islands 釣魚臺列嶼 following a Sept. 13 standoff between an ROC fishing vessel and a flotilla of Japanese patrol boats in waters off the disputed archipelago.

16 — The World Trade Organization rates Taiwan as the world’s 16th-largest exporter and 17th-largest importer in the first half of 2010.

23 — The Cabinet-level Financial Supervi-sory Commission 行政院金融監督管理

委員會 authorizes mainland China’s Bank of China 中國銀行 and Bank of Communications 交通銀行 to set up representative offices in Taiwan, marking the first time mainland banks receive approval to operate in Taiwan.

27 — ROC senior high school students win three golds and one silver at the 2010 International Earth Science Olympiad in Indonesia.

Oct. 11 — After signing an agreement with Ger-many, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs unveils a reciprocal working holiday program for people aged 18 to 30.

21 — Typhoon Megi 梅姬颱風 delivers record-breaking rainfall for a single day to the plains of eastern Taiwan, flooding Su-ao 蘇澳, Yilan County 宜蘭縣. Several people are killed by a landslide triggered by the rains.

31 — The ROC wins the team champion-ship among 37 participating nations at the iENA International Trade Fair in Germany, taking 27 gold, 32 silver and 23 bronze medals.

— Airplanes begin traveling between Taipei International Airport 臺北國際

航空站 (Songshan Airport) and Tokyo International Airport (Haneda Air-port) for the first time in over three decades.

Nov. 6 — The 2010 Taipei International Flora Exposition 臺北國際花卉博覽會 begins. Fifty-nine cities and 86 organizations from 31 countries are expected to participate in the event by the time it closes April 25, 2011.

7 — Students from the ROC competing against 1,200 others from over 20 countries win a total of nine medals


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at the 2010 World Robot Olympiad in the Philippines.

8 — The Legislative Yuan passes the Act Governing Breastfeeding in Public Places 公共場所母乳哺育條例, protect-ing women’s right to breastfeed in public while providing a legal basis for the establishment of nursing rooms in public places and enacting fines for those who attempt to prevent breastfeeding.

11 — The Supreme Court upholds a lower court’s guilty verdict for former President Chen Shui-bian 陳水扁 and his wife for cases of graft involving a land acquisition deal in Longtan Township 龍潭鄉, Taoyuan County, and the appointment of the Grand Ca-thay Securities 大華證券 chairperson during Chen’s presidency.

16 — The Legislative Yuan passes the Ge-ology Act 地質法, requiring the taking of a nationwide geological survey and a public disclosure of unstable areas. Geological information is to be stored in a national database and updated every five years.

22 — Canada grants ROC nationals visa-free entry for up to six months.

24 — Taiwanese and French scientists jointly share the 2010 Taiwan-France Science and Technology Award pre-sented by the Fondation Scientifique Franco-Taiwanaise for nanotechnol-ogy research on interactions between silicon carbide and oxygen.

27 — The first elections of mayors, coun-cilors and ward chiefs of five special municipalities are held. The KMT wins in Taipei, New Taipei 新北市 and Taichung cities, while the DPP takes the mayoralties of Tainan 臺南市 and Kaohsiung.

— Taiwan pockets 13 gold, 16 silver and 38 bronze medals at the Asian Games in Guangzhou 廣州, mainland China, its second-biggest gold medal haul ever and best performance in 12 years.

Dec. 2 — Former President Chen Shui-bian be-gins serving his sentence for corrup-tion and money laundering at Taipei Prison 法務部矯正署臺北監獄.

5 — Yani Tseng wins the LPGA Player of the Year 2010 award in the United States, becoming the first golfer from Taiwan to be so honored.

— Taiwan’s athletes win a record total of three gold, two silver and four bronze medals at the 2010 Asian Extreme Sports Championships in Taipei.

— The ROC delegation to the 6th Seoul International Invention Fair picks up a total of 33 gold, 32 silver and 32 bronze medals, as well as three special awards in a competition involving 36 countries displaying over 650 inventions.

11 — The ROC’s delegation of six students is named the top winner at the 2010 International Junior Science Olym-piad in Nigeria, where a total of 180 students under 16 years of age from 35 countries test their understanding of mathematics, biology, physics, chemistry and geoscience.

21 — The Cross-Strait Medical and Health Cooperation Agreement 兩岸醫藥衛生

合作協議 is signed in Taipei follow-ing a sixth round of talks between Taiwan’s SEF and mainland China’s ARATS.

22 — The European Union announces that, starting Jan. 11, 2011, ROC nationals will be allowed visa-free entry to 35 European nations and territories for periods of up to 90 days.

24 — The Ministry of Economic Affairs kicks off an initiative to install the nation’s first low-voltage smart-meter systems, allowing a sampling of cus-tomers to keep tabs on their electric-ity usage online.

25 — Mayors and city councilors of the nation’s five special municipalities, which altogether account for roughly 60 percent of the nation’s population, are sworn in.


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28 — The ROC baseball team clinches its fifth straight title at the 6th Asian Little League Championships in Japan.

29 — An ROC-Hungary treaty eliminat-ing double taxation between the two countries takes effect. Under the agreement, investors pay taxes only in their main country of operation.

— The ROC’s Penghu Islands 澎湖群島 are named one of the 10 best secret island groups in travel publisher Lonely Planet’s Best in Travel 2011 guide. The book praises the beauty of the islands, their nostalgic feel and their green turtle breeding sites.


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Appendix

Chronology: 1911-20091911Oct. 10 — A revolt against Qing dynasty 清朝

erupts in Wuchang 武昌 and is fol-lowed by revolutionary activities throughout China. The string of up-risings which ultimately overthrew the Qing court were referred histori-cally as the Xinhai Revolution 辛亥

革命.Dec. 29 — Dr. Sun Yat-sen 孫中山 is elected

by delegates across China as provi-sional president of the new republic to be founded in 1912.

1912Jan. 1 — The Republic of China (ROC) is

founded, with Dr. Sun as the first pro visional president.

— The Gregorian calendar replaces the lunar calendar in the ROC.

28 — A provisional parliament is estab-lished in Nanjing.

Feb. 12 — Aisin-Gioro Puyi 愛新覺羅．溥儀 ab-dicates as emperor, end ing the rule of the Qing dynasty.

13 — Dr. Sun tenders his resignation to the provisional parliament.

15 — Yuan Shi-kai 袁世凱 is elected pro-visional president by the provisional parliament.

Mar. 10 — Yuan Shi-kai assumes the provision-al presidency in Beijing.

11 — A provis iona l cons t i tu t ion i s promul gated.

Apr. 2 — The provisional parliament resolves to move the seat of the government to Beijing.

Aug. 25 — The Revolutionary Alliance 中國同盟

會 is reorganized as the Kuomintang (KMT) 國民黨.

1913Apr. 6 — The provisional parliament is dissolved. 8 — The Republic’s first parliament is

convened.May 2 — The United States recognizes the ROC.July 12 — Li Lie-jun 李烈鈞 of the KMT starts

the Second Revolution against Yuan’s dictatorial rule.

Oct. 6 — Yuan forces the parliament to elect him president.

10 — Yuan formally assumes the presidency.

1914May 1 — Yuan annuls the provisional constitu tion.June 23 — The KMT is reorganized as the

Chinese Revolutionary Party 中華

革命黨 in Tokyo. Dr. Sun is elected director-general.

Aug. 6 — Yuan declares China’s neutrality in World War I.

Sept. 2 — Japanese troops land at Longkou 龍口, Shandong Province 山東省, in preparation for an invasion of German-controlled Qingdao 青島

following Japan’s alliance with Brit-ain against Germany in World War I. Japan gains de facto control over the region which later evolves into the Shandong dispute.

1915Jan. 18 — Japan presents the notorious Twenty-

one De mands 二十一條要求 to the Beijing government in an attempt to establish political and economic domination over China.

May 25 — The Sino-Japanese Agree ment (the Twenty-one Demands) is signed.

Dec. 12 — Yuan proclaims himself emperor. 25 — Cai E 蔡鍔, Tang Ji-yao 唐繼堯 and Li

Lie-jun revolt against Yuan in Yun-nan Province 雲南省.

1916Mar. 22 — Yuan is forced to forsake his monar-

chical reign, and the republican form of government is restored.

June 6 — Yuan dies at the age of 58. 7 — Li Yuan-hong 黎元洪 becomes presi-

dent of the Beijing government.Oct. 31 — Huang Xing 黃興, leader of the Xinhai

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Chronology: 1911-2009

Revolution that overthrew the Qing dynasty, dies at the age of 42.

1917July 12 — An attempted coup d’état by Zhang

Xun 張勳 to restore the Qing dynasty fails.

Aug. 14 — The Beijing government joins the Al-lies in World War I and declares war on Germany and Austro-Hungary.

25 — Dr. Sun forms a military government in Guangzhou 廣州.

Sept. 1 — The special parliamentary assembly elects Dr. Sun as generalissimo of the Chinese Military Government.

1918Sept. 4 — The An-Fu Clique Parliament 安福國

會 in the north elects Xu Shi-chang徐世昌 presi dent.

Nov. 23 — The Ministry of Education adopts the National Phonetic Symbols.

1919Apr. 30 — The Paris Peace Conference allows

Ja pan to take over Germany’s pre-war rights in Shandong Province.

May 4 — More than 3,000 students demon-strate in Beijing against the Paris Peace Con ference decision.

June 28 — China refuses to sign the Versailles Treaty on grounds that German rights in Shandong were given to Japan.

Oct. 10 — The Chinese Revolutionary Party is reorgan ized as the Chinese National-ist Party 中國國民黨 (abbreviated as Nationalist Party, or KMT).

1920June 29 — China joins the League of Nations.July 14 — With various parts of China ruled

by local warlords, war erupts be-tween the Zhili 直隸 and Anhui 安徽

factions. Cao Kun 曹錕 of the Zhili

faction and Zhang Zuo-lin 張作霖 of the Fengtian 奉天 faction join forces to fight against Duan Qi-rui 段祺瑞

of the Anhui faction.

1921May 5 — Dr. Sun assumes the presi dency of

the newly formed southern govern-ment in Guangzhou.

July 23 — The Chinese Communist Party 中國

共產黨 holds its first congress.

1922Feb. 4 — China signs an agreement with Japan

in Washington to settle the Shandong dispute.

Apr. 28 — War between Wu Pei-fu 吳佩孚 of the Zhili faction and Zhang Zuo-lin of the Fengtian faction breaks out.

June 2 — Xu Shi-chang resigns as president of the Beijing government.

11 — Li Yuan-hong resumes the presi-dency in Beijing.

l6 — Chen Jiong-ming 陳炯明 revolts against Dr. Sun.

Aug. 15 — Dr. Sun issues a manifesto urging the unification of China by peaceful means.

1923Jan. 26 — Dr. Sun and Adolf Joffe, representa-

tive of the Soviet Communist Party, issue a joint statement declaring that neither the Communist social order nor the Soviet system is suitable for China.

1924Jan. 20 — The first National Congress of the

KMT in Guangzhou adopts a policy of cooperation with the Soviet Union and the Chinese Communist Party.

May 3 — Chiang Kai-shek 蔣中正 is appointed superin tendent of the Whampoa Military Academy 黃埔軍校.


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Sept. 17 — The second Zhili-Fengtian war breaks out, and later results in the defeat of Wu Pei-fu and the resigna-tion of Cao Kun.

22 — The design of a “white sun in a blue sky over a crimson ground” is ad-opted as the national flag of the ROC (see “National Symbols”).

Nov. 10 — Dr. Sun, in a manifesto, calls for the early convocation of a national peo-ple’s convention and the abolition of unequal treaties.

24 — Duan Qi-rui becomes provisional chief executive in Beijing.

1925Mar. 12 — Dr. Sun dies in Beijing at the age of

59.July 1 — The National Government 國民政府

is established in Guangzhou.Nov. 23 — The KMT proposes disciplinary

measures to restrict communist activi ties.

1926Apr. 9 — Duan Qi-rui resigns as provisional

chief executive.June 5 — Chiang Kai-shek becomes commander -

in-chief of the National Revolution-ary Forces 國民革命軍.

July 9 — Chiang Kai-shek launches the North-ern Expedition 北伐 from Guangzhou to end the rule of local warlords and unify China.

1927Jan. 1 — Wuhan 武漢 (Wuchang, Hankou 漢

口 and Hanyang 漢陽) is proclaimed capital of the National Government by a left-wing group of the KMT.

Mar. 22 — The Northern Expeditionary Forces take over Shanghai.

Apr. 13 — The KMT launches a purge within the party by expelling communist members.

18 — A reorganized national government is estab lished in Nanjing by the KMT.

Aug. 1 — The Chinese Communists stage the Nanchang 南昌 Uprising against the Na tional Government.

13 — Chiang Kai -shek resigns as commander-in-chief of the National Revolution-ary Forces in order to unify the Nanjing and Hankou factions of the KMT.

1928May 1 — The National Revolutionary Forces

occupy Jinan 濟南. 3 — Japanese troops attack the North-

ern Expeditionary Forces in Jinan, touching off the May 3 (Jinan) Inci-dent 五三慘案.

June 4 — Zhang Zuo-lin is killed on a train by a bomb explosion. His son, Zhang Xue-liang 張學良, succeeds him as “ruler of Manchuria 滿洲（東北）.”

20 — Beijing is renamed Beiping 北平.Oct. 8 — Chiang Kai-shek is elected chairman

of the National Government of the ROC.

10 — Chiang Kai-shek assumes the chair-manship of the National Govern ment.

Nov. 1 — The Central Bank of China 中央銀行

is estab lished.Dec. 5 — The Legislative Yuan (Legislature)

立法院 is formally es tablished. 29 — Zhang Xue-liang pledges allegiance

to the National Government, which leads to the unification of China.

1929May 20 — Japanese troops withdraw from

Shandong Province. June 15 — The KMT announces that by 1935

the government plans to end the Pe-riod of Political Tutelage 訓政時期, a preconstitutional form of govern-ment which was introduced in 1928.

July 23 — The National Government severs diplo matic relations with the Soviet Union.

Dec. 28 — The Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) proclaims the nul lification of consular jurisdiction in China to rid China of foreign privi leges.


505


1930Jan. 6 — The Examination Yuan 考試院 is for-

mally es tablished.Apr. 1 — Yan Xi-shan 閻錫山, Feng Yu-xiang

馮玉祥 and Li Zong-ren 李宗仁 revolt against the National Government.

18 — The United Kingdom returns the Weihaiwei 威海衛 naval base to China.

July 13 — Opposition seeks to set up a gov-ernment in Beijing under the lead-ership of Wang Jing -wei 汪精衛.

Nov. 4 — Ya n X i - s h a n a n n o u n c e s h i s retirement.

1931Feb. 2 — The Control Yuan 監察院 is formally

estab lished.May 5 — The National People’s Convention

國民會議 is held in Nanjing under the chairman ship of Chiang Kai-shek.

June 1 — The Provisional Constitution for the Period of Political Tutelage 訓政時期

約法 is promul gated.July 4 — Korean immigrants occupy Wan-

baoshan 萬寶山 in Jilin Province 吉

林省 at the insti gation of Japanese militarists.

6—Thefirsthighercivilserviceexamination is held in Nanjing.

Sept. 18 — Japanese troops occupy Shenyang瀋陽 (Mukden) in a surprise attack. Impor tant cities in Liaoning 遼寧

and Jilin prov inces later fall to the Japanese.

Oct. 24 — The Council of the League of Na-tions adopts a resolution urging Japan to withdraw its troops from Northeast China by Nov. 16.

26 — Japan turns down the League’s resolution.

27 — Nanjing and Guangzhou representa-tives meet in Shanghai for peace negotia tions and reconciliation among different factions of the KMT.

Nov. 7 — The Chinese Communists set up a So viet regime in Ruijin 瑞金, Jiangxi Province 江西省.

18 — Ma Zhan-shan 馬占山 puts up a stiff fight against the Japanese in Heilongjiang Province 黑龍江省.

Dec. 15 — Chiang Kai-shek retires in the interest of party unity.

28 — Lin Sen 林森 assumes chairmanship of the National Government.

1932Jan. 7 — U.S. Secretary of State Henry Stim-

son declares that the United States will not recognize any treaty that violates the Open Door Policy 門戶

開放政策, which allows equal privi-leges for countries trading within China and supports Chinese territo-rial integrity.

14 — The League of Nations Com mission is established to investigate the Japa-nese invasion.

28 — Japanese naval forces attack Shang-hai. The 19th Army Corps puts up stiff resistance.

30 — The National Government is moved to Luoyang 洛陽 due to the Japanese invasion.

Feb. 6 — The National Military Council 軍事

委員會 is es tablished.Mar. 8 — Chiang Kai-shek becomes chairman

of the National Military Council.May 5 — China and Japan sign an armistice in

Shanghai.June 28 — Chiang Kai-shek arrives in Hankou

from Lushan 盧山 to direct the cam-paign against the Chinese Communists.

Dec. 1 — The National Government moves back to Nanjing.

12 — China resumes diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union.

1933Jan. 3 — Japanese troops outside the Great

Wall 長城 occupy Shanhaiguan 山

海關.Feb. 14 — The League of Nations refuses to

rec ognize “Manchukuo” 滿洲國. 21 — Japanese troops invade Rehe Prov-

ince 熱河省. Fighting later spreads

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Appendix

in North China. Sev eral strategic passes along the Great Wall 長城 fall to the Japanese.

May 31 — The Sino-Japanese Tanggu Armistice Agreement 塘沽協定 is signed.

Aug. 6 — Feng Yu-xiang announces that his re-volt at Kalgan Pass 張家口 has failed.

Nov. 20 — Leaders of the 19th Army Corps form a “people’s government” in Fujian Province 福建省.

1934Feb. 19 — Chiang Kai-shek launches the New

Life Movement 新生活運動 in Nan-chang 南昌.

Mar. 1 — Henry Puyi (Aisin-Gioro Puyi) is en-throned as “emperor of Manchukuo” in Changchun 長春 by the Japanese militarists.

Oct. 10 — The main forces of the Chinese CommunisttroopsfleetheirbasesinJiangxi Province to the northwest, launching “Long March” 長征.

Nov. 10 — Government troops capture Ruijin, the communist capital in Jiangxi Province.

1935Oct. 2 — Chiang Kai-shek is appointed

com mander-in-chief of the North-western Communist-Suppression Army and Zhang Xue-liang, deputy com mander-in-chief, with headquar-ters in Xian 西安.

Nov. 3 — The National Government proclaims the nationalization of all silver, mak-ing notes issued by the Central Bank of China, the Bank of China and the Bank of Communica tions legal tender.

19 — Chiang Kai-shek, while comment-ing on the Japanese aggression at the fourth plenary session of the Fifth National Congress of the KMT, says that hope for peace should not be abandoned and that there should be no talk about sacrifice until andunless sacrifice becomes absolutelynecessary.

1936May 5 — The government promulgates the

May 5 Draft Constitution 五五憲草.Aug. 19 — The Guangxi Province 廣西省 oppo-

sition sets up an inde pendent regime in Guilin 桂林.

Sept. 16 — The Guangxi problem is settled. Li Zong-ren assumes office as com-mander of theGuangxi PacificationHeadquarters.

Dec. 4 — Chiang Kai-shek leaves Luoyang for Xian by air.

12 — Zhang Xue-liang’s troops mutiny in Xian and hold Chiang Kai-shek and other ranking government officialshostage.

22 — Madame Chiang 蔣夫人, accom-panied by W. H. Donald and T.V. Soong (Sung Tzu -wen) 宋子文,flytoXian.

25 — Zhang Xue-liang accompanies Gen-eralissimo Chiang Kai-shek and Mad ame Chiang to Luoyang, en route to Nanjing.

1937July 7 — Japanese troops near Marco Polo

Bridge 盧溝橋, southwest of Beijing, attack Wanping County 宛平縣 at night, formally starting the Second Sino-Japanese War (or War of Re-sistance Against Japan), which lasts until 1945.

17 — In a speech at Guling 牯嶺, Chiang Kai-shek lays down four conditions for settle ment of the Marco Polo Bridge Incident 盧溝橋事變.

26 — The Japanese consul in Tianjin 天津

sends an ultimatum to Song Zhe-yuan 宋哲元, Chi nese commander in the Hebei-Chahaer 河北-察哈爾 area, de-manding that Chinese troops evacuate from Beijing and its vicinities. Song orders his 29th Army Corps to resist.

27 — Japanese troops attack Beijing. 28 — Beijing falls. 30 — Chinese troops evacuate from

Tianjin.Aug. 13 — Japanese troops attack Shanghai.


507


21 — China and the Soviet Union sign a non- aggression treaty in Nanjing.

Sept. 28 — The League of Nations adopts a resolu tion denouncing Japan’s ag-gression in China.

Oct. 6 — The U.S. State Department con-demns Japan’s invasion of China.

7 — The League of Nations adopts a resolu tion pledging moral support for China.

30 — The National Government decides to move the capital from Nanjing to Chongqing 重慶.

Nov. 3 — China presents her case at The Nine Power Treaty Conference 九國公約會

議 in Brussels. 11 — Chinese forces evacuate from

Shanghai. Dec. 13 — Japanese troops occupy Nanjing.

1938Mar. 28 — The MOFA issues a statement de-

nouncing the “Reform Government of China,” a puppet regime set up by the Japanese in Nanjing.

31 — The Emergency National Congress of the KMT in Wuchang elects Chiang Kai-shek as its director-gen eral and decides to organize a People’s Po-litical Council and a San-min-zhu-yi (Three Principles of the People) Youth Corps 三民主義青年團.

Apr. 7 — Chinese troops score a major victory over Japan in Taierzhuang 臺兒莊.

July 6 — The first session of the People’s Politi-cal Council 國民參政會 opens in Han-kou and adopts a program of armed resistance and national reconstruction.

9 — The San-min-zhu-yi Youth Corps is es tablished with Chiang Kai-shek as head.

Oct. 25 — Chinese troops evacuate from Wuchang and Hankou.

Dec. 18 — Wang Jing-wei deserts the National Government and leaves Chongqing for Kunming 昆明.

22 — The Japanese prime minister, Prince Konoye, lays down three points as

guiding principles for the settlement of the Sino-Japanese conflict and the es-tablishment of a new order in East Asia.

26 — Chiang Kai-shek reiterates China’s de-termination to carry on the war of re-sistance against Japan and charges that Konoye’s statement clearly re veals Japan’s ambition to take over China.

1939Jan. 28 — The fifth plenary session of the Fifth

Central Committee of the KMT de-cides to create a Supreme National Defense Council 國防最高委員會 with Chiang Kai-shek as chairman.

Nov. 20 — Chairman Chiang Kai-shek is ap-pointed to the concurrent post of president of the Executive Yuan 行政院.

1940Mar. 29 — Wang Jing-wei establishes a puppet

regime in Nanjing, which is recog-nized by Japan on Nov. 30.

30 — The MOFA declares the Nanjing puppet regime illegal.

Sept. 6 — Chongqing is proclaimed provisional ocapital of China

1941Jan. 4 — The Communist New Fourth Army

新四軍 revolts against the National Govern ment.

15 — The revolt of the Communist New Fourth Army is suppressed.

Mar. 1 — The first session of the Second Peo-ple’s Political Council is convened in Chongqing.

Apr. 14 — Condemning the Soviet-Japanese Neu trality Pact, Foreign Minister Wang Chong-hui 王寵惠 declares that Outer Mon golia and the northeastern provinces are Chinese territory and that the Soviet-Japanese statement is not bind ing on China.

17 — U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt approves the first military aid pro-gram of US$45 million for China.

Sept. 30 — Chinese troops win the second battle of Changsha 長沙.


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Dec. 9 — China formally declares war on Japan.

1942Jan. 2 — Chinese Expeditionary Forces enter

Burma. 3 — Generalissimo Chiang assumes of-

fice as supreme commander of the China Theater of War.

15 — Chinese troops win the third battle of Changsha.

Mar. 4 — General Joseph Stilwell arrives in Chongqing to assume duties as chief of staff of the China Theater of War and also to take command of all Ameri can armed forces in China, Burma and India.

Apr. 19 — Chinese Expeditionary Forces cap-ture Burma’s Yenangyaung, rescuing more than 7,000 British and Burmese troops from Japanese encirclement.

June 2 — Foreign Minister T.V. Soong and U.S. Secretary of State Cordell Hull sign the Sino-American Lend-Lease Agree ment in Washington.

July 4 — The China Task Force of the U.S. Army Air Corps supersedes the American Volunteer Group of the Chinese Air Force.

Oct. 10 — The U.S. and U.K. governments an-nounce their intention to relinquish extraterritoriality and related rights in China.

1943Jan. 11 — China signs the new Sino-American

Treaty in Washington and the new Sino-British Treaty in Chongqing.

June 14 — The Battle of West Hubei ends, with a strategic victory for China.

Oct. 10 — Chiang Kai-shek is sworn in as chair-man of the National Government.

Nov. 23 — Chiang Kai-shek, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and U.K. Prime Minister Winston Churchill confer in Cairo.

Dec. 3 — The Joint Declaration of the Cairo Con ference is issued simultaneously in Chongqing, Washington and London.

1944May 17 — Chinese and American forces lay siege

to Myitkyina in northern Burma. June 16 — Chinese Expeditionary Forces cap-

ture Kaimaing in northern Burma. 18 — U.S. Vice President Henry Wallace

vis its China. 25 — Chinese Expeditionary Forces cap-

ture Mogaung in northern Burma.Sept. 29 — The Chinese-American-British phase

of the Dumbarton Oaks Conference begins.

Oct. 9 — China, the United States, the United Kingdom and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics promulgate the draft for the Charter of the United Nations.

29 — U.S. General Albert C. Wedemeyer is appointed chief of staff of the China Theater of War.

1945Mar. 5 — China, the United States, the United

Kingdom and the Soviet Union is-sue joint invitations to the Apr. 25 United Nations Conference in San Francisco.

June 26 — Representatives of 50 nations, in-cluding China, sign the U.N. Charter in San Francisco. The U.N. Security Council is consequently created, with China as one of the five perma-nent members.

July 26 — Chiang Kai-shek, U.S. President Harry S. Truman and U.K. Prime Minister Churchill issue a joint ulti-matum, call ing for Japan’s uncondi-tional surren der.

Aug. 9 — Soviet troops enter Manchuria. 11 — The Chinese Communist headquar-

ters in Yanan 延安 order communist troops to launch an all-out revolt against the government.

14 — Japan surrenders. — The Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship

and Alliance is signed in Moscow. — Chiang Kai-shek invites Mao Ze-

dong 毛澤東 to come to Chongqing for a confer ence.


509


15 — The Legislative Yuan unanimously approves the U.N. Charter.

23 — Soviet troops occupy Manchuria. 28 — Mao Zedong, accompanied by U.S.

Ambassador Patrick Hurley, arrives in Chongqing from Yanan.

31 — The three northeastern provinces (Man churia) are divided into nine prov inces by the government.

Sept. 2 — Japan’s surrender is signed on the USS Missouri, with General Xu Yong-chang 徐永昌 signing for China.

9 — General He Ying-qin 何應欽 receives the for mal surrender of Japanese forces in China from General Oka-mura in Nanjing.

Oct. 25 — Taiwan is formally retroceded to China after 50 years of Japanese rule.

Nov. 12 — The government convokes the Na-tional Assembly 國民大會 slated for May 5, 1946.

22 — General George C. Marshall arrives in Chongqing as U.S. President Tru-man’s special envoy.

28 — The Big Three Foreign Ministers’ Con ference in Moscow announces agree ments on a commission and al-lied council for Japan, the ultimate estab lishment of a free Korea, and the with drawal of Soviet and U.S. troops from China.

1946Jan. 7 — Government and communist repre-

sentatives hold their first truce meet ing with General Marshall as media tor.

10 — The government issues a cease-fire or der.

— The Political Consultative Con-f e r e n c e 政治協商會議 o p e n s i n Chongqing.

Feb. 11 — U.S. Secretary of State James Byrnes makes public the Yalta Secret Agree ment.

20 — The MOFA declares the Yalta Secret Agreement not binding on China.

22 — More than 20,000 students demonstrate against the Yalta Secret Agreement

and call for the Soviet Union to with-draw its forces from China.

Mar. 5 — The MOFA announces that China has rejected the Soviet claim to all Japanese military enterprises in Manchuria.

13 — Government forces enter Mukden fol lowing the evacuation of Soviet troops.

24 — The government postpones convoca-tion of the National Assembly set for May 5, 1946.

26 — Communist troops take over Harbin 哈爾濱 and Qiqihar 齊齊哈爾 as the Soviet forces evacuate.

May 5 — The National Government moves back to Nanjing.

23 — Government t roops recapture Changchun.

June 6 — Chiang Kai-shek accepts General Marshall’s proposal to issue a sec-ond cease-fire order during the 15-day armistice.

July 3 — The Supreme National Defense Coun cil votes to convene the Na-tional As sembly on Nov. 12, 1946.

Aug. 17 — Yanan issues a second mobilization order instructing all communist forces to launch full-scale war against the government.

Sept. 3 — Chiang Kai-shek agrees to create a committee of five headed by U.S. Ambassador J. Leighton Stuart to pave the way for a coalition government.

Oct. 16 — Chiang Kai-shek presents the com-munists with eight conditions for a na tionwide cease-fire.

18 — The communists reject the govern-ment’s latest peace offer.

Nov. 4 — China and the United States sign a five-year Treaty of Friendship, Com-merce and Navigation.

8 — Chiang Kai-shek issues a third cease-fire.

15 — The National Assembly officially opens. Chiang Kai-shek announces termina tion of KMT tutelage.

Dec. 25 — The National Assembly completes drafting the new Constitution.


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Appendix

1947Jan. 1 — The government promulgates the

Con stitution. 8 — General Marshall leaves Nanjing for

the United States to become secretary of state.

29 — The U.S. State Department announces abandonment of efforts to mediate between the National Government and the communists.

Feb. 28 — Rioting breaks out in Taipei 臺北, following an incident between police and a ped dler who violated the tobacco monopoly.

Mar. 19 — Government troops capture Yanan. May 26 — The third plenary session of the

Fourth People’s Political Council adopts a resolution to invite communist mem bers to attend.

June 25 — The foreign ministry reveals repeated Soviet Union attempts to block Chi nese troops from entering Dalian 大連 and Port Arthur 旅順口.

July. 22 — General Albert C. Wedemeyer, U.S. President Truman’s special representative, arrives in Nanjing.

Aug. 22 — The Executive Yuan orders closure of the Sovietcontrolled port of Dalian to all foreign shipping.

Nov.21—ThefirstgeneralelectioninChinaisheld.

Dec. 25 — The National Government adopts the Constitu tion.

1948Mar.29—China’sfirstNationalAssemblyun

der the Constitution opens with 1,629 del egates attending.

Apr.18—ThefirstNationalAssemblyapproves,by a twothirds majority, temporary provisions granting emergency powers to the president during the period of the anticommunist campaign.

19—The first National Assembly electsChiang Kaishek as China’s first presi dent under the new Constitution by 2,430 out of 2,734 votes.

21 — Government troops evacuate from Yanan.

29 — Li Zongren is elected vice president of China on the fourth ballot.

May 20 — President Chiang and Vice President Li are sworn in.

Dec. 29 — General Chen Cheng 陳誠 is appointed gov ernor of Taiwan.

1949Dec. 7 — The ROC central government moves

its headquarters to Taipei. 10—PresidentChiangfliesfromChengdu

成都 to Taipei.

1950Jan. 6 — Diplomatic relations with the United

Kingdom are severed following Britain’s recognition of the communist authorities in Beijing.

11 — The United Nations Security Council rejects a Soviet proposal for the immediate expulsion of the ROC delegation.

28 — The ROC declares it will not be bound by any agreements signed between Beijing and Moscow.

Mar. 1—President Chiang resumes office inTaipei.

7 — President Chiang nominates General Chen Cheng as president of the Executive Yuan 行政院 (premier).

Apr. 5 — The Executive Yuan grants Taiwan authority to carry out selfgovernance through popular elections in counties and cities within two months.

June 27 — U.S. President Truman orders the U.S. Seventh Fleet to prevent a communist attack on Taiwan and asks the ROC government to cease air and sea operations against mainland China.

July 2 — A popular election for the Hualien County Council 花蓮縣議會 is held, marking the beginning of selfgovernance in Taiwan.

31 — U.S. General Douglas MacArthur arrives in Taipei for talks with President Chiang.

Aug. 10 — Karl L. Rankin arrives in Taipei


511


as chargé d’affaires of the United States Embassy.

1951May 1 — U.S. Major General William C.

Chase arrives in Taipei as the first chief of the Military Assistance Ad-visory Group in Taiwan.

25 — The Legislative Yuan adopts the 37.5-Percent Farm Rental Reduction Act 耕地三七五減租條例.

30 — The government announces plans to sell arable public land to tenant farmers on easy payment terms.

Dec. 11 — The Taiwan Provincial Assembly 臺灣省議會 is established.

1952Feb. 1 — The U.N. General Assembly finds

the Soviet Union guilty of violation of the 1945 Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance.

Apr. 28 — The Treaty of Peace between the ROC and Japan is signed in Taipei.

Oct. 22 — The first worldwide Overseas Chi-nese Conference opens in Taipei.

1953Jan. 10 — The Legislative Yuan adopts the

Land-to-the-Tiller Act 實施耕者有其

田條例. 25 — President Chiang announces the ab-

rogation of the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance of 1945 and its related documents.

Apr. 2 — Karl Rankin becomes the U.S. am-bassador to the ROC.

12 — The Legislative Yuan passes a bill submitted by President Chiang, ex-tending the term of office for legisla-tors by one year to May 7, 1954.

July 17 — Troops on Kinmen 金門 conduct a successful raid against the communist-held Dongshan Island 東山島 off the southern coast of Fujian Province.

Sept. 27 — President Chiang recommends an extension of the term of office for the delegates of the first National Assembly, elected in 1947, until

the second National Assembly can be elected.

Nov. 24 — The government protests the pro-posal by the United States to transfer the Amami Oshima Islands to Japan.

1954Mar. 11 — The second session of the first Na-

tional Assembly approves indefinite extension of the Temporary Provi-sions Effective During the Period of National Mobilization for Suppres-sion of the Communist Rebellion 動員戡亂時期臨時條款.

22 — The National Assembly re-elects Chiang Kai-shek president to a sec-ond six-year term.

24 — The National Assembly elects Chen Cheng vice president.

Dec. 3 — The Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty 中美共同防禦條約 is signed in Washington.

1955Jan. 26 — The U.S. House of Representatives

approves a resolution authorizing President Dwight D. Eisenhower to employ American armed forces to defend Taiwan, the Penghu Islands 澎湖群島 and “related positions and territories.”

Feb. 7 — Evacuation of the Dachen Islands 大陳島 begins.

Mar. 3 — Foreign Minister George K.C. Yeh 葉公超 and U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles exchange instruments of ratification of the Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty in Taipei.

1956Jan. 12 — The Taiwan Provincial Govern-

ment 臺灣省政府 promulgates the Enforcement Rules of the Act on Urban Land Reform 實施都市平均地

權條例臺灣省施行細則.May 28 — The ROC informs the Philippines

that the ROC has full sovereignty over the Nansha (Spratly) Islands 南沙群島.


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Appendix

1957May 3 — The Council of Grand Justices 大法

官會議 of the Judicial Yuan 司法院 rules that the nation’s three top rep-resentative organs—the Legislative Yuan, the Control Yuan and the Na-tional Assembly—shall collectively represent the Chinese parliament in all international parliamentary organizations.

Sept. 26 — The first council meeting of the Asian Peoples’ Anti-Communist League opens in Taipei.

1958Aug. 1 — An insurance program covering

180,000 government employees is put into effect.

23 — The Battle of the Taiwan Strait 臺海

戰役 begins with mainland China’s firing on the Kinmen Islands.

Oct. 23 — President Chiang and U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles issue a joint communiqué reaffirming soli-darity between the two countries and stating that the islands of Kinmen and Matsu 馬祖 are “closely related” to the defense of Taiwan and the Penghu Islands.

1959Mar. 6 — Weighing 36,000 tons, the Faith is

launched in Keelung 基隆. It is the first tanker built in Taiwan.

July 21 — The Legislative Yuan revises the Conscription Act 兵役法, stipulat-ing that 19-year-old men are to be drafted for two years’ service in the army or three years in the navy or air force.

Aug. 15 — Nike -Hercu l e s g round - to - a i r guided missiles arrive from the United States under a military aid program.

Sept. 1 — The Act on Compensation for Wrong-ful Detentions and Convictions 冤獄

賠償法, designed to compensate peo-ple in cases of miscarriage of justice, goes into effect.

1960Feb. 2 — The Council of Grand Justices an-

nounces that the total membership of the National Assembly during the present period of national emergency shall be 1,576.

Mar. 11 — The third session of the first Nation-al Assembly adopts an amendment to the Temporary Provisions Effec-tive During the Period of National Mobilization for Suppression of the Communist Rebellion.

22 — The National Assembly re-elects Chiang Kai-shek president to a third term and Chen Cheng vice president to a second term.

May 9 — The Central Cross-Island Highway 中部橫貫公路 is opened to traffic.

June 18 — U.S. President Eisenhower arrives in Taipei for a state visit.

19 — President Chiang and U.S. President Eisenhower issue a joint communi-qué pledging that their governments will continue to stand solidly behind the Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty.

— Mainland Chinese troops hit Kin-men, and ROC art i l lery uni ts retaliate.

Aug. 15 — The Council of Grand Justices rules that courts of all levels shall be placed under the jurisdiction of the Judicial Yuan.

25 — In the opening procession of the Olympic Games in Rome, the ROC Olympic team protests against the International Olympic Committee’s ruling that compels ROC athletes to compete under the name “Taiwan” instead of the “Republic of China.”

Sept. 6 — Decathlon champion Yang Chuan-kwang 楊傳廣 wins the ROC’s first Olympic silver medal.

1961May 14 — U.S. Vice President and Mrs. Lyn-

don B. Johnson visit Taiwan.Oct. 7 — Two defecting Chinese communist

pilots, Shao Siyan 邵希彥 and Gao


513


Youzong 高佑宗, arrive from South Korea.

27 — The 16th U.N. General Assembly votes for the admission of Outer Mongolia. The ROC abstains.

Dec. 1 — The first nuclear reactor in Taiwan, installed by scientists at the National Tsing Hua University 國立清華大

學 campus in Hsinchu 新竹, begins operation.

1962Mar. 14 — The ROC declares it does not recog-

nize Japan’s so-called “residual sov-ereignty” over the Ryukyu Islands.

Oct. 30 — The ROC rejects the McMahon Line as the boundary between the Chinese mainland and India.

Dec. 28 — The ROC declares border agree-ments signed among the Beijing r eg ime , Ou te r Mongo l i a and Pakistan illegal and not binding on the ROC.

1963Aug. 4 — The ROC declares it does not rec-

ognize the border treaty signed between the Beijing regime and Afghanistan.

23 — Ambassador to the United States Jiang Ting-fu 蔣廷黻 signs the nuclear test ban treaty on behalf of the ROC.

Sept. 1 — The Council for International Eco-nomic Cooperation and Develop-ment is inaugurated to replace the Council for U.S. Aid.

Nov. 16 — The new premier, Yen Chia-kan 嚴家

淦, assumes office.

1964Feb. 12 — Japanese Prime Minister Shigeru

Yoshida arrives for talks with Presi-dent Chiang.

June 14 — The NT$3.2-billion multipurpose Shihmen Reservoir 石門水庫 i s dedicated.

Oct. 27 — A treaty of amity is signed with South Korea.

1965Apr. 9 — An accord to establish a Sino-American

fund for economic and social devel-opment in Taiwan is signed with the United States.

25 — An inventory of atomic equipment and materials to be reported to the International Atomic Energy Agency is signed with the United States.

July 1 — The United States phases out eco-nomic aid to Taiwan.

31 — An agreement on the status of U.S. forces in China is signed with the United States.

Nov. 23 — U.S. warships return 102 cases of rare books that were sent to the United States for safekeeping during World War II.

1966Jan. 1 — U.S. Vice President Hubert H. Hum-

phrey arrives for talks with govern-ment leaders.

Feb. 15 — Korean President Park Chung-hee arrives for a four-day state visit.

Mar. 21 — The National Assembly elects Presi-dent Chiang Kai-shek to a fourth six-year term.

22 — The National Assembly elects Pre-mier Yen Chia-kan as vice president.

26 — The MOFA announces the ROC’s opposition to U.S. recognition of Outer Mongolia.

July 3 — U.S. Secretary of State Dean Rusk arrives for discussions with govern-ment leaders.

6 — The Legislative Yuan approves the Sino-Haitian Treaty of Amity signed in Port-au-Prince Feb. 15, 1966.

1967Feb. 1 — The National Security Council 國家

安全會議 is established by President Chiang, with Vice Premier Huang Shao-gu 黃少谷 as its secretary-general.

July 1 — Taipei becomes a special municipal-ity, with Gao Yu-shu 高玉樹 as its mayor.


II

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Appendix

28 — The Chinese Cultural Renaissance Movement 中華文化復興運動 is of-ficially organized, with President Chiang as its head.

Aug. 3 — The Executive Yuan decides to ex-tend the period of compulsory edu-cation from six years to nine years beginning in 1968.

Sept. 25 — The first conference of the World Anti-Communist League opens in Taipei, attended by more than 200 leaders from 72 nations and regions.

1969Aug. 24 — Taichung’s 臺中 Golden Dragons 金

龍 baseball team wins the 23rd Little League World Championship.

Dec. 17 — The Chinese National Committee of the International Press Institute is established in Taipei.

1970July 12 — Sprinter Chi Cheng 紀政 breaks the

women’s 200-meter world record in West Germany, with a time of 22.44 seconds.

1971Aug. 14 — Ground for the construction of the

Sun Yat-sen Freeway 中山高速公路 is broken near Linkou 林口.

Oct. 25 — The ROC withdraws from the Unit-ed Nations.

1972Mar. 21 — The National Assembly re-elects

President Chiang Kai-shek to a fifth six-year term.

May 26 — Former Vice Premier Chiang Ching-kuo 蔣經國 becomes premier after approval by the Legislative Yuan.

Aug. 20 — The Meiho 美和 baseball team wins the Senior League world title.

27 — The Taipei Little League baseball team wins the world title.

Sept. 29 — Diplomatic relations with Japan are severed.

Nov. 12 — The ROC wins the World Cup Golf Championship in Melbourne.

1973Oct. 30 — Construction of Tsengwen Reservoir

曾文水庫, the largest in Taiwan, is completed.

Dec. 25 — Construction of the railroad be-tween Su-ao 蘇澳 and Hualien 花蓮 is launched.

1974Jan. 26 — Premier Chiang announces an across-

the-board price adjustment to help stabilize the economy.

Apr. 20 — Taiwan-Japan flights by China Air-lines 中華航空公司 and Japan Airlines are terminated.

Oct. 30 — The first Taiwan-produced F5E Free-dom jet fighter rolls off the assembly line.

1975Feb. 17 — The China Steel Corp. 中鋼公司, the

Continental Illinois National Bank and the Trust Co. of Chicago sign a US$200-million loan contract to help finance construction of a steel mill in Kaohsiung 高雄.

Apr. 5 — P r e s i d e n t C h i a n g K a i - s h e k passes away. Yen Chia-kan, vice president since 1966, succeeds as president.

28 — Premier Chiang Ching-kuo is elected chairman of the Central Committee 中常會 of the ruling KMT.

June 9 — Diplomatic ties with the Republic of the Philippines are severed.

July 1 — Diplomatic relations with Thailand are terminated.

9 — A private aviation agreement that re-stores the Taiwan-Japan services of China Airlines and a Japanese airline is signed with Japan.

Oct. 21 — The second naphtha cracking plant of the Chinese Petroleum Corp. 臺灣中油股份有限公司 begins production.


515


1976July 17 — The ROC team withdraws from the

Montreal Olympics to protest against having to compete under the name “Taiwan.”

Oct. 31 — Taichung Port 臺中港 officially opens.

1977Mar. 26 — The Taiwanese research vessel Hai

Gong 海功號 returns to Keelung after a 115-day exploratory expedition to the Antarctic.

June 3 — The 445,000-ton tanker Burmah Endeavour, the world’s third-largest vessel built by China Shipbuilding Corp. 台灣國際造船股份有限公司 for U.S. Gatx Oswego, is launched in Kaohsiung.

1978Mar. 21 — Premier Chiang Ching-kuo is elected

president of the ROC by the Na-tional Assembly.

30 — The first generator of Taiwan’s first nuclear power plant begins its full capacity operation of 636,000 kilowatts.

May 26 — The Legislative Yuan endorses President Chiang’s appointment of Sun Yun-suan 孫運璿, former minis-ter of economic affairs, as the new premier.

Oct. 31 — The 377-kilometer Sun Yat-sen Free-way is opened.

Dec. 8 — The Legislative Yuan passes the re-vised Foreign Exchange Control Act 管理外匯條例, under which the New Taiwan Dollar is no longer pegged to the U.S. Dollar.

15 — U.S. President Jimmy Carter an-nounces that on Jan. 1, 1979, the United States will terminate dip-lomatic relations with the ROC in favor of the Beijing regime.

1979Mar. 1 — The United States Embassy in

Taipei closes, to be succeeded by

the American Institute in Taiwan. — The Washington office of the Coor-

dination Council for North American Affairs 北美事務協調委員會 of the ROC opens.

Apr. 10 — U.S. President Jimmy Carter signs legislation permitting continued commercial and cultural relations between the United States and the ROC following the severance of dip-lomatic ties in December 1978.

July 1 — Electrification of Taiwan’s 1,153- kilometer west-coast trunk line rail-way between Keelung and Kaohsiung is completed.

— Kaohsiung becomes a special mu-nicipality under the direct jurisdic-tion of the Executive Yuan.

Sept. 6 — The Cabinet announces the exten-sion of territorial waters to 12 nauti-cal miles and the establishment of a 200-mile economic zone.

Dec. 10 — A demonstration organized by opposi-tion politicians and Formosa 美麗島 magazine to commemorate Human Rights Day turns into a bloody riot, lat-er known as the “Kaohsiung Incident” 美麗島事件, in which scores of demon-strators and policemen are injured.

1980Jan. 3 — The United States announces it will

resume arms sales to Taiwan after a one-year suspension.

1981May 4 — The first European Trade Fair in

Taiwan is held at the Taipei World Trade Center 台北世界貿易中心, with 293 companies from 13 Western Eu-ropean countries participating.

1982May 12 — The Council of Agriculture (COA)

行政院農業委員會 unveils the second phase of the land reform program.

Oct. 16 — Aleksandr I. Solzhenitsyn, 1970 Nobel laureate in literature, arrives in Taiwan at the invitation of the Wu


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Appendix

San-lien Awards Foundation 吳三連

獎基金會.

1983Jan. 14 — The Legislative Yuan passes a revi-

sion of the Trademark Act 商標法, authorizing imprisonment for trade-mark infringement.

Feb. 16 — Martinair of the Netherlands inaugu-rates flights to Taiwan, marking the opening of air service between the two nations.

Apr. 12 — China Airlines inaugurates regu-lar flight service to Amsterdam as the first step toward establishing a world-girdling commercial air service.

June 7 — The Legislative Yuan passes the Firearms, Ammunition and Knives Control Act 槍砲彈藥刀械管制條例, placing the manufacture, possession and use of firearms and other weap-ons under stricter control.

1984Mar. 1 — Assembly of the first domestically

built AT-3 jet trainer is completed. The twin-seat trainer, fitted with two Garrett TFE 731-2-2L engines, each with a thrust of 1,590 kilograms, was developed by the Aeronautical Institute of Science and Technology.

21 — President Chiang is re-elected to a second six-year term.

May 20 — President Chiang nominates Yu Kuo-hwa 俞國華, chairman of the Council for Economic Planning and Devel-opment (CEPD) 行政院經濟建設委員

會 and governor of the central bank, as the new premier.

July 20 — The Legislative Yuan passes the La-bor Standards Act 勞動基準法.

Oct. 12 — The ROC-Australia Trade Association and the Chinese-New Zealand Busi-ness Council are inaugurated in Taipei.

1985Jan. 8 — The Hong Kong Affairs Task Force

under the Executive Yuan decides to

simplify exit and entry application procedures, relax controls on foreign exchange, and adopt measures to at-tract large enterprises and financial institutions in Hong Kong to Taiwan.

Apr. 16 — The first test-tube baby in Taiwan is born at Taipei Veterans General Hos-pital 台北榮民總醫院.

July 9 — The final part of a transoceanic tele-communication cable system linking Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore is hauled ashore in Toucheng Town-ship 頭城鎮, Yilan County 宜蘭縣.

19 — The Ministry of National Defense (MND) announces that a test fire of the domestically developed surface-to-air missile “Sky Bow” 天弓 has been successfully carried out.

Sept. 29 — Decathlon runners Ku Chin-shui 古

金水 and Li Fu-an 李福恩 win gold and silver, respectively, in the sixth Asian Track and Field Champion-ships in Jakarta, Indonesia.

1986Apr. 23 — Doctors at National Taiwan Univer-

sity Hospital 台大醫院 separate a pair of 14-day-old Siamese twins, saving one of their lives.

24 — An extradition treaty is signed with Paraguay in Taipei.

May 18 — The MND announces that an air-to-air “Sky Sword” 天劍 missile has been successfully tested by shooting down a Hawk missile.

Aug. 3 — Construction of the National Syn-chrotron Radiation Research Center 國家同步輻射研究中心 commences at the Hsinchu Science Park 新竹科學

園區.Sept. 25 — The ROC is readmitted to the Olym-

pic Council of Asia, 13 years after its withdrawal.

28 — The Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) 民主進步黨 is formed in Taipei.

Oct. 15 — Lee Yuan-tseh 李遠哲, a member of Academia Sinica 中央研究院, wins the 1986 Nobel Prize in chemistry.


517


1987June 23 — The Legislative Yuan passes the

National Security Act During the Period of National Mobilization for Suppression of the Communist Rebell ion 動員戡亂時期國家安全法, leading to the lifting of martial law in Taiwan.

July 15 — Martial law is lifted, the National Security Act During the Period of National Mobilization for Suppres-sion of the Communist Rebellion is promulgated, and foreign exchange controls are relaxed.

Aug. 1 — The Council of Labor Affairs 行政院

勞工委員會 is established under the Executive Yuan.

Nov. 2 — The Red Cross Society of the Re-public of China 中華民國紅十字會總

會 starts accepting applications from local residents wishing to visit rela-tives in mainland China.

10 — Talks with the United States on intellectual property rights open in Taipei.

1988Jan. 1 — The ban on the establishment of new

newspapers is lifted, and restrictions on the number of pages per issue are relaxed.

11 — The Legislative Yuan passes the Act on Assembly and Parades During the Period of National Mobilization for Suppression of the Communist Rebell ion 動員戡亂時期集會遊行法, which outlines three fundamental principles and specifies areas that will be off-limits to demonstrators.

13 — President Chiang Ching-kuo passes away due to heart failure and hemorrhaging.

— Vice President Lee Teng-hui 李登輝 is sworn in as president for the remain-der of the late President Chiang’s sec-ond six-year term, which runs from 1984 to 1990.

Mar. 3 — The CEPD approves the establish-ment of a US$11-billion International

Economic Cooperation and Devel-opment Fund to assist developing countries.

24 — The Government Information Office (GIO) 行政院新聞局 and the MND reiterate that Taiwan has never en-gaged in the development of nuclear weapons. This is confirmed by the U.S. government.

Apr. 18 — The Red Cross Society of the ROC begins forwarding mail from Taiwan to the Chinese mainland.

July 28 — The Executive Yuan approves regula-tions governing the import of publica-tions, films, and radio and television programs from mainland China.

Aug. 18 — The Mainland Affairs Task Force 大陸工作小組 is established under the Executive Yuan.

30 — Talks with the United States on fi-nance and banking open in Washing-ton. Taiwan agrees to open its market to credit-card companies and to expand credit limitations for foreign banks.

Oct. 25 — A comprehensive farmers’ health insurance is initiated.

Nov. 3 — Taiwan allows people from mainland China to visit sick relatives or attend funerals in Taiwan.

Dec. 1 — The Executive Yuan announces guidelines for unofficial participa-tion in international academic con-ferences and cultural and athletic activities held in mainland China, as well as regulations governing visits to Taiwan by overseas mainland scholars and students.

1989Jan. 10 — Diplomatic relations with the Com-

monwealth of the Bahamas are established.

20 — The Legislative Yuan passes the Civil Associations Act 人民團體法.

26 — The Legislative Yuan passes the Act on the Voluntary Retirement of Senior Parliamentarians 第一屆資深中

央民意代表自願退職條例.


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Appendix

Mar. 6 — President Lee Teng-hui arrives in Singapore for a four-day visit.

Apr. 7 — The Chinese Taipei Olympic Com-mittee 中華奧林匹克委員會 announces that ROC athletic teams and orga-nizations will participate in inter-national sporting events held on the Chinese mainland under the name “Chinese Taipei.”

17 — Teachers and staff of public schools are permitted to travel to mainland China for family visits.

18 — Newsgathering and filmmaking by Taiwanese media on mainland China are approved.

May 28 — A Ching-kuo Indigenous Defense Fighter 經國號戰機, the first domesti-cally developed and manufactured aircraft of its kind, successfully completes its first test flight.

31 — One million students participate in the “Hand in Hand, Heart to Heart” rally supporting the Chinese democ-racy movement.

June 1 — Lee Huan 李煥 is sworn in as premier. 4 — President Lee issues a statement con-

demning the Tiananmen Massacre. 10 — Direct telephone links with mainland

China are opened. 19 — The Hong Kong and Macau Affairs

Task Force announces the govern-ment’s plan to simplify procedures for the relocation of Hong Kong and Macau compatriots to Taiwan and to provide assistance for their emigra-tion to a third country.

July 11 — The Legislative Yuan approves a partial revision of the Banking Act 銀行法, which will go into effect July 19, thereby abolishing interest-rate controls and deregulating entry into the banking system.

Aug. 1 — A foreign currency call-loan market is established in Taipei with a view to transforming the city into an in-ternational financial center.

Sept. 4 — President Lee and Guatemalan Presi-dent Marco Vinicio Cerezo Arevalo

sign a joint communiqué for closer bilateral relations.

25 — The Sky Bow Weapons System, developed and manufactured domes-tically, is added to the nation’s air-defense arsenal.

26 — The Executive Yuan permits Chinese pro-democracy supporters to settle in Taiwan.

Oct. 2 — Diplomatic relations with Liberia are re-established, whereupon Beijing severs formal ties with Liberia in protest.

12 — Diplomatic relations with Belize are established.

1990Jan. 14 — President Lee and Haitian President

Prosper Avril sign a joint commu-niqué calling for stronger bilateral cooperation.

16 — Low-ranking government employees are permitted to visit relatives in mainland China, and native Taiwan-ese who moved to the Chinese main-land before 1949 are allowed to visit relatives in Taiwan.

Feb. 13 — Performing artists are granted per-mission to stage commercial perfor-mances on the Chinese mainland and to participate in activities sponsored by the mainland.

26 — President Lee and Salvadoran Presi-dent Alfredo Felix Cristiani Burkard sign a joint communiqué for closer bilateral cooperation.

Mar. 1 — The Executive Yuan approves direct trade with the Soviet Union and Albania.

17 — Thousands of university students stage a sit-down protest at the Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall 中正

紀念堂 plaza to express opposition to the National Assembly’s attempt to expand its authority.

21 — The National Assembly elects Lee Teng-hui as the eighth-term presi-dent of the ROC.


519


22 — The National Assembly elects Li Yuan-zu 李元簇 vice president.

Apr. 5 — Diplomatic relations with the King-dom of Lesotho are restored. Two days later, Beijing cuts ties with Lesotho.

30 — Elected officials of all levels are permitted to make private visits to mainland China during recesses. Veterans who were stranded on the mainland when the central govern-ment relocated to Taiwan in 1949 are allowed to apply for resettlement in Taiwan.

May 20 — Lee Teng-hui and Li Yuan-zu are inaugurated as president and vice president.

— President Lee announces a special amnesty, which includes the pardon-ing of dissidents Hsu Hsin-liang 許信

良 and Shih Ming-teh 施明德. 26 — Diplomatic relations with Guinea

Bissau are established. 29 — President Lee appoints Hau Pei-tsun

郝柏村 premier following approval by the Legislative Yuan.

June 17 — President Andres Rodriguez of Paraguay arrives in Taipei to sign a joint communiqué calling for closer ties between the two countries.

21 — The Council of Grand Justices man-dates that senior parliamentarians elected in the 1940s retire by Dec. 31, 1991.

25 — Reporters from mainland China are permitted to visit Taiwan for news-gathering purposes, and government employees from Taiwan are allowed to visit sick relatives or attend funer-als on the mainland.

July 4 — The National Affairs Conference concludes in Taipei after six days of discussions on parliamentary re-forms, the central and local govern-ment systems, the Constitution and mainland policy.

Aug. 10 — The ROC declares its support of a U.N. call for world sanctions against Iraq over its invasion of Kuwait.

Sept. 1 — Premier Hau Pei-tsun announces the objectives of the Six-year National Development Plan 國家建設六年計

畫, which covers public construc-tion projects, culture, education and medicine.

17 — A team of 200 athletes and coaches fly to mainland China for Taiwan’s first participation in the Asian Games in 20 years.

19 — Taiwan’s Red Cross Society and its counterpart in mainland China reach an agreement on procedures for the repatriation of illegal mainland en-trants to Taiwan.

Oct. 7 — The National Unification Council (NUC) 國家統一委員會 is established under the Office of the President to help formulate policy for Taiwan’s eventual unification with mainland China.

11 — The Ministry of the Interior (MOI) reiterates that the Diaoyutai Archi-pelago 釣魚台列嶼 belongs to the ROC. The chain of eight uninhabited islets, located in the East China Sea, is also claimed by Japan and main-land China.

Nov. 15 — The MOFA announces the ROC-Canadian agreement to exchange aviation rights and establish Taipei economic and cultural offices in ma-jor Canadian cities.

1991Jan. 6 — A memorandum is signed with Saudi

Arabia for the mutual establishment of representative offices.

30 — The Executive Yuan combines the task forces for mainland China, Macau and Hong Kong affairs into the Mainland Affairs Council (MAC) 行政院大陸委員會, which is to formu-late and implement mainland policy.

31 — The Executive Yuan approves a bud-get of around NT$8.2 trillion for the Six-year National Development Plan.

Mar. 9 — The Straits Exchange Foundation (SEF) 海峽交流基金會, a private organization


II

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Appendix

financially supported by the govern-ment, begins operations to handle technical issues arising from people-to-people contacts between Taiwan and mainland China.

14 — The Executive Yuan passes the Guidelines for National Unification 國家統一綱領, which are now the highest directives governing Taiwan’s mainland policy. Its long-term goal is to establish a democratic, free and equitably prosperous China.

Apr. 22 — The second extraordinary session of the first National Assembly passes the Additional Articles of the Con-stitution of the ROC 中華民國憲法

增修條文 and approves the abolition of the Temporary Provisions Effec-tive During the Period of National Mobilization for Suppression of the Communist Rebellion.

30 — President Lee declares the termi-nation of the Period of National Mobilization for Suppression of the Communist Rebellion, effective May 1. He abolishes the Temporary Provi-sions Effective During the Period of National Mobilization for Suppres-sion of the Communist Rebellion and promulgates the Additional Articles of the Constitution, also to take effect May 1.

May 24 — The Legislative Yuan approves the abolition of the Act for the Purging of Communist Agents 戡亂時期檢肅匪

諜條例.June 26 — Approval is given to 15 of the 19 ap-

plications to set up private commer-cial banks.

July 4 — Taiwan and Czechoslovakia agree to exchange representative offices.

Aug. 5 — President Lee receives Fijian Prime Minister Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara; an ROC-Fiji technology cooperation agreement is signed Aug. 6.

12 — Two mainland Chinese journalists arrive in Taipei, marking the first-ever visit by mainland reporters.

18 — Vice President Li Yuan-zu leaves for a state visit to Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Honduras, and to attend the 23rd Plenary Meeting of the World League for Freedom and Democracy in San José, Costa Rica.

Oct. 11 — Direct air service begins between Taiwan and Australia.

Nov. 6 — Taiwan and Latvia sign memoranda for economic cooperation and the exchange of trade offices.

13 — Taiwan joins the Asia-Pacific Eco-nomic Cooperation (APEC) forum along with Hong Kong and mainland China.

15 — President Lee signs a joint commu-niqué with South African President Frederik Willem de Klerk for closer relations between their two countries.

Dec. 21 — The ruling KMT wins 71 percent of the vote and 254 of the 325 seats in the elections for the second National Assembly.

22 — Dissident Chinese astrophysicist Fang Lizhi 方勵之 visits Taipei.

31 — All senior delegates to the first Na-tional Assembly, the Control Yuan and the Legislative Yuan retire from office.

1992Jan. 27 — The Fair Trade Commission 行政院公

平交易委員會 is established under the Executive Yuan.

29 — Taiwan and Latvia announce the establishment of relations at the consulate-general level.

Feb. 4 — The Fair Trade Act 公平交易法 goes into effect.

28 — Taiwan and the Philippines sign an official investment guarantee agreement to protect investments by Taiwanese businesspeople.

Mar. 7 — President Lee and Nicaraguan Presi-dent Violeta Barrios de Chamorro sign a joint communiqué in Taipei for stronger bilateral relations.

23 — The first-ever meeting between the SEF and mainland China’s Association


521


for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits (ARATS) 海峽兩岸關係協會 convenes in Beijing to discuss issues related to document verification and indirect mail services.

27 — Taiwan and Bulgaria agree to estab-lish direct air links between Taipei and Sofia.

Apr. 17 — Legislative proceedings are complet-ed for the Employment Services Act 就業服務法, which will serve as the basis for the employment of foreign nationals in Taiwan.

29 — Bolivian Vice President Luis Ossio Sanjines officiates at the inaugura-tion of the Bolivian Commercial and Financial Representative Office in Taipei.

May 30 — The Additional Articles 11 through 18 of the ROC Constitution go into effect.

31 — Mainland Chinese people are al-lowed to come to Taiwan to care for elderly or sick relatives.

June 10 — A revised Copyright Act 著作權法 goes into effect, providing explicit legal protection for intellectual prop-erty rights and imposing heavier penalties for copyright infringement.

19 — The Legislative Yuan approves the Foreign Futures Contracts Act 國外

期貨交易法, to take effect in January 1993.

July 3 — The Legislative Yuan passes a revi-sion of the Civil Associations Act, which calls for a Political Party Re-view Committee 政黨審議委員會 to be formed under the MOI.

7 — A revision of the National Security Act 國家安全法 is passed to reduce the number of black-listed persona non grata from 282 to five.

9 — The Argentine Trade and Cultural Office opens in Taipei after a 20-year break in diplomatic relations.

16 — The Legislative Yuan passes the Act Governing Relations Between Peoples of the Taiwan Area and the

Mainland Area 臺灣地區與大陸地區人

民關係條例. 19 — A five-year lease of three Knox-class

frigates from the United States is approved by U.S. President George Bush.

Aug. 1 — The NUC defines “one China” as “one country and two areas separately ruled by two political entities.”

— Taiwan Garrison General Headquar-ters 臺灣警備總司令部—the highest security institution in Taiwan—is disbanded, and the Coastal Patrol General Headquarters 海岸巡防司令部 is established under the MND.

18 — The Department of Government Eth-ics 政風司 is established under the Ministry of Justice.

23 — Diplomatic relations with South Korea are severed.

Sept. 2 — President Lee and Guatemalan Presi-dent Jorge Antonio Serrano Elías sign a joint communiqué in Taipei calling for closer bilateral cooperation.

6 — Direct air service to Vietnam resumes for the second time in 13 months.

21 — The United States decides to sell 12 SH-2F light airborne multipurpose helicopters to Taiwan.

22 — Taiwan and Russia sign two diplo-matic memoranda and a protocol pledging the promotion of trade, tour-ism, investment, cultural, and scien-tific and technological exchanges.

29 — Observership to the General Agree-ment on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) is granted, as is Taiwan’s application for GATT membership under the name “Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu.”

Oct. 11 — President Lee and Panamanian Pres-ident Guillermo Endara sign a joint communiqué to expand bilateral cooperation.

Nov. 7 — After more than three decades of military administration, Kinmen and Matsu revert to civilian rule as the Act


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Appendix

Governing the Security and Guidance of the Kinmen, Matsu, Dongsha and Nansha Areas 金門馬祖東沙南沙地區

安全及輔導條例 takes effect. 12 — A letter of offer and acceptance for

Taiwan’s purchase of 150 F-16A and F-16B jet fighters is signed with the United States.

18 — Economics Minister Vincent Siew 蕭萬長 and German Vice Chancellor Jürgen Möllemann reach an agree-ment on the establishment of direct air links and channels of commu-nication on trade between the ROC and Germany.

19 — The COA bans all import, export and trade of rhino-horn products.

Dec. 19 — The KMT wins 53.02 percent and the DPP 31.03 percent of the popular vote in the second legislative elections.

1993Jan. 14 — The Legislative Yuan approves a

US$12.47 billion budget for the pur-chase of 150 F-16 fighter jets from the United States and 60 Mirage 2000-5s from France.

15 — An agreement is signed with the Phil-ippines on the transformation of the former U.S. naval facility at Subic Bay into an industrial complex.

Feb. 22 — Taiwan-produced film The Wedding Banquet 宴 wins a Golden Bear Award for best picture at the 43rd annual Berlin International Film Festival.

27 — Taiwan Provincial Governor Lien Chan 連戰 succeeds Hau Pei-tsun as premier.

Mar. 29 — Direct air service linking Taiwan and the United Kingdom is launched.

Apr. 22 — The Legislative Yuan ratifies the 1989 ROC-U.S. copyright agree-ment and passes amendments to the Copyright Act 著作權法, which will go into effect Apr. 26.

29 — At a historic meeting in Singapore, SEF and ARATS representatives

sign three agreements and a joint accord, to take effect May 29.

May 1 — The Taipei Economic and Trade Of-fice in Tel Aviv begins operation.

7 — The first Taiwan-built PFG-2 missile frigate, the Cheng Gong 成功號, goes into service.

8 — A 186-member team participates in the first East Asian Games in Shanghai.

June 30 — The Executive Yuan approves an economic stimulus package to ac-celerate industrial upgrading and to develop Taiwan into an Asia-Pacific regional operations center.

July 2 — The Act on Property-Declaration by Public Servants 公職人員財產申報法 goes into effect.

10 — The Vietnam Economic and Cultural Office in Taipei opens.

12 — The Taipei-Moscow Economic and Cultural Coordination Commission begins operation in Moscow.

Aug. 6 — In the first such bid since the ROC’s 1971 unseating, seven Central Amer-ican countries propose that the na-tion be reinstated as a U.N. member at the 48th General Assembly. The proposal is not put on the agenda.

11 — The Cable Television Act 有線電視法 enters into force.

22 — The New Party 新黨 is established.Sept. 2 — The Executive Yuan passes a reform

package to eradicate corruption and inefficiency in government.

Oct. 26 — A pact to promote investment and technology transfer is signed with Mexico.

Nov. 19 — Vincent Siew, chairman of the CEPD, represents President Lee Teng-hui at the APEC Leaders’ Meeting in Seattle.

25 — South Korea opens its Korean Mis-sion in Taipei to replace the embassy closed after bilateral diplomatic rela-tions were severed in 1992.

30 — An investment promotion pact is signed with Argentina to strengthen economic ties with South America.


523


Dec. 9 — The GIO lifts restrictions on radio stations and approves applications of 13 broadcasting companies for operation licenses.

15 — The Legislative Yuan approves a revision to the University Act 大學法, giving more autonomy to colleges and allowing students to partici-pate in meetings related to school affairs.

1994Jan. 11 — The Consumer Protection Act 消費者

保護法 goes into effect, making man-ufacturers accountable for any harm their products cause consumers.

12 — Diplomatic relations with Lesotho are severed.

15 — Lee Yuan-tseh succeeds Wu Ta-you 吳大猷 as president of Academia Sinica.

Feb. 9 — President Lee departs on an eight-day trip to the Philippines, Indonesia and Thailand.

Mar. 2 — A joint communiqué pledging bi-lateral cooperation is signed with Belize.

25 — The SEF and ARATS hold talks in Beijing on fishery disputes and the repatriation of illegal entrants and hijackers.

28 — A joint communiqué pledging fur-ther cooperation is signed with the Central African Republic.

Apr. 12 — All cultural and educational ex-changes with mainland China are suspended until Beijing provides reasonable and satisfactory explana-tions of the March 31 Qiandao Lake 千島湖 tragedy, in which 24 Taiwan-ese tourists were killed.

July 7 — The Legislative Yuan passes the Self-governance Act for Provinces and Counties 省縣自治法, stipulating that provincial governors be chosen by direct election. The Self-governance Act for Special Municipalities 直轄

市自治法 is passed the next day.

30 — Talks between the SEF and ARATS begin in Taipei. This is the first high-level dialogue between the two organizations since the Qiandao Lake Incident.

Aug. 8 — The SEF and ARATS sign and make public a joint press release on the results of their talks.

9 — The U.S. government announces trade sanctions against Taiwan under the Pelly Amendment, placing a ban on imports of wildlife products from Taiwan, effective Aug. 19.

Sept. 7 — The United States agrees to the re-naming of Taiwan’s representative office as the Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in the United States, and to Taiwan’s of-ficials visiting all U.S. government offices, except the White House and the Department of State, on official business.

19 — Taiwan signs a Trade and Invest-ment Framework Agreement with the United States.

22 — The chairman of the U.N. General Committee drops the proposal on the ROC’s U.N. membership from the agenda after a 90-minute debate, in which seven nations supported the ROC and 20 opposed the proposal.

Oct. 27 — The Legislative Yuan passes revi-sions to the Wildlife Conservation Act 野生動物保育法, increasing penal-ties for violators and stipulating that captive breeding of endangered ani-mals must cease within three years.

Dec. 3 — The first popular elections are held for the governor of Taiwan Province 臺灣省 and the mayors of Taipei and Kaohsiung municipalities. James Soong 宋楚瑜 is elected governor of Taiwan; Chen Shui-bian 陳水扁 and Wu Den-yih 吳敦義 win the may-oral seats of Taipei and Kaohsiung, respectively.

4 — U.S. Secretary of Transportation Fed-erico Pena visits Taipei, becoming the


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Appendix

first U.S. Cabinet member to carry out the new U.S. policy governing high-ranking official visits to Taiwan.

29 — The first squadron of Ching-kuo Indigenous Defense Fighters is officially commissioned.

1995Jan. 5 — The Executive Yuan Council approves

a plan to develop Taiwan into an Asia-Pacific regional operations center.

Feb. 28 — President Lee expresses an apology to families of the victims of the Feb-ruary 28 Incident 二二八事件 (1947) in Taipei New Park 臺北新公園.

Mar. 1 — The National Health Insurance 全民

健康保險 program is inaugurated. 23 — The Legislative Yuan passes the

February 28 Incident Disposition and Compensation Act 二二八事件處

理及補償條例, which paves the way for the establishment of the February 28 Memorial Foundation 二二八事

件紀念基金會 and the designation of that date as a national commemora-tion day.

Apr. 1 — President Lee embarks on a four-day visit to the United Arab Emirates and Jordan.

8 — At the meeting of the NUC, Presi-dent Lee offers a six-point proposal for cross-strait relations in response to mainland Chinese leader Jiang Zemin’s 江澤民 eight-point proposal of Jan. 30.

May 19 — The Legislative Yuan approves the temporary statute on welfare pay-ments for elderly farmers, grant-ing them a monthly stipend of NT$3,000.

22 — A joint communiqué with Papua New Guinea is signed in Taipei to establish mutual recognition and im-prove bilateral cooperation.

June 7 — President Lee arrives in the United States for a reunion at his alma mater, Cornell University.

30 — The U.S. government announces the cancellation of the sanctions

against Taiwan issued under the Pelly Amendment.

July 1 — Diplomatic ties with The Gambia are resumed after a 21-year hiatus.

19 — The Legislative Yuan approves the Presidential and Vice Presidential Election and Recall Act 總統副總統選

舉罷免法, setting ground rules for the first popular election of the president and vice president, to be held March 23, 1996.

21 — Mainland China begins eight days of firing surface-to-surface missiles into the East China Sea about 140 kilometers north of Taiwan.

26 — The U.S. Congress honors Madame Chiang Kai-shek at a Capitol Hill re-ception in recognition of her contri-bution to Allied efforts during World War II.

Aug. 15 — Mainland China commences 11 days of firing tactical guided missiles and live artillery shells into the sea 136 kilometers north of Taiwan.

19 — The MOFA issues a position paper entitled “Why the U.N. Resolution No. 2758 Adopted in 1971 Should Be Re-examined Today,” stressing that U.N. Resolution 2758, which excludes the ROC from the U.N. system and its activities, is obso-lete and unjust, and ought to be re-evaluated.

Sept. 7 — An agreement with Singapore for cooperation on a project to launch a telecommunications satellite is signed.

17 — An exhibition of 71 landscape paint-ings from the collection of the Lou-vre in Paris opens at the National Palace Museum (NPM) 國立故宮博物

院 in Taipei.Oct. 17 — A five-year renewable air pact with

Macau is established, allowing EVA Air 長榮航空, TransAsia Airways 復

興航空 and Air Macau to fly routes between Taiwan and Macau.

Nov. 17 — Koo Chen-fu 辜振甫, a senior advisor to the president, arrives in Osaka,


525


Japan, to attend the APEC summit on behalf of President Lee.

21 — A memorandum of understanding with Australia is signed, permitting temporary duty-free entry of certain goods as a means of increasing two-way trade.

25 — An agreement to avoid double taxation and prevent tax evasion by investors is signed with Poland to boost economic ties.

Dec. 2 — A total of 164 lawmakers are elected to the third Legislative Yuan.

1996Jan. 3 — Diplomatic relations with the Re-

public of Senegal are resumed. 11 — Vice President Li Yuan-zu leaves for

the Republic of Guatemala to attend the inaugural ceremony of President Alvaro Enrique Arzu Irigoyen.

16 — The Legislative Yuan passes three key telecommunications laws—the Telecommunications Act 電信法; the Organizational Act of the Director-ate General of Telecommunications, Ministry of Transportation and Communications 交通部電信總局組

織條例; and the Act of Chunghwa Telecom Co., Ltd 中華電信股份有限

公司條例. 23 — A Ministry of Education ad hoc

committee decides that a total of 452 works of art from the NPM in Taipei will be exhibited in the United States for 13 months.

Mar. 8 — Mainland China begins eight days of test-firing surface-to-surface mis-siles in waters close to major ports in northeastern and southwestern Taiwan.

12 — Mainland China commences nine days of naval and air military exer-cises just 53 kilometers from Kin-men and 70 kilometers from the Penghu Islands.

18 — Mainland China begins eight days of military maneuvers involving ground, air and naval forces in an

area 85 kilometers northwest of Taiwan proper.

23 — Four pairs of candidates compete in the first-ever direct election for pres-ident and vice president. The Lee-Lien KMT ticket wins, garnering 54 percent of the vote. Meanwhile, 334 members of the third National Assembly are also elected.

28 — After eight years of construction, the Muzha Line 木柵線 of the Taipei Rapid Transit System officially com-mences operation.

Apr. 28 — The Ministry of Economic Affairs announces that, from July 1, 1996, imports of another 1,609 categories of industrial commodities from mainland China will be permitted, marking Taiwan’s most sweeping relaxation of restrictions on such imports.

May 20 — Lee Teng-hui and Lien Chan are sworn in as ROC president and vice president, respectively.

June 5 — President Lee appoints Vice Presi-dent Lien to serve concurrently as premier. Three days later, a Cabinet reshuffle is approved.

28 — Economic and trade representative offices are exchanged with the Re-public of Belarus.

July 18 — The European Parliament passes a resolution supporting Taiwan’s efforts to be represented in interna-tional organizations.

24 — The MOFA protests Japan’s decision to include the Diaoyutai Archipelago in its 200-nautical-mile exclusive economic zone.

30 — Chen Jing 陳靜 wins silver in the women’s table tennis singles at the Olympics in Atlanta.

Aug. 12 — Vice President and Premier Lien de-parts for the Dominican Republic to attend the inauguration of President Leonel Fernandez.

19 — Vice President and Premier Lien vis-its Ukraine.


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24 — Taiwan’s baseball team wins the 1996 Little League World Series in Williamsport, Pennsylvania.

Sept. 11 — The United States removes Taiwan from a wildlife conservation watch list in recognition of its progress in protecting endangered species.

12 — The ROC states a four-point posi-tion in the Diaoyutai Archipelago dispute with Japan: the ROC’s absolute sovereignty, a rational at-titude, no cooperation with Beijing and the protection of Taiwan’s fish-ing rights.

24 — The U.S. House of Representatives endorses a July 18 European Parlia-ment resolution supporting Taiwan’s efforts to participate in the interna-tional community.

Oct. 31 — Former Polish President Lech Wale-sa arrives on a visit.

Nov. 27 — South Africa announces it will switch diplomatic recognition to Beijing Jan. 1, 1998.

Dec. 6 — The Legislative Yuan revises the La-bor Standards Act so that employees in nearly all industries will be cov-ered by the end of 1998.

10 — The Cabinet-level Council of Indig-enous Peoples (CIP) 行政院原住民族

委員會 is established. — The Taiwan Independence Party

建國黨, a DPP splinter group, is established.

23 — The five-day National Development Conference 國家發展會議 begins. Discussion focuses on three major topics: enhancing the constitutional system of government and multipar-ty politics; economic development; and cross-strait relations.

1997Jan. 7 — Vice President and Premier Lien

departs for Nicaragua to attend the inauguration of President Arnoldo Aleman.

14 — Vice President and Premier Lien meets with Pope John Paul II and

exchanges views with him on world peace and humanitarian pursuits.

16 — Vice President and Premier Lien pays an academic visit to Ireland.

Feb. 23 — The Legislative Yuan passes the amendment to the fourth article of the February 28 Incident Disposition and Compensation Act, stipulating that Feb. 28, also known as “Peace Memorial Day” 和平紀念日, be a na-tional holiday.

Mar. 17 — Former Chairman of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff General Colin L. Powell visits.

22 — Tibetan spiritual leader the Dalai Lama arrives for a six-day visit.

Apr. 2 — U.S. House of Representatives Speaker Newt Gingrich meets with President Lee during a four-hour visit to Taiwan.

— The Act Governing Relations with Hong Kong and Macau 香港澳門關

係條例 is promulgated by President Lee and will partially go into effect July 1 for Hong Kong and in 1999 for Macau.

May 5 — The second session of the third Na-tional Assembly begins to amend the ROC Constitution with a focus on streamlining government; reforming election processes for the president and National Assembly members; and clarifying the president’s rela-tions with the Executive Yuan and the Legislative Yuan.

6 — Diplomatic relations with the Demo-cratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe in Western Africa are established.

31 — The Legislative Yuan passes the third reading of the Public Television Act 公共電視法, which will enable the Public Television Service 公共電視台 to begin broadcasting in 1998.

June 30 — At the invitation of ARATS, SEF Chairman Koo Chen-fu attends the ceremony marking the transfer of Hong Kong’s sovereignty to main-land China.


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July 1 — The MAC sets up the Hong Kong Affairs Bureau 香港事務局 to handle ties between Taipei and Hong Kong following Hong Kong’s return to Beijing rule.

27 — The Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, is closed.

Aug. 1 — The Council of Grand Justices rules that legislators who engage in vio-lence during legislative sessions will no longer be immune from arrest and prosecution.

10 — A media cooperation agreement with Costa Rica is signed.

12 — Diplomatic ties with the Republic of Chad are resumed, ending a 25-year hiatus.

Sept. 1 — A new Cabinet is sworn in with Vin-cent Siew as the premier.

— President Lee leaves for Latin Ameri-ca to meet with leaders of diplomatic allies at the World Congress on the Panama Canal in Panama City.

Oct. 3 — Swaziland King Mswati III arrives in Taiwan. During his visit, the king and President Lee sign a joint communiqué to strengthen bilateral relations.

5 — Vice President Lien embarks on a 12-day visit to Iceland and Austria to strengthen Taiwan’s substantive ties with the two nations.

9 — Taiwan-produced film Such a Life 一隻鳥仔哮啾啾 wins Best Picture at the Asia-Pacific Film Festival.

15 — Steven Chu 朱棣文, a member of Ac-ademia Sinica, wins the 1997 Nobel Prize in physics.

Nov. 22 — A letter of intent on cooperation in customs affairs is signed with Hungary.

25 — SEF Chairman Koo Chen-fu attends the APEC summit in Vancouver on behalf of President Lee.

29 — In the elections for county magis-trates and city mayors, the ruling KMT takes eight of the 23 seats at stake. The DPP doubles its number

of seats from six in the last elections to 12, while the remaining three seats go to independents.

Dec. 2 — The printing office in Taipei set up by The Wall Street Journal Asia be-gins operation.

31 — Official ties with South Africa are cut, thereby ending diplomatic rela-tions established in 1976.

1998Jan. 1 — Vice President Lien departs on a

four-day private visit to Singapore, where he will discuss the financial turmoil in the Asia-Pacific region with high-ranking officials.

21 — Pope John Paul II appoints Bishop Shan Kuo-hsi 單國璽 of the Catholic diocese in Kaohsiung as one of the only three cardinals representing the world’s Chinese communities.

24 — The ruling KMT wins by a landslide in elections for county and city councilmen, as well as for rural and urban township chiefs.

29 — Relations with the Central African Republic are suspended.

Feb. 11 — Malaysian Deputy Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim pays a visit to seek cooperative measures in stabilizing the region’s troubled financial sector.

24 — Jordan University confers an honor-ary doctorate upon Vice President Lien. During his trip to Jordan, Lien also meets with top officials of the host nation to strengthen bilateral cooperative relations.

Mar. 4 — On his way back to Taiwan from a trip to Jordan, Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates, Vice Presi-dent Lien arrives in Kuala Lumpur, where he meets with Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad and his deputy Anwar Ibrahim to discuss measures to tackle the fi-nancial crisis in Asia.

Apr. 3 — President Lee is nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize for the second time in three years.


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21 — Haitian President René Garcia Pre-val arrives in Taipei for a four-day state visit. He and President Lee sign a communiqué to strengthen bilat-eral friendship and cooperation.

24 — Taiwan signs a memorandum of un-derstanding on customs cooperation with the Slovak Republic.

— Diplomatic ties with Guinea-Bissau are severed.

25 — The governor of the Central Bank of the ROC, Perng Fai-nan 彭淮南, leads a delegation to attend the 31st board director meeting of the Asian Development Bank in Geneva.

May 5 — Vice President Lien leaves for Costa Rica to attend the inauguration of President-elect Miguel Angel Rodríguez May 8.

22 — President Lee and Nauru President Kinza Clodumar sign a joint com-muniqué in Taiwan to reinforce bi-lateral cooperation.

31 — Gyorgy Ujlaky, Hungary’s represen-tative to Taiwan, arrives to set up a trade office in Taipei to promote bilateral exchanges.

July 21 — The Taiwan Futures Exchange 臺灣

期貨交易所 is opened.Oct. 9 — The Legislative Yuan passes a statute

to streamline the Taiwan Provincial Government and make it a non-autonomous body under the central government.

13 — Daniel C. Tsui 崔琦, a member of Academia Sinica, wins the 1997 No-bel Prize in physics.

14 — SEF Chairman Koo Chen-fu ar-rives in Shanghai to meet with his ARATS counterpart, Wang Daohan 汪道涵. During his trip, Koo states that the conciliatory spirit of agree-ments signed between the two sides in Singapore five years ago will be restored.

Nov. 2 — Diplomatic ties with the Kingdom of Tonga are severed.

3 — President Lee meets with former German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt

to exchange views on world eco-nomic development.

16 — Chiang Pin-kung 江丙坤, chairman of the CEPD, heads for Malaysia to attend the APEC Leaders’ Meeting on behalf of President Lee.

20 — A joint communiqué to formalize diplomatic relations is signed with the Marshall Islands.

Dec. 5 — Vice President Lien leads a hu-manitarian delegation of government officials and representatives of char-ity and religious organizations on an 11-day visit to hurricane-stricken al-lies including Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador and Guatemala.

— In the elections for the fourth Legislative Yuan, the ruling KMT secures 123 out of 225 seats. The DPP garners 70 seats, while the rest go to the New Party and other minority parties. The KMT also wins the elections for Taipei mayor and Taipei and Kaohsiung city councilors, but loses the mayoral election in Kaohsiung City to the DPP.

21 — Operations begin to streamline the Taiwan Provincial Government.

1999Jan. 12 — The Legislative Yuan abolishes the

Publication Act 出版法, marking a milestone in Taiwan’s progress to-ward press freedom.

26 — FORMOSAT-1, the first satellite wholly owned and operated by Taiwan, is launched into orbit from Cape Canaveral, Florida.

27 — A joint communiqué to establish for-mal relations is signed with Mace-donia, which becomes the ROC’s second diplomatic ally in Europe, after the Holy See.

Mar. 17 — The Atomic Energy Council 行政院原

子能委員會 issues a permit for Taiwan Power Co. 台灣電力公司 to construct Taiwan’s fourth nuclear power plant.

29 — Former U.S. President Jimmy Carter


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visits Taiwan at the invitation of a private think tank in Taipei.

Apr. 28 — The Embassy of the Republic of Macedonia commences operation in Taipei.

June 4 — The Legislative Yuan revokes the decades-old monopoly tax system for locally produced cigarettes and alcohol.

6 — Leading a 59-member delegation, Macedonian President Ljubco Geor-gievski arrives for a six-day official visit. During his stay, agreements on economic cooperation, investment guarantees and prevention of double taxation of investors are signed.

16 — The Legislative Yuan passes amend-ments to the Public Welfare Lottery Issue Act 公益彩券發行條例, allowing the central government to establish a lottery.

23 — A press cooperation agreement is signed with Panama.

July 9 — In an interview with the German broadcasting company, Deutsche Welle, President Lee puts forward the concept that Taiwan and main-land China have a “special state-to-state relationship.”

— To enhance bilateral economic and trade ties, pacts on aviation exchang-es and avoidance of double taxation are signed with Thailand.

20 — President Lee says his statement July 9 regarding the “special state-to-state relationship” between Taiwan and mainland China was not made to seek independence for Taiwan, but simply to highlight the fact that the two sides are separately governed.

Sept. 4 — The third National Assembly passes a constitutional amendment to ex-tend the current terms of delegates from May 2000 to June 2002, and to introduce a system of party propor-tional representation for the election of all delegates to the fourth Na-tional Assembly.

7 — The second ROC-Central American summit is held in Taipei. President Lee signs a joint communiqué with the leaders of seven Central Ameri-can allies.

9 — Chiang Pin-kung, chairman of the CEPD, participates in the APEC leadership summit in Auckland, New Zealand, as an envoy of President Lee.

20 — President Lee and Paraguayan Presi-dent Luis Angel González Macchi sign a joint communiqué affirming their countries’ commitment to strengthening cooperative relations.

21 — Taiwan is hit by its most devastating earthquake in more than 60 years. The 7.3-magnitude quake claims more than 2,000 lives and injures over 8,000 people.

25 — President Lee issues an emergency decree, effective for six months, to cut through red tape and expedite re-construction in areas hit by the Sept. 21 earthquake.

Oct. 26 — The Taipei-based Taiwan External Trade Development Council 中華民

國對外貿易發展協會 opens a branch office in Mumbai, India, to promote bilateral trade.

Nov. 7 — Darkness and Light 黑暗之光, a film by Taiwanese director Chang Tso-chi 張作驥, wins the Best Picture Award at the Tokyo International Film Festival.

13 — Tokyo Governor Shintaro Ishihara arrives for a three-day visit, making him the highest-profile Japanese of-ficial to visit Taiwan since the two countries cut diplomatic relations in 1972.

26 — Rene Liu 劉若英 wins Best Actress for her performance in The Person-als 徵婚啟事 at the Asia-Pacific Film Festival in Bangkok.

Dec. 1 — The Ministry of Finance launches the National Welfare Lottery 公益彩券.

16 — The ROC is named a permanent observer of the Central American


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Appendix

Parliament Speakers Forum at the ninth meeting of the forum in Panama.

28 — Taiwan renames its representative office in Macau the Taipei Economic and Cultural Office.

30 — Diplomatic relations with Palau are forged.

2000Jan. 24 — Chen Wu-hsiung 陳武雄, vice chair-

man of the COA, is elected vice chairman of the Asian-African Rural Reconstruction Organization—one of the few international organiza-tions in which the ROC participates in an official capacity.

Feb. 25 — A joint communiqué is signed with Liberia to enhance cooperation.

Mar. 18 — DPP candidate Chen Shui-bian and his running mate Lu Hsiu-lien 呂秀蓮 are elected ROC president and vice president, respectively, ending the KMT’s more than 50-year hold on the presidency in Taiwan.

23 — U.S. envoy Lee Hamilton meets with President-elect Chen Shui-bian to exchange views on future bilateral relations.

31 — After losing his presidential bid, James Soong establishes the People First Party (PFP) 親民黨 and be-comes its chairman.

Apr. 24 — The third National Assembly ap-proves a landmark amendment to drastically reduce its powers and functions, relinquishing its status as a standing body and agreeing to convene only when proposals of impeachment, constitutional amendment and national boundary changes are initiated by the Legisla-tive Yuan.

May 20 — Chen Shui-bian and Lu Hsiu-lien are sworn in as ROC president and vice president, respectively, and Tang Fei 唐飛 takes office as the new premier.

21 — Taiwanese director Edward Yang 楊德昌 wins a Golden Palm Award for

best director at the Cannes Film Fes-tival for A One and a Two 一一.

June 9 — The three-day Asia-Pacific Cultural Summit begins in Taipei with the participation of mayors, officials and delegates from 26 cities in the Asia-Pacific region.

Aug. 13 — President Chen conducts state visits to the Dominican Republic, Nica-ragua, Costa Rica, The Gambia, Burkina Faso and Chad.

Sept. 1 — The MOFA announces the closure of representative offices in the Congo, Angola and Madagascar.

18 — Weightlifter Li Feng-ying 黎鋒英 wins silver in the women’s 53-kilogram category at the 2000 Olympic Games in Sydney, Australia.

22 — Vice President Lu pays official visits to El Salvador, Honduras, Belize and Guatemala.

23 — Singapore’s Senior Minister Lee Kuan Yew 李光耀 arrives for a four-day private visit.

Oct. 3 — Premier Tang Fei resigns and is succeeded by Vice Premier Chang Chun-hsiung 張俊雄.

27 — Premier Chang Chun-hsiung an-nounces that the Executive Yuan is canceling the partly built Fourth Nuclear Power Plant 核能四廠.

Nov. 15 — Central Bank Governor Perng Fai-nan attends the APEC summit in Brunei on behalf of President Chen.

Dec. 9 — President Chen signs a joint commu-niqué in Taipei with his Salvadorian counterpart, Francisco Guillermo Flores Perez.

10 — Taiwanese director Chang Chih-yung 張志勇 wins Best Director at the Asia-Pacific Film Festival for his film Lament of the Sand River 沙河悲歌.

2001Jan. 1 — The “Mini-Three-Links” 小三通 (di-

rect trade, postal and transportation) between the islands of Kinmen and


531


Matsu and mainland China’s Xia-men 廈門 and Fuzhou 福州 harbors are opened.

15 — The Council of Grand Justices rules that the Cabinet’s controversial decision to halt work on the Fourth Nuclear Power Plant has “procedural errors.”

Feb. 14 — Premier Chang Chun-hsiung announc-es the resumption of construction of the Fourth Nuclear Power Plant.

18 — Betelnut Beauty 愛你愛我, a film by director Lin Cheng-sheng 林正盛, wins a Silver Bear Award at the Ber-lin Film Festival.

25 — Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon 臥虎藏龍, directed by Taiwan-born director Ang Lee 李安, wins four British Academy Awards for best di-rector, best foreign-language picture, best sound track and best costume design.

Mar. 26 — The film Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon wins four Oscars at the An-nual Academy Awards—for best foreign-language film, best art direc-tion, best cinematography and best original score.

31 — Tibetan spiritual leader the Dalai Lama arrives for a 10-day visit at the invitation of the Buddhist Associa-tion of the ROC 中國佛教會.

May 15 — CEPD Chairman Chen Po-chih 陳

博志 meets mainland Chinese leader Jiang Zemin during a ministerial meeting on human resources at the APEC forum in Beijing.

21 — President Chen leaves for a 16-day diplomatic journey to Latin America.

June 18 — Diplomatic relations with Macedo-nia are severed.

July 2 — President Chen decorates visit-ing Senegal President Abdoulaye Wade with the Order of Brilliant Jade in recognition of his efforts to strengthen relations between the two countries.

26 — President Chen receives former South Korean President Kim Young-sam.

Aug. 14 — Five winners of the Nobel Peace Prize and representatives from sev-eral non-governmental organizations gather in Taipei for the 2001 Global Peace Assembly.

Nov. 6 — President Chen opens the 34th Base-ball World Cup in Taipei, in which 16 teams from around the world will participate.

11 — The World Trade Organization (WTO) approves Taiwan’s entry at its fourth ministerial meeting in Doha, Qatar.

14 — On behalf of President Chen, First Lady Wu Shu-jen 吳淑珍 receives the “2001 Prize for Freedom” in France from the London-based Liberal International.

Dec. 1 — In the elections for the fifth Legisla-tive Yuan, the DPP wins 87 out of 225 seats, while the KMT wins 68, the PFP 46 and the Taiwan Solidar-ity Union (TSU) 台灣團結聯盟 13. The rest go to minority parties and independents.

— In the elections for county magis-trates and city mayors, the DPP and the KMT each take nine of the 23 available seats, the PFP wins two and the New Party wins one. Indepen-dents take the remaining two seats.

9 — Vice President Lu receives the World Peace Prize in Taipei for her work in promoting women’s and human rights, democracy and world peace.

19 — Vice President Lu departs for The Gambia to attend the inauguration of re-elected Gambian President Yahya Jammeh.

2002Jan. 1 — Taiwan becomes the 144th member

of the WTO. 6 — Vice President Lu leaves for Nica-

ragua to attend the inauguration of President Enrique Bolanos Geyer, after which she pays an official three-day visit to Paraguay.


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21 — President Chen announces Yu Shyi-kun 游錫堃 as the new premier.

Mar. 18 — Vice President Lu leaves for Budapest to attend the annual conference of Liberal International held March 21 to 23.

29 — The Executive Yuan decides to liber-alize policy on investment in silicon wafer plants in mainland China.

May 31 — The Executive Yuan approves the Challenge 2008 National Develop-ment Plan 挑戰 2008：國家發展重點計

畫, which aims to transform Taiwan into a “green silicon island.”

June 30 — President Chen departs for Africa on a 10-day state visit to strengthen relations with four diplomatic allies: Senegal, São Tomé and Príncipe, Malawi and Swaziland.

July 1 — The Environmental Protection Admin-istration 行政院環境保護署 implements restrictions on the use of plastic bags and disposable plastic tableware.

21 — President Chen assumes chairman-ship of the DPP at the party’s 10th National Congress.

Aug.14—Vice President Lu takes a five-daytrip to Indonesia to strengthen bilat-eral economic cooperation.

Sept. 19 — First Lady Wu Shu-jen delivers a speech at a reception held at the Sen-ate Russell Building on Capitol Hill during her 11-day private visit to the United States.

Oct. 14 — Taiwan wins 10 gold, 17 silver and 25 bronze medals in the Busan Asian Games.

26 — Academia Sinica President Lee Yuan-tseh attends the APEC Lead-ers’ Meeting in Mexico as President Chen’s special envoy.

Dec. 7 — The KMT’s Ma Ying-jeou 馬英九 and the DPP’s Frank Hsieh 謝長廷 win the mayoral seats of Taipei and Kaohsiung, respectively.

2003Jan. 13 — Taiwan’s two professional baseball

leagues merge under the name “Chinese

Professional Baseball League” 中華

職業棒球大聯盟. 26 — A passenger plane of the ROC’s China

Airlines sent to pick up Taiwanese businesspeople returning home for the Lunar New Year makes a historic landing at Shanghai’s Pudong Inter-national Airport 浦東國際機場, before making an indirect charter flight across the Taiwan Strait.

Apr. 23 — Taiwan’s first major outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is reported after seven staff members at Taipei Municipal Heping Hospital 臺北市立和平醫院 showed symptoms of the disease.

24 — The Shihsanhang Museum of Ar-chaeology 十三行博物館, focusing on prehistory, is inaugurated in New Taipei City 新北市.

July 1 — Taiwan launches the world’s first Hakka-language 客語 television station.

5 — The World Health Organization (WHO) removes Taiwan from the list of SARS-affected areas.

15 — First Lady Wu Shu-jen departs for Germany, where a NPM collection is being exhibited, and the Holy See on a nine-day trip aimed at promoting cultural exchanges and friendship.

Aug. 7 — Vice President Lu leaves for Paraguay to attend the inauguration of Presi-dent Nicanor Duarte Frutos, after whichshewillpayanofficialvisittoPanama.

21 — The Fourth Summit of the Heads of State and Governments of the ROC, Central America and the Dominican Republic is held in Taipei.

—The ROC signs its first-ever free-trade agreement with Panama.

Sept. 1 — New ROC passports with “Taiwan” printed on the cover are issued.

Oct. 12 — Diplomatic relations with Liberia are terminated.

18 — Academia Sinica President Lee Yuan-tseh arrives in Bangkok as Taiwan’s


533


emissary to the APEC Economic Leaders’ Meeting.

23 — Soong Mayling 宋美齡, the widow of former President Chiang Kai-shek, passes away in New York at the age of 106.

31 — President Chen leaves for a six-day diplomatic tour to Panama. During a stopover in New York, he receives an award by the International League for Human Rights in recognition of his contributions to human rights in Taiwan.

Nov. 7 — Diplomatic relations with the Re-public of Kiribati are established.

14 — Taipei Financial Center (Taipei 101) 台北金融大樓, the world’s tallest sky-scraper at a height of 508 meters, opens its doors to the public.

24 — The Executive Yuan proposes the Public Works Expansion Investment Plan 擴大公共建設投資計畫 and allo-cates NT$500 billion over five years for the Ten New Major Construction Projects 新十大建設.

28 — The Legislative Yuan passes the Referendum Act 公民投票法, provid-ing the legal basis for the people of the ROC to vote directly on issues of local or national importance.

Dec. 24 — The National Space Organization 國家太空中心 successfully launches Taiwan’s first space-probe, Sounding Rocket No. 3 探空火箭三號, to per-form sub-orbital science experiments.

2004Jan. 11 — The entire length of Taiwan’s

518-kilometer second north-south freeway, renamed Formosa Freeway 福爾摩沙高速公路 later, opens.

14 — The Truku 太魯閣 tribe of Hualien County 花蓮縣 is officially recog-nized as Taiwan’s 12th indigenous group.

Feb. 14 — DPP candidate Chen Shui-bian and KMT candidate Lien Chan appear in the ROC’s first-ever televised presi-dential debate.

28 — A human-chain several hundred ki-lometers long spans Taiwan, as over two million people take part in the “Hand in Hand to Protect Taiwan” 牽手護台灣 campaign in protest of mainland China’s military threats.

Mar. 1 — Taiwan’s second representative office in South Asia, the Taipei Representa-tive Office in Dhaka, Bangladesh, begins operation.

18 — The Political Donations Act 政治獻金

法 is passed. 19 — The day before the presidential

election, President Chen and Vice President Lu are shot and injured while campaigning in Tainan City 臺南市.

20 — With 80.28-percent voter turnout in the 2004 presidential election, incumbent President Chen and Vice President Lu are re-elected by a nar-row margin.

30 — The ROC severs ties with the Com-monwealth of Dominica.

May 20 — Chen Shui-bian and Lu Hsiu-lien are sworn in as the 11th-term presi-dent and vice president of the ROC, respectively. Yu Shyi-kun is reap-pointed premier.

21 — FORMOSAT-2, Taiwan’s second sat-ellite, is launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California, en-abling Taiwan to become an exporter of satellite images and a leader in the field of upper-atmospheric lightning research.

28 — Vice President Lu embarks on a 14-day state visit to El Salvador, Costa Rica and Guatemala, with transit stops in Las Vegas and San Francis-co, where she is bestowed an award for her promotion of human rights.

June 11 — The Legislative Yuan passes the Basic Organic Act of Central Ad-ministrative Agencies 中央行政機關

組織基準法 to streamline the central government into 13 ministries, four commissions and five independent agencies.


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— The Legislative Yuan passes the La-bor Pension Act 勞工退休金條例, re-quiring businesses to set up portable individual retirement accounts for employees.

14 — Kaohsiung City wins the bid to host the 2009 World Games.

15 — The Non-Partisan Solidarity Union (NPSU) 無黨團結聯盟 is established as Taiwan’s 106th political party.

July 1 — Taiwan’s five terrestrial television stations begin test-broadcasting 14 digital channels.

— The Cabinet-level Financial Super-visory Commission (FSC) 行政院

金融監督管理委員會 is established to oversee Taiwan’s banking sector.

Aug. 13 — Vice President Lu presides over the second annual Democratic Pacific Assembly, held in Taipei. Over 70 delegates from 23 countries sign a Pacific Declaration to establish the Democratic Pacific Union in 2005.

20 — The women’s archery team earns Taiwan a bronze medal at the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, Greece.

21 — The men’s archery team at the Olympic Games wins Taiwan a sil-ver medal.

23 — The Legislative Yuan passes a reso-lution for constitutional amendments to abolish the National Assembly, codify the right to referendum in the Constitution, halve the number of seats in the Legislative Yuan and adopt a “single-member-district, two-ballot” system for legislative elections.

26 — Men’s taekwondo champion Chu Mu-yen 朱木炎 and women’s tae-kwondo champion Chen Shih-hsin 陳詩欣 earn Taiwan its first two Olympic gold medals.

27 — Men’s taekwondo champion Huang Chih-hsiung 黃志雄 wins silver at the Olympic Games.

30 — President Chen departs for a week-long visit to Panama and Belize, with stopovers in Hawaii and Seattle.

Sept. 1 — Taiwan and South Korea sign an agreement to restore bilateral air links that were terminated in 1992.

24 — Taipei 21 台北二一, directed by Alex Yang 楊順清, wins Best Picture at the Asia-Pacific Film Festival in Fuku-oka, Japan, while Lin Mei-shiu 林美

秀 takes Best Supporting Actress for her performance in Comes the Black Dog 黑狗來了.

28 — Headed by First Lady Wu Shu-jen, Taiwan’s delegation to the Paralym-pic Games in Athens wins two gold, two silver and two bronze medals, its best record to date.

Oct. 1 — Taiwan’s first free-trade port area begins operation at Keelung Port 基隆港.

Nov. 20 — Academia Sinica President Lee Yuan-tseh attends the APEC Lead-ers’ Meeting in Santiago, Chile, on behalf of President Chen.

Dec. 11 — With the lowest-ever voter turnout rate for legislative elections at 59.16 percent, the DPP wins 89 out of 225 seats, while the KMT wins 79, the PFP 34, the TSU 12, the NPSU six and the New Party one. Indepen-dents win four seats.

14 — Sounder Rocket No. 4, the first rocket and scientific payload to be entirely produced by Taiwan, lifts off from an air base in Pingtung County 屏東縣.

2005Jan. 27 — The ROC severs diplomatic relations

with Grenada after the Caribbean na-tion switches diplomatic recognition from Taipei to Beijing.

Feb. 19 — The Wayward Cloud 天邊一朵雲 by director Tsai Ming-liang 蔡明

亮 receives the Silver Bear Award at the Berlin International Film Festival.

Mar. 16 — Following mainland China’s enact-ment of an “Anti-Secession Law” 反分裂國家法 March 14, authorizing the use of non-peaceful means against


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Taiwan, President Chen issues a six-point statement, emphasizing that the enactment is an attempt by Beijing to unilaterally change the status quo in the Taiwan Strait.

Apr. 7 — President Chen departs for the Holy See to attend the funeral mass for His Holiness Pope John Paul II.

June 7 — The ad hoc National Assembly rati-fies a constitutional amendment pack-age passed by the Legislative Yuan, abolishing itself, halving the number of seats in the Legislative Yuan from 225 to 113 and introducing the “single-member-district, two-ballot” system for legislative elections.

July 1 — A new pension system involving portable individual retirement ac-counts goes into effect.

— Taiwan Indigenous TV (TITV) 原住

民族電視台 goes on air, representing the interests of the nation’s indig-enous groups.

Oct. 25 — The ROC cuts diplomatic relations with Senegal after the West African country switches diplomatic recog-nition from Taipei to Beijing.

— The Legislative Yuan passes the Na-tional Communications Commission Organization Act 國家通訊傳播委員會

組織法, leading to the establishment of a government body to regulate the telecommunications, information and broadcasting sectors.

Nov. 18 — Senior Advisor to the President Lin Hsin-i 林信義 attends the APEC sum-mit in Busan, South Korea, as Presi-dent Chen’s special envoy.

Dec. 3 — The ROC holds its first “three-in-one” elections for city mayors and county magistrates; city and county council-ors; and township chiefs.

2006Jan. 19 — Premier Frank Hsieh resigns and

the Cabinet is reshuffled. President Chen names Su Tseng-chang 蘇貞昌 as premier.

Feb. 1 — Super marathoner Kevin Lin 林義傑 wins the 4 Deserts Race.

5 — The Sexual Harassment Prevention Act 性騷擾防治法 is promulgated.

22 — The National Communications Com-mission 國家傳播通訊委員會 begins operations.

27 — President Chen announces that the NUC will cease to function and that the Guidelines for National Unifica-tion will cease to apply.

Mar. 6 — Taiwan-born director Ang Lee wins Best Director at the Academy Awards for Brokeback Mountain.

31 — A special review committee of the COA rejects an application to import giant pandas from mainland China submitted by the Taipei Zoo 臺北市立

動物園 and a zoo affiliated with a pri-vate foundation, stating that neither applicant is sufficiently equipped to care for the animals.

Apr. 15 — A constellation of six micro-satellites is launched as Taiwan’s third satel-lite project, FORMOSAT-3, is suc-cessfully concluded. The satellites are to monitor atmospheric condi-tions and conduct climate research.

May 4 — President Chen visits Paraguay and Costa Rica.

18 — The European Parliament requests that the WHO immediately include Taiwan’s Centers for Disease Con-t rol 行政院衛生署疾病管制局 as an official participant in its Global Out-break and Alert Response Network to ensure the rapid exchange of im-portant information regionally and worldwide.

20 — The ROC publishes its first-ever na-tional security report.

June 16 — Xueshan Tunnel 雪山隧道, the fifth-longest highway tunnel in the world, opens to traffic after almost 15 years of construction.

July 20 — The “Han Kuang 22” 漢光 22 military exercises are held in Yilan County. They are the largest such exercises ever conducted in Taiwan.


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31 — The Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics 行政院主計

處 announces that the ROC’s fertility rate in 2005 was 1.1 per woman, lower than the average for both de-veloped countries and neighboring nations.

Aug. 5 — The MOFA announces that the ROC has severed diplomatic relations with the Republic of Chad.

Sept. 3 — President Chen departs for Palau to attend the First Taiwan-Pacific Allies Summit along with the leaders of the Marshall Islands, Kiribati, Nauru, the Solomon Islands and Tuvalu.

6 — The Executive Yuan passes a resolution to change the name of Chiang Kai-shek International Airport 中正國際機

場 to Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport 臺灣桃園國際機場.

14 — The first medical charter flight be-tween Taiwan and mainland China brings an elderly man, who suffered a stroke on his way to visit relatives in Guangdong Province 廣東省, back to Taiwan for treatment.

Nov. 15 — The U.S. Library of Congress an-nounces that Yu Ying-shih 余英時, a renowned historian and member of Taiwan’s Academia Sinica, is among the winners of the 2006 John W. Kluge Prize for lifetime achievement in the study of humanities.

17 — Morris Chang 張忠謀, chairman of Taiwan Semiconductor Manufactur-ing Co., Ltd. 台灣積體電路製造股份有

限公司, departs for Hanoi, Vietnam, where he will represent President Chen at the APEC Economic Lead-ers’ Meeting.

Dec. 7 — Taiwan’s baseball team defeats its Japanese opponent and clinches the nation’s first-ever gold medal in baseball at the Asian Games.

9 — Elections for the mayors and coun-cilors of Taipei and Kaohsiung cities are held. KMT candidate Hau Lung-bin 郝龍斌 is elected mayor of Taipei,

and DPP candidate Chen Chu 陳菊 wins the mayorship in Kaohsiung.

13 — Premier Su Tseng-chang travels to The Gambia as President Chen’s envoy to participate in the inaugura-tion of President Yahya Jammeh.

24 — The Ministry of Transportation and Communications approves the opera-tion of the high-speed railway on the stretch connecting Banqiao 板橋 in the north to Zuoying 左營 in the south.

2007Jan. 1 — Taiwan Broadcasting System 臺灣公

共廣播電視集團 merges with TITV 原住民電視台, Hakka TV 客家電視台 and Taiwan Macroview TV 台灣宏觀電視.

5 — Taiwan High Speed Rail Corp. 台

灣高速鐵路股份有限公司 l a u n c h e s its bullet train service, which uses purpose-built THSR 700T trains.

17 — The Sakizaya 撒奇萊雅 people are officially recognized as the country’s 13th indigenous group.

26 — The Taiwan Foundation for De-mocracy 臺灣民主基金會 holds a conference titled “Toward a Global Forum on New Democracies.” Par-ticipants include former presidents Kim Young-sam of South Korea, Punsalmaagiyn Ochirbat of Mongo-lia, F.W. de Klerk of South Africa, Lech Walesa of Poland and Fran-cisco Guillermo Flores Perez of El Salvador.

Feb. 20 — Taiwan’s ultramarathon runner Kev-in Lin reaches the finishing line at the shore of the Red Sea in Egypt af-ter running 7,500 kilometers across the Sahara Desert in 111 days.

Mar. 16 — Taiwan-born aboriginal music prodigy Huang Kang 黃康 and his South Korean partner Kang Hye-yun win in the piano-duet category at the Prima La Musica competition in Vienna.

22 — Chou Chun-hsun 周俊勳 wins the in-ternational LG Cup Go tournament in Seoul, South Korea.


537


Apr. 18 — Archbishop Desmond Tutu, the 1984 Nobel Peace Prize laureate, arrives in Taiwan for a seven-day visit.

19 — Finn Kydland, the 2004 Nobel laure-ate in economics, arrives in Taiwan for a six-day visit.

May 1 — The MOFA announces the resumption of diplomatic ties with Saint Lucia.

7 — Representatives of the ROC, El Salvador and Honduras sign a tri-lateral free-trade agreement in San Salvador, El Salvador.

9 —Taiwan Railways Administration 交通

部臺灣鐵路管理局 celebrates the 120th anniversary of the island’s first railway.

19 — Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall is renamed National Taiwan Democracy Memorial Hall 國立臺灣民主紀念館.

June 7 — The ROC cuts six decades of diplo-matic ties with Costa Rica.

Aug. 17 — Taiwan International Health Action 臺灣國際醫衛行動團隊 dispatches a medical team to Peru, which suf-fered a magnitude-8 earthquake and several aftershocks Aug. 15.

21 — President Chen departs for Central America, where he will visit three of the ROC’s allies—Honduras, El Salvador and Nicaragua.

Sept. 8 — Taiwan-born director Ang Lee’s Lust, Caution 色．戒 wins the Gold-en Lion for Best Film at the Venice International Film Festival.

9 — The first Taiwan-African Heads of State Summit convenes in Taipei. Participants include President Chen, King Mswati III of the Kingdom of Swaziland, President Blaise Com-paoré of Burkina Faso, President Fradique Bandeira Melo de Menezes of the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, President Bingu wa Mutharika of the Republic of Malawi and Vice President Isatou Njie-Saidy of the Republic of The Gambia.

— The International Wheelchair and Amputee Sports World Games opens in Taipei.

21 — The Chinese Taipei Olympic Com-mittee and the Cabinet-level Sports Affairs Council 行政院體育委員會 jointly issue a statement that the Olympic torch of the 2008 Beijing Olympics will not come to Taipei be-cause mainland China has requested Taiwan not to fly ROC flags or dis-play ROC emblems during the torch’s passage through Taiwan.

Oct. 1 — The Global Finance magazine awards Perng Fai-nan, governor of Taiwan’s central bank, an A rating in recognition of his prudent monetary policy.

9 — Lee Yuan-tseh, former president of Academia Sinica and the 1986 Nobel Prize laureate in chemistry, is named a member of the Pontifi-cal Academy of Sciences by Pope Benedict XVI.

18 — The CIP and the COA jointly an-nounce regulations that entitle in-digenous groups in certain areas to use natural resources within their traditional territories for cultural and ritual purposes.

Nov. 1 — Taiwanese inventors win 12 gold, 29 silver and 14 bronze medals as well as two special awards at the Nurem-berg International Invention Exhibi-tion in Germany.

5 — For the first time, Taiwan is repre-sented as an observer at the fifth Kimberly Process plenary meeting in Brussels, Belgium.

17 — Taiwanese students win 10 prizes at the World Robot Olympiad.

Dec. 4 — The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development an-nounces that Taiwan’s students rank first in the world in mathematical lit-eracy and fourth in scientific literacy in the Program for International Stu-dent Assessment.

13 — Cynthia Maung, a physician from Myanmar and founder of the Mae Tao Clinic in Mae Sot, Thailand, is awarded the Asia Democracy and


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Appendix

Human Rights Award by the Taiwan Foundation for Democracy in Taipei in recognition of her service to refu-gees fleeing Myanmar.

16 — The ING Taipei International Mara-thon is held. Hillary Bett of Kenya wins the men’s contest, while Tabitha Tsatsa of Zimbabwe wins the women’s contest.

2008Jan. 12 — In the seventh legislative elections,

the KMT wins 81 out of 113 seats and the DPP takes 27. The NPSU garners three seats, while the PFP and an independent win one seat each.

14 — The ROC severs diplomatic ties with the Republic of Malawi after 42 years of official relations.

24 — Led by Premier Chang Chun-hsiung, the Cabinet resigns en masse. Presi-dent Chen rejects the resignation Jan. 28.

25 — The Global Forum on New Democ-racies is held in Taipei. Participants include President Chen and former presidents Francisco Guillermo Flores Perez of El Salvador, Kim Young-sam of South Korea, Lech Walesa of Poland, Emil Constanti-nescu of Romania and F.W. de Klerk of South Africa.

Feb. 2 — President Chen visits Taiping Island 太平島 in the South China Sea and proposes the “Spratly Initiative” 南

沙倡議, urging all neighboring coun-tries to cooperate in regional envi-ronmental protection.

11 — The largest-ever group of mainland Chinese tourists without dual nation-alities to travel to Taiwan via another country—659 in total—arrives at the Port of Keelung aboard the Rhap-sody of the Seas.

19 — The ROC officially recognizes Kosovo’s declaration of independence.

26 — The 116-piece exhibition “Imperial Treasures: Masterpieces from the National Palace Museum, Taiwan”

opens at the Kunsthistorisches Mu-seum in Vienna, Austria.

Mar. 1 — The free-trade agreement between the ROC and El Salvador takes effect.

4 — Seventy-four Taiwanese designs win at the iF product design awards in Hanover, Germany.

13 — Taiwan’s Larry Chen 陳政良 wins the Grand Prize at the International Bicycle Design Competition held in Taipei.

19 — At an international robot contest in Japan, five students from National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences 國立高雄應用科技大學 win two gold and two silver medals and eight special awards.

22 — The KMT’s Ma Ying-jeou and his running mate Vincent Siew win the presidential election, taking 58.45 percent of the vote.

— The two referendums on Taiwan’s bid to join the United Nations fail to reach the required threshold of par-ticipation by at least 50 percent of the electorate.

Apr. 12 — Vice President-elect Vincent Siew meets with mainland Chinese leader Hu Jintao 胡錦濤 at the Boao Forum for Asia held on Hainan Island 海南

島 Apr. 11-13. — The World Summit of Indigenous

Cultures kicks off in New Taipei City, with around 150 aboriginal rep-resentatives and scientific research-ers from Asia, Europe and North America attending.

23 — The Sediq 賽德克 people are offi-cially recognized as Taiwan’s 14th indigenous group.

25 — The Legislative Yuan approves a revi-sion to the Labor Standards Act that raises the mandatory retirement age for insured workers from 60 to 65.

29 — Essayist and human rights activist Bo Yang 柏楊 (Kuo Yi-tung 郭衣洞) dies of lung disease at the age of 78.


539


May 7 — The ROC’s public and private sec-tors donate medical supplies and a total of US$500,000 to assist Myanmar after Cyclone Nargis swept across the Irrawaddy Delta, claiming more than 28,000 lives.

14 — The government announces a US$64.5-million aid package for mainland China after a magnitude-7.8 earthquake hit Sichuan Province 四川

省 May 12. 20 — Ma Ying-jeou and Vincent C. Siew

are sworn in as the 12th-term presi-dent and vice president of the ROC, respectively. The Cabinet led by Pre-mier Liu Chao-shiuan 劉兆玄 is also sworn in.

28 — KMT Chairman Wu Poh-hsiung 吳

伯雄 and Chinese Communist Party General Secretary Hu Jintao meet in Beijing, marking the highest level of contact between the two parties in 60 years.

June 4 — Chen Kai-feng 陳凱風 of National Taiwan University 國立臺灣大學 is one of the two researchers winning the first Young Scientist Prizes in Particle Physics awarded by the International Union of Pure and Ap-plied Physics.

12 — The Legislative Yuan approves an amendment to Articles 38 and 92 of the Act Governing Relations Be-tween Peoples of the Taiwan Area and the Mainland Area, allowing limited exchanges between the New Taiwan Dollar and the Chinese yuan at Taiwan’s banks.

13 — Taiwan’s SEF Chairman Chiang Pin-kung and mainland China’s ARATS Chairman Chen Yunlin 陳雲林 seal landmark accords in Beijing, paving the way for more mainland tourists to visit Taiwan and authorizing the commencement of direct weekend charter flights from July 4.

30 — The GIO announces that mainland China’s Xinhua News Agency 新

華通訊社 and People’s Daily 人民

日報 may resume posting corre-spondents in Taiwan after a three-year hiatus, with the period of stay extended from one month to three months.

July 17 — The Executive Yuan raises the cap on mainland China-bound invest-ment for Taiwanese companies from 40 percent of their net worth to 60 percent, and for individual investors from US$2.67 million per year to US$5 million.

— The Legislative Yuan approves amendments to the Labor Insurance Act 勞工保險條例 and the National Pension Act 國民年金法 to ensure that people are well looked after in their retirement.

Aug. 8 — The Lobbying Act 遊說法 comes into force, making Taiwan the third coun-try in the world to enact such legis-lation after Canada and the United States.

12 — President Ma embarks on a trip to Paraguay and the Dominican Republic.

Sept. 4 — Vice President Siew leads a delega-tion to Swaziland.

7 — Taiwan wins two gold and two sil-ver medals to share first place with South Korea in the International Earth Science Olympiad.

Oct. 1 — The national pension system offi-cially goes into effect.

15 — Wang Yung-ching 王永慶, founder of Taiwan’s biggest and most profit-able manufacturing conglomerate—Formosa Plastics Group 台塑關係企

業—passes away at the age of 91. 23 — Lee Yuan-tseh, former Nobel Prize

laureate and president emeritus of Academia Sinica, is elected presi-dent of the Paris-based International Council for Science.

Nov. 4 — SEF Chairman Chiang Pin-kung and ARATS Chairman Chen Yunlin ink four agreements, on direct air links, direct cargo shipping, postal services and food safety.


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Appendix

10 — Afghan human-rights activist Sima Samar is presented with the Asia Democracy and Human Rights Award by the Taiwan Foundation for Democracy.

13 — The Taiwan Stock Exchange Corp. 臺灣證券交易所 launches the Taiwan Shariah Index to attract capital from Islamic countries.

14 — The Geneva-based Agency for In-ternational Trade Information and Cooperation votes to admit Taiwan as a sponsoring member.

22 — KMT Honorary Chairman Lien Chan represents President Ma at the two-day APEC summit in Lima, Peru.

Dec. 4 — The government announces a measure to allow mainland China’s institutional and individual investors to enter the nation’s stock and futures markets.

9 — Taiwan is invited by the WTO to be-come a signatory member of its Gov-ernment Procurement Agreement.

11 — Yeh Shih-tao 葉石濤, the widely re-spected writer and author of An Out-line History of Taiwan Literature 台灣文學史綱, dies of cancer at the age of 83.

14 — The “Good-bye Screw” folding chair, designed by Shu-Te University 樹德科技大學 Lecturer Chen Chung-tung 陳俊東, wins the Red Dot De-sign Awards in Germany.

23 — Two pandas from mainland China’s Sichuan Province arrive in Taipei, their new home.

2009Jan. 1 — A new labor insurance annuity sys-

tem is launched, providing people insured under the previous labor insurance scheme with the option to receive monthly annuity payments for the rest of their lives instead of a lump sum.

11 — The amended Tobacco Hazards Pre-vention Act 菸害防制法 takes effect, prohibiting smoking in most work-places and public premises.

12 — The Legislative Yuan passes a revi-sion of the Offshore Islands De-velopment Act 離島建設條例, which legalizes the operation of casinos on Taiwan’s offshore islands condi-tional upon local residents’ approval.

— The Legislative Yuan approves the International Airport Park Develop-ment Act 國際機場園區發展條例 to develop the areas surrounding the nation’s international airports into economic hubs.

— An amendment to the Immigration Act 入出國及移民法 is passed, based on which nearly 1,000 Tibetan and ethnic Chinese from Thailand and Myanmar living in Taiwan without proper documentation are recog-nized as refugees and are allowed to apply for permanent residency in Taiwan.

13 — The WHO Secretariat enlists Taiwan into its framework for implementing the International Health Regulations.

— Freedom House releases its annual Freedom in the World report in Tai-pei. The report rates Taiwan as “free.”

16 — The U.S. government removes Taiwan from its Special 301 Watch List in recognition of its success in protecting intellectual property rights.

18 — To boost domestic demand amid the global economic crisis, every citizen is issued “consumer vouchers” worth NT$3,600, which must be used by Sept. 30, 2009.

— Taiwan’s Cheng Wen-hsing 程文

欣 and Chien Yu-chin 簡毓瑾 win the women’s doubles crown at the Yonex Korea Badminton Super Se-ries in Seoul.

Feb. 3 — Eminent Buddhist Master Sheng Yen 聖嚴, founder of Dharma Drum Mountain 法鼓山, passes away at the age of 78.

5 — In response to the Philippine govern-ment’s redefinition of its national ter-ritory, the MOFA issues a statement reaffirming the ROC’s sovereignty


541


over various islands in the South China Sea.

11 — Legislative Yuan Speaker Wang Jin-pyng 王金平 addresses members of the European Parliament calling for closer cooperation between the two bodies.

25 — Sweden-based Scania AB, one of the world’s leading manufacturers of heavy trucks and buses, establishes an assembly line in Taoyuan County 桃園縣.

27 — Agreements on a mechanism for settling fishery disputes are reached with Japan.

Mar. 3 — The United Kingdom accords six-month visa-free visitation rights to ROC passport holders.

31 — The Legislative Yuan ratifies the U.N.’s International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights as well as International Covenant on Econom-ic, Social and Cultural Rights.

Apr. 2 — The Legislative Yuan amends the Local Government Act 地方制度法 to enable cities and counties to upgrade their statuses to, or merge to form, special municipalities.

9 — The Cabinet approves a central gov-ernment restructuring plan that will reduce the number of ministries and Cabinet-level agencies from 37 to 29, pending approval by the Legisla-tive Yuan.

16 — Professional go player Chang Hsu 張栩 defeats defending champion Shinji Takao 3-1 in the best-of-five 47th Judan Tournament in Japan.

26 — Taiwan’s SEF and China’s ARATS ink agreements on direct cross-strait flights and cooperation in financial affairs and combating crime.

May 12 — Lin Hwai-min 林懷民, founder of the Taiwan-based Cloud Gate Dance Theatre 雲門舞集, receives the Life-time Achievement Award at the International Movimentos Dance Festival in Germany.

14 — The Cabinet approves a plan to promote the development of six star industries

with potential for rapid growth—green energy, biotechnology, tour-ism, health care, sophisticated agri-culture, and the cultural and creative industries.

19 — At the invitation of the WHO, a del-egation headed by Health Minister Yeh Ching-chuan 葉金川 attends the 62nd World Health Assembly as an observer under the name “Chinese Taipei,” marking the ROC’s first sig-nificant participation in U.N. activi-ties since withdrawing in 1971. The invitation is again extended in 2010.

22 — The Legislative Yuan passes the Organic Act of the Central Election Commission 中央選舉委員會組織法, which stipulates that the commission should be composed of nine to 11 commissioners, including a chairper-son and a vice chairperson.

June 9 — The Legislative Yuan revises the Act Governing Relations Between Peoples of the Taiwan Area and the Mainland Area, permitting mainland Chinese spouses of ROC citizens to work without applying for a work permit, and to apply for permanent residency after four years of legal residency.

— The U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration honors Profes-sor Ip Wing-huen 葉永烜 of National Central University’s Graduate Insti-tute of Astronomy 國立中央大學天文

研究所 with its Exceptional Public Service Medal in recognition of his contributions to the Cassini-Huygens Mission, which explored Saturn and its moons.

16 — Frank Shu 徐遐生 of Academia Si-nica is awarded the US$1 million Shaw Prize in Astronomy for his lifetime contributions to the field of theoretical astrophysics.

29 — The Executive Yuan endorses the creation of four “special municipali-ties” through mergers or upgrading, to take effect on Dec. 20, 2010.


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Appendix

Taipei County will be upgraded. Mergers include Taichung City 臺

中市 with Taichung County 臺中縣, Kaohsiung City with Kaohsiung County 高雄縣, and Tainan City with Tainan County 臺南縣.

— President Ma and the first lady depart on a trip to attend the in-auguration of Panama’s President Ricardo Alberto Martinelli Berro-cal on July 1 and pay a state visit to Nicaragua.

July 1 — Ireland begins granting ROC pass-port holders 90-day visa-free visita-tion rights.

12 — Taiwan students win two gold and two silver medals at the International Biology Olympiad held in Tsukuba, Japan, July 12-19.

16 — The 2009 World Games open in Kaohsiung City, with 103 partici-pating countries and areas. Taiwan finishes seventh, i ts best-ever team performance in the World Games.

19 — At the International Chemistry Olympiad, held at Cambridge Uni-versity in the United Kingdom July 19-26, all four students representing Taiwan win gold medals.

21 — Denmark becomes the ninth Euro-pean nation to recognize Taiwan’s driver’s licenses.

26 — President Ma is elected chairman of the KMT with 92.51 percent of valid ballots cast.

Aug. 8 — Typhoon Morakot 莫拉克颱風 hits Taiwan. Record-breaking rainfall in mountainous areas of southern and central Taiwan—reaching as much as 2,600 millimeters in some locales—causes severe flooding and landslides. The storm claims 677 lives and leaves thousands homeless, while damage to the agricultural sec-tor amounts to an estimated NT$19.2 billion.

11 — The 40th General Assembly of the Asia-Pacific Parliamentarians’

Union, attended by 70 parliamen-tarians from 14 countries, opens in Taipei.

27 — The Legislative Yuan passes an ur-gent special act authorizing the Ex-ecutive Yuan to create a four-year budget of up to NT$120 billion for reconstruction in the aftermath of Typhoon Morakot. The Execu-tive Yuan approves the budget on Sept. 3.

30 — The Dalai Lama visits typhoon-ravaged villages in southern Taiwan, offering prayers for those killed by landslides.

31 — Regular flight service between Taiwan and mainland China begins, raising the number of round-trip flights each week from 108 chartered flights to 270 regularly scheduled flights.

Sept. 5 — The 11-day 21st Summer Deaflym-pics opens in Taipei, with nearly 2,700 athletes from 80 nations competing in 178 events under 20 sports cat-egories. Taiwan wins 33 medals with an even split between gold, silver and bronze.

10 — Premier Liu Chao-shiuan and his Cabinet resign en masse to take responsibility for shortcomings in Typhoon Morakot disaster response measures. He is succeeded by KMT Vice Chairman and Secretary-General Wu Den-yih.

26 — In Penghu County’s 澎湖縣 first local referendum, residents vote down a proposition to open the island to ca-sinos by a margin of 13 percent.

Oct. 7 — An exhibition titled “Harmony and Integrity: The Yongzheng Emperor and His Times” 雍正—清世宗文物大

展 opens at the NPM with 37 pieces on loan from the Palace Museum in Beijing. The three-month event marks the first-ever cooperation be-tween the two museums.

8 — The FSC announces that the gov-ernment’s full guarantee of bank


543


deposits launched in October 2008 amid the global financial crisis will be extended for one year until Dec. 31, 2010.

15 — Taijiang National Park 台江國家

公園, located in Tainan, is estab-lished as the country’s eighth na-tional park.

22 — Taiwan and the United States sign a protocol under which Taiwan agrees to open its market to U.S. bone-in beef from cattle younger than 30 months, thus ending the six-year ban on such beef imposed due to the discovery of mad cow disease in the United States.

Nov. 1 — Health authorities launch an influ-enza A (H1N1) vaccination program, the largest-scale immunization pro-gram in Taiwan’s history.

11 — Lawmakers approve the third read-ing of the NT$116.4 billion special budget for post-Typhoon Morakot reconstruction projects to be carried out through fiscal year 2012.

12 — Taiwan and the United Kingdom sign an air service agreement where-by the maximum number of weekly round-trip flights increases from six to 10 each way.

14 — Former Vice President Lien Chan attends the 17th APEC Economic Leaders’ Meeting in Singapore on President Ma’s behalf.

16 — Taiwan and mainland China sign three memoranda of understanding on cooperation in financial supervi-sion, to take effect two months later.

22 — U.S.-based American Institute in Taiwan Chairman Raymond Burghardt arrives in Taipei to brief the govern-ment and opposition leaders on U.S. President Barack Obama’s visit to mainland China in mid-November.

Dec. 5 — The elections of 17 county magis-trates and provincial municipality mayors are held. The ruling KMT is victorious in 12 races and the oppo-sition DPP in four; and an indepen-dent candidate wins in one.

10 — The Act Governing Implementation of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the In-ternational Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 公民與

政治權利國際公約及經濟社會文化權利

國際公約施行法 takes effect, thereby making the two U.N. human rights covenants laws of the land.

22 — The fourth round of SEF-ARATS talks since resumption in 2008 commences in Taichung, yielding three agreements on inspection and quarantine of agricultural products; standardization of inspection, mea-surement and certification procedures concerning all types of products; and fishery labor cooperation.


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IIIAppendix

Adopted by the National Assembly on Decem-ber 25, 1946, promulgated by the national gov-ernment on January 1, 1947, and effective from December 25, 1947

The National Assembly of the Republic of China, by virtue of the mandate received from the whole body of citizens, in accordance with the teachings bequeathed by Dr. Sun Yat-sen in founding the Republic of China, and in order to consolidate the authority of the State, safeguard the rights of the people, ensure social tranquil-lity, and promote the welfare of the people, does hereby establish this Constitution, to be promulgated throughout the country for faithful and perpetual observance by all.

Chapter I. General ProvisionsArticle 1. The Republic of China, founded

on the Three Principles of the People, shall be a democratic republic of the people, to be gov-erned by the people and for the people.

Article 2. The sovereignty of the Republic of China shall reside in the whole body of citizens.

Article 3. Persons possessing the nationality of the Republic of China shall be citizens of the Republic of China.

Article 4. The territory of the Republic of China according to its existing national bound-aries shall not be altered except by resolution of the National Assembly.

Article 5. There shall be equality among the various racial groups in the Republic of China.

Article 6. The national flag of the Republic of China shall be of red ground with a blue sky and a white sun in the upper left corner.

Chapter II. Rights and Duties of the PeopleArticle 7. All citizens of the Republic of

China, irrespective of sex, religion, race, class, or party affiliation, shall be equal before the law.

Article 8. Personal freedom shall be guaran-teed to the people. Except in case of flagrante delicto as provided by law, no person shall be arrested or detained otherwise than by a judicial

or a police organ in accordance with the pro-cedure prescribed by law. No person shall be tried or punished otherwise than by a law court in accordance with the procedure prescribed by law. Any arrest, detention, trial, or punishment which is not in accordance with the procedure prescribed by law may be resisted.

When a person is arrested or detained on suspicion of having committed a crime, the organ making the arrest or detention shall in writing inform the said person, and his desig-nated relative or friend, of the grounds for his arrest or detention, and shall, within 24 hours, turn him over to a competent court for trial. The said person, or any other person, may petition the competent court that a writ be served within 24 hours on the organ making the arrest for the surrender of the said person for trial.

The court shall not reject the petition men-tioned in the preceding paragraph, nor shall it order the organ concerned to make an investiga-tion and report first. The organ concerned shall not refuse to execute, or delay in executing, the writ of the court for the surrender of the said person for trial.

When a person is unlawfully arrested or detained by any organ, he or any other person may petition the court for an investigation. The court shall not reject such a petition, and shall, within 24 hours, investigate the action of the organ concerned and deal with the matter in ac-cordance with law.

Article 9. Except those in active military service, no person shall be subject to trial by a military tribunal.

Article 10. The people shall have freedom of residence and of change of residence.

Article 11. The people shall have freedom of speech, teaching, writing and publication.

Article 12. The people shall have freedom of privacy of correspondence.

Article 13. The people shall have freedom of religious belief.

Article 14. The people shall have freedom of assembly and association.

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Article 15. The right of existence, the right of work, and the right of property shall be guar-anteed to the people.

Article 16. The people shall have the right of presenting petitions, lodging complaints, or instituting legal proceedings.

Article 17. The people shall have the right of election, recall, initiative and referendum.

Article 18. The people shall have the right of taking public examinations and of holding public offices.

Article 19. The people shall have the duty of paying taxes in accordance with law.

Article 20. The people shall have the duty of performing military service in accordance with law.

Article 21. The people shall have the right and the duty of receiving citizens’ education.

Article 22. All other freedoms and rights of the people that are not detrimental to social or-der or public welfare shall be guaranteed under the Constitution.

Article 23. All the freedoms and rights enu-merated in the preceding article shall not be restricted by law except by such as may be neces-sary to prevent infringement upon the freedoms of other persons, to avert an imminent crisis, to maintain social order or to advance public welfare.

Article 24. Any public functionary who, in violation of law, infringes upon the freedom or right of any person shall, in addition to being subject to disciplinary measures in accordance with law, be held responsible under criminal and civil laws. The injured person may, in ac-cordance with law, claim compensation from the State for damage sustained.

Chapter III. The National AssemblyArticle 25. The National Assembly shall, in

accordance with the provisions of this Constitu-tion, exercise political powers on behalf of the whole body of citizens.

Article 26. The National Assembly shall be composed of the following delegates:

1. One delegate shall be elected from each hsien, municipality, or area of equivalent status. In case its population exceeds 500,000, one additional delegate shall be elected for each ad-ditional 500,000. Areas equivalent to hsien or municipalities shall be prescribed by law;

2. Delegates to represent Mongolia shall be elected on the basis of four for each league and one for each special banner;

3. The number of delegates to be elected from Tibet shall be prescribed by law;

4. The number of delegates to be elected by various racial groups in frontier regions shall be prescribed by law;

5. The number of delegates to be elected by Chinese citizens residing abroad shall be pre-scribed by law;

6. The number of delegates to be elected by oc-cupational groups shall be prescribed by law; and

7. The number of delegates to be elected by women’s organizations shall be prescribed by law.

Article 27. The function of the National As-sembly shall be as follows:

1. To elect the President and the Vice President;

2. To recall the President and the Vice President;

3. To amend the Constitution; and4. To vote on proposed Constitutional

amendments submitted by the Legislative Yuan by way of referendum.

With respect to the rights of initiative and referendum, except as is provided in Items 3 and 4 of the preceding paragraph, the National Assembly shall make regulations pertaining thereto and put them into effect, after the above-mentioned two political rights shall have been exercised in one-half of the hsien and munici-palities of the whole country.

Article 28. Delegates to the National Assembly shall be elected every six years.

The term of office of the delegates to each National Assembly shall terminate on the day on which the next National Assembly convenes.

No incumbent government official shall, in the electoral area where he holds office, be elected delegate to the National Assembly.

Article 29. The National Assembly shall be convoked by the President to meet 90 days prior to the date of expiration of each presidential term.

Article 30. An extraordinary session of the National Assembly shall be convoked in any of the following circumstances:

1. When, in accordance with the provisions of Article 49 of this Constitution, a new Presi-dent and a new Vice President are to be elected;

2. When, by resolution of the Control Yuan, an impeachment of the President or the Vice President is instituted;

3. When, by resolution of the Legislative Yuan, an amendment to the Constitution is proposed; and


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4. When a meeting is requested by not less than two-fifths of the delegates to the National Assembly.

When an extraordinary session is to be convoked in accordance with Item 1 or Item 2 of the preceding paragraph, the President of the Legislative Yuan shall issue the notice of convo-cation; when it is to be convoked in accordance with Item 3 or Item 4, it shall be convoked by the President of the Republic.

Article 31. The National Assembly shall meet at the seat of the Central Government.

Article 32. No delegate to the National As-sembly shall be held responsible outside the Assembly for opinions expressed or votes cast at meetings of the Assembly.

Article 33. While the Assembly is in ses-sion, no delegate to the National Assembly shall, except in case of flagrante delicto, be ar-rested or detained without the permission of the National Assembly.

Article 34. The organization of the National Assembly, the election and recall of delegates to the National Assembly, and the procedure whereby the National Assembly is to carry out its functions, shall be prescribed by law.

Chapter IV. The PresidentArticle 35. The President shall be the head

of the State and shall represent the Republic of China in foreign relations.

Article 36. The President shall have su-preme command of the land, sea and air forces of the whole country.

Article 37. The President shall, in accordance with law, promulgate laws and issue mandates with the counter-signature of the President of the Executive Yuan or with the counter-signatures of both the President of the Executive Yuan and the Ministers or Chairmen of Commissions concerned.

Article 38. The President shall, in accor-dance with the provisions of this Constitution, exercise the powers of concluding treaties, de-claring war and making peace.

Article 39. The President may, in accor-dance with law, declare martial law with the approval of, or subject to confirmation by, the Legislative Yuan. When the Legislative Yuan deems it necessary, it may by resolution request the President to terminate martial law.

Article 40. The President shall, in accor-dance with law, exercise the power of granting amnesties, pardons, remission of sentences and restitution of civil rights.

Article 41. The President shall, in accor-dance with law, appoint and remove civil and military officials.

Article 42. The President may, in accor-dance with law, confer honors and decorations.

Article 43. In case of a natural calamity, an epidemic, or a national financial or economic crisis that calls for emergency measures, the President, during the recess of the Legislative Yuan, may, by resolution of the Executive Yuan Council, and in accordance with the Law on Emergency Decrees, issue emergency decrees, proclaiming such measures as may be necessary to cope with the situation. Such decrees shall, within one month after issuance, be presented to the Legislative Yuan for confirmation; in case the Legislative Yuan withholds confirmation, the said decrees shall forthwith cease to be valid.

Article 44. In case of disputes between two or more Yuan other than those concerning which there are relevant provisions in this Con-stitution, the President may call a meeting of the Presidents of the Yuan concerned for consultation with a view to reaching a solution.

Article 45. Any citizen of the Republic of China who has attained the age of 40 years may be elected President or Vice President.

Article 46. The election of the President and the Vice President shall be prescribed by law.

Article 47. The President and the Vice Pres-ident shall serve a term of six years. They may be re-elected for a second term.

Article 48. The President shall, at the time of assuming office, take the following oath:

“I do solemnly and sincerely swear before the people of the whole country that I will ob-serve the Constitution, faithfully perform my du-ties, promote the welfare of the people, safeguard the security of the State, and will in no way betray the people’s trust. Should I break my oath, I shall be willing to submit myself to severe pun-ishment by the State. This is my solemn oath.”

Article 49. In case the office of the Presi-dent should become vacant, the Vice President shall succeed until the expiration of the original presidential term. In case the office of both the President and the Vice President should become vacant, the President of the Executive Yuan shall act for the President; and, in accordance with the provisions of Article 30 of this Consti-tution, an extraordinary session of the National Assembly shall be convoked for the election of a new President and a new Vice President, who shall hold office until the completion of the


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term left unfinished by the preceding President. In case the President should be unable to attend to office due to any cause, the Vice President shall act for the President. In case both the President and Vice President should be unable to attend to office, the President of the Execu-tive Yuan shall act for the President.

Article 50. The President shall be relieved of his functions on the day on which his term of office expires. If by that time the succeed-ing President has not yet been elected, or if the President-elect and the Vice President-elect have not yet assumed office, the President of the Executive Yuan shall act for the President.

Article 51. The period during which the President of the Executive Yuan may act for the President shall not exceed three months.

Article 52. The President shall not, without having been recalled, or having been relieved of his functions, be liable to criminal prosecution unless he is charged with having committed an act of rebellion or treason.

Chapter V. AdministrationArticle 53. The Executive Yuan shall be the

highest administrative organ of the State.Article 54. The Executive Yuan shall have a

President, a Vice President, a certain number of Ministers and Chairmen of Commissions, and a certain number of Ministers without Portfolio.

Article 55. The President of the Executive Yuan shall be nominated and, with the consent of the Legislative Yuan, appointed by the Presi-dent of the Republic.

If, during the recess of the Legislative Yuan, the President of the Executive Yuan should resign or if his office should become vacant, his functions shall be exercised by the Vice President of the Yuan, acting on his behalf, but the President of the Republic shall, within 40 days, request a meeting of the Legislative Yuan to confirm his nominee for the vacancy. Pend-ing such confirmation, the Vice President of the Executive Yuan shall temporarily exercise the functions of the President of the said Yuan.

Article 56. The Vice President of the Execu-tive Yuan, Ministers and Chairmen of Com-missions, and Ministers without Portfolio shall be appointed by the President of the Republic upon the recommendation of the President of the Executive Yuan.

Article 57. The Executive Yuan shall be re-sponsible to the Legislative Yuan in accordance with the following provisions:

1. The Executive Yuan has the duty to pre-sent to the Legislative Yuan a statement of its administrative policies and a report on its ad-ministration. While the Legislative Yuan is in session, Members of the Legislative Yuan shall have the right to question the President and the Ministers and Chairmen of Commissions of the Executive Yuan.

2. If the Legislative Yuan does not concur in any important policy of the Executive Yuan, it may, by resolution, request the Executive Yuan to alter such a policy. With respect to such reso-lution, the Executive Yuan may, with the ap-proval of the President of the Republic, request the Legislative Yuan for reconsideration. If, af-ter reconsideration, two-thirds of the Members of the Legislative Yuan present at the meeting uphold the original resolution, the President of the Executive Yuan shall either abide by the same or resign from office.

3. If the Executive Yuan deems a resolution on a statutory, budgetary, or treaty bill passed by the Legislative Yuan difficult of execution, it may, with the approval of the President of the Republic and within ten days after its transmis-sion to the Executive Yuan, request the Legisla-tive Yuan to reconsider the said resolution. If after reconsideration, two-thirds of the Members of the Legislative Yuan present at the meeting uphold the original resolution, the President of the Executive Yuan shall either abide by the same or resign from office.

Article 58. The Executive Yuan shall have an Executive Yuan Council, to be composed of its President, Vice President, various Ministers and Chairmen of Commissions, and Ministers without Portfolio, with its President as Chairman.

Statutory or budgetary bills or bills con-cerning martial law, amnesty, declaration of war, conclusion of peace or treaties, and other im-portant affairs, all of which are to be submitted to the Legislative Yuan, as well as matters that are of common concern to the various Minis-tries and Commissions, shall be presented by the President and various Ministers and Chair-men of Commissions of the Executive Yuan to the Executive Yuan Council for decision.

Article 59. The Executive Yuan shall, three months before the beginning of each fiscal year, present to the Legislative Yuan the budgetary bill for the following fiscal year.

Article 60. The Executive Yuan shall, within four months after the end of each fiscal year,


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present final accounts of revenues and expendi-tures to the Control Yuan.

Article 61. The organization of the Executive Yuan shall be prescribed by law.

Chapter VI. LegislationArticle 62. The Legislative Yuan shall be

the highest legislative organ of the State, to be constituted of members elected by the people. It shall exercise legislative power on behalf of the people.

Article 63. The Legislative Yuan shall have the power to decide by resolution upon statuto-ry or budgetary bills or bills concerning martial law, amnesty, declaration of war, conclusion of peace or treaties, and other important affairs of the State.

Article 64. Members of the Legislative Yuan shall be elected in accordance with the follow-ing provisions:

1. Those to be elected from the provinces and by the municipalities under the direct juris-diction of the Executive Yuan shall be five for each province or municipality with a popula-tion of not more than 3,000,000, one additional member shall be elected for each additional 1,000,000 in a province or municipality whose population is over 3,000,000;

2. Those to be elected from Mongolian Leagues and Banners;

3. Those to be elected from Tibet;4. Those to be elected by various racial

groups in frontier regions;5. Those to be elected by Chinese citizens

residing abroad; and6. Those to be elected by occupational

groups.The election of Members of the Legislative

Yuan and the number of those to be elected in ac-cordance with Items 2 to 6 of the preceding para-graph shall be prescribed by law. The number of women to be elected under the various items enumerated in the first paragraph shall be pre-scribed by law.

Article 65. Members of the Legislative Yuan shall serve a term of three years, and shall be re-eligible. The election of Members of the Legislative Yuan shall be completed within three months prior to the expiration of each term.

Article 66. The Legislative Yuan shall have a President and a Vice President, who shall be elected by and from among its Members.

Article 67. The Legislative Yuan may set up various committees.

Such committees may invite government officials and private persons concerned to be present at their meetings to answer questions.

Article 68. The Legislative Yuan shall hold two sessions each year, and shall convene of its own accord. The first session shall last from February to the end of May, and the second session from September to the end of Decem-ber. Whenever necessary, a session may be prolonged.

Article 69. In any of the following circum-stances, the Legislative Yuan may hold an ex-traordinary session:

1. At the request of the President of the Re-public;

2. Upon the request of not less than one-fourth of its Members.

Article 70. The Legislative Yuan shall not make proposals for an increase in the expen-ditures in the budgetary bill presented by the Executive Yuan.

Article 71. At the meetings of the Legisla-tive Yuan, the Presidents of the various Yuan concerned and the various Ministers and Chair-men of Commissions concerned may be present to give their views.

Article 72. Statutory bills passed by the Legislative Yuan shall be transmitted to the President of the Republic and to the Executive Yuan. The President shall, within ten days after receipt thereof, promulgate them; or he may deal with them in accordance with the provi-sions of Article 57 of this Constitution.

Article 73. No Member of the Legislative Yuan shall be held responsible outside the Yuan for opinions expressed or votes cast in the Yuan.

Article 74. No Member of the Legislative Yuan shall, except in case of flagrante delicto, be arrested or detained without the permission of the Legislative Yuan.

Article 75. No Member of the Legislative Yuan shall concurrently hold a government post.

Article 76. The organization of the Legislative Yuan shall be prescribed by law.

Chapter VII. JudiciaryArticle 77. The Judicial Yuan shall be the

highest judicial organ of the State and shall have charge of civil, criminal, and administrative cases, and over cases concerning disciplinary mea-sures against public functionaries.

Article 78. The Judicial Yuan shall interpret the Constitution and shall have the power to unify the interpretation of laws and orders.


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Article 79. The Judicial Yuan shall have a President and a Vice President, who shall be nominated and, with the consent of the Control Yuan, appointed by the President of the Republic.

The Judicial Yuan shall have a certain num-ber of Grand Justices to take charge of matters specified in Article 78 of this Constitution, who shall be nominated and, with the consent of the Control Yuan, appointed by the President of the Republic.

Article 80. Judges shall be above partisan-ship and shall, in accordance with law, hold tri-als independ ently, free from any interference.

Article 81. Judges shall hold office for life. No judge shall be removed from office unless he has been found guilty of a criminal offense or subjected to disciplinary measure, or de-clared to be under interdiction. No judge shall, except in accordance with law, be suspended or transferred or have his salary reduced.

Article 82. The organization of the Judicial Yuan and of the law courts of various grades shall be prescribed by law.

Chapter VIII. ExaminationArticle 83. The Examination Yuan shall be

the highest examination organ of the State and shall have charge of matters relating to exami-nation, employment, registration, service rating, scale of salaries, promotion and transfer, secu-rity of tenure, commendation, pecuniary aid in case of death, retirement and old age pension.

Article 84. The Examination Yuan shall have a President and a Vice President and a cer-tain number of Members, all of whom shall be nominated and, with the consent of the Control Yuan, appointed by the President of the Republic.

Article 85. In the selection of public function-aries, a system of open competitive examination shall be put into operation, and examinations shall be held in different areas, with prescribed numbers of persons to be selected according to various provinces and areas. No person shall be appointed to a public office unless he is quali-fied through examination.

Article 86. The following qualifications shall be determined and registered through examination by the Examination Yuan in accor-dance with law:

1. Qualification for appointment as public functionaries; and

2. Qualification for practice in specialized professions or as technicians.

Article 87. The Examination Yuan may, with respect to matters under its charge, pre sent statutory bills to the Legislative Yuan.

Article 88. Members of the Examination Yuan shall be above partisanship and shall inde-pendently exercise their functions in accordance with law.

Article 89. The organization of the Examination Yuan shall be prescribed by law.

Chapter IX. ControlArticle 90. The Control Yuan shall be the

highest control organ of the State and shall exercise the powers of consent, impeachment, censure and auditing.

Article 91. The Control Yuan shall be com-posed of Members who shall be elected by Provincial and Municipal Councils, the local Councils of Mongolia and Tibet, and Chinese citizens residing abroad. Their numbers shall be determined in accordance with the following provisions:

1. Five Members from each province;2. Two Members from each municipality un-

der the direct jurisdiction of the Executive Yuan;3. Eight Members from Mongolian Leagues

and Banners;4. Eight Members from Tibet; and5. Eight Members from Chinese citizens

residing abroad.Article 92. The Control Yuan shall have a

President and a Vice President, who shall be elected by and from among its Members.

Article 93. Members of the Control Yuan shall serve a term of six years and shall be re-eligible.

Article 94. When the Control Yuan exer-cises the power of consent in accordance with this Constitution, it shall do so by resolution of a majority of the Members present at the meeting.

Article 95. The Control Yuan may, in the exercise of its powers of control, request the Executive Yuan and its Ministries and Com-missions to submit to it for perusal the original orders issued by them and all other relevant documents.

Article 96. The Control Yuan may, taking into account the work of the Executive Yuan and its various Ministries and Commissions, set up a certain number of committees to investi-gate their activities with a view to ascertaining whether or not they are guilty of violation of law or neglect of duty.

Article 97. The Control Yuan may, on the basis of the investigations and resolutions of its


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committees, propose corrective measures and forward them to the Executive Yuan and the Ministries and Commissions concerned, direct-ing their attention to effecting improvements.

When the Control Yuan deems a public functionary in the Central Government or in a local government guilty of neglect of duty or violation of law, it may propose corrective mea-sures or institute an impeachment. If it involves a criminal offense, the case shall be turned over to a law court.

Article 98. Impeachment by the Control Yuan of a public functionary in the Central Government or in a local government shall be instituted upon the proposal of one or more than one Member of the Control Yuan and the deci-sion, after due consideration, by a committee composed of not less than nine Members.

Article 99. In case of impeachment by the Control Yuan of the personnel of the Judicial Yuan or of the Examination Yuan for neglect of duty or violation of law, the provisions of Ar-ticles 95, 97 and 98 of this Constitution shall be applicable.

Article 100. Impeachment by the Control Yuan of the President or the Vice President of the Republic shall be instituted upon the pro-posal of not less than one-fourth of the whole body of Members of the Control Yuan, and the resolution, after due consideration, by the majority of the whole body of Members of the Control Yuan, and the same shall be presented to the National Assembly.

Article 101. No Member of the Control Yuan shall be held responsible outside the Yuan for opinions expressed or votes cast in the Yuan.

Article 102. No Member of the Control Yuan shall, except in case of flagrante delicto, be arrested or detained without the permission of the Control Yuan.

Article 103. No Member of the Control Yuan shall concurrently hold a public office or engage in any profession.

Article 104. In the Control Yuan, there shall be an Auditor General who shall be nominated and, with the consent of the Legislative Yuan, appointed by the President of the Republic.

Article 105. The Auditor General shall, within three months after presentation by the Executive Yuan of the final accounts of rev-enues and expenditures, complete the auditing thereof in accordance with law, and submit an auditing report to the Legislative Yuan.

Article 106. The organization of the Control Yuan shall be prescribed by law.

Chapter X. Powers of the Central andLocal Governments

Article 107. In the following matters, the Central Government shall have the power of legislation and administration:

1. Foreign affairs;2. National defense and military affairs

concerning national defense;3. Nationality law and criminal, civil and

commercial law;4. Judicial system;5. Aviation, national highways, state-owned

railways, navigation, postal and telegraph service;

6. Central Government finance and national revenues;

7. Demarcation of national, provincial and hsien revenues;

8. State-operated economic enterprises;9. Currency system and state banks;10. Weights and measures;11. Foreign trade policies;12. Financial and economic matters affecting

foreigners or foreign countries; and13. Other matters relating to the Central

Government as provided by this Constitution.Article 108. In the following matters, the

Central Government shall have the power of legislation and administration, but the Cen-tral Government may delegate the power of administration to the provincial and hsien governments:

1. General principles of provincial and hsien self-government;

2. Division of administrative areas;3. Forestry, industry, mining and commerce;4. Educational system;5. Banking and exchange system;6. Shipping and deep-sea fishery;7. Public utilities;8. Cooperative enterprises;9. Water and land communication and

transportation covering two or more provinces;10. Water conservancy, waterways, agri-

culture and pastoral enterprises covering two or more provinces;

11. Registration, employment, supervision, and security of tenure of officials in Central and local governments;

12. Land legislation;


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13. Labor legislation and other social legislation;

14. Eminent domain;15. Census-taking and compilation of

population statistics for the whole country;16. Immigration and land reclamation;17. Police system;18. Public health;19. Relief, pecuniary aid in case of death

and aid in case of unemployment; and20. Preservation of ancient books and ar-

ticles and sites of cultural value.With respect to the various items enumerated

in the preceding paragraph, the provinces may enact separate rules and regulations, provided these are not in conflict with national laws.

Article 109. In the following matters, the provinces shall have the power of legis-lation and administration, but the provinces may delegate the power of administration to the hsien;

1. Provincial education, public health, industries and communications;

2. Management and disposal of provincial property;

3. Administration of municipalities under provincial jurisdiction;

4. Province-operated enterprises;5. Provincial cooperative enterprises;6. Provincial agriculture, forestry, water

conservancy, fishery, animal husbandry and public works;

7. Provincial finance and revenues;8. Provincial debts;9. Provincial banks;10. Provincial police administration;11. Provincial charitable and public welfare

works; and12. Other matters delegated to the provinces

in accordance with national laws.Except as otherwise provided by law, any

of the matters enumerated in the various items of the preceding paragraph, in so far as it cov-ers two or more provinces, may be undertaken jointly by the provinces concerned.

When any province, in undertaking matters listed in any of the items of the first paragraph, finds its funds insufficient, it may, by resolution of the Legislative Yuan, obtain subsidies from the National Treasury.

Article 110. In the following matters, the hsien shall have the power of legislation and administration:

1. Hsien education, public health, industries and communications;

2. Management and disposal of hsien property;

3. Hsien-operated enterprises;4. Hsien cooperative enterprises;5. Hsien agriculture and forestry, water

conservancy, fishery, animal husbandry and public works;

6. Hsien finance and revenues;7. Hsien debts;8. Hsien banks;9. Administration of hsien police and

defense;10. Hsien charitable and public welfare

works; and11. Other matters delegated to the hsien in

accordance with national laws and provincial Self-Government Regulations.

Except as otherwise provided by law, any of the matters enumerated in the various items of the preceding paragraph, in so far as it covers two or more hsien, may be undertaken jointly by the hsien concerned.

Article 111. Any matter not enumerated in Articles 107, 108, 109 and 110 shall fall within the jurisdiction of the Central Government, if it is national in nature; of the province, if it is pro-vincial in nature; and of the hsien, if it concerns the hsien. In case of dispute, it shall be settled by the Legislative Yuan.

Chapter XI. System of Local GovernmentSection 1. The Province

Article 112. A province may convoke a pro-vincial assembly to enact, in accordance with the General Principles of Provincial and Hsien Self-Government, regulations, provided the said regu-lations are not in conflict with the Constitution.

The organization of the provincial assembly and the election of the delegates shall be pre-scribed by law.

Article 113. The Provincial Self-Government Regulations shall include the following provisions:

1. In the province, there shall be a provin-cial council. Members of the provincial council shall be elected by the people of the province.

2. In the province, there shall be a provin-cial government with a provincial governor who shall be elected by the people of the province.

3. Relationship between the province and the hsien.

The legislative power of the province shall be exercised by the Provincial Council.


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Article 114. The Provincial Self-Government Regulations shall, after enactment, be forthwith submitted to the Judicial Yuan. The Judicial Yuan, if it deems any part thereof unconstitu-tional, shall declare null and void the articles repugnant to the Constitution.

Article 115. If, during the enforcement of the Provincial Self-Government Regulations, there should arise any serious obstacle in the application of any of the articles contained therein, the Judicial Yuan shall first summon the various parties concerned to present their views; and thereupon the Presidents of the Ex-ecutive Yuan, Legislative Yuan, Judicial Yuan, Examination Yuan and Control Yuan shall form a Committee, with the President of the Judicial Yuan as Chairman, to propose a formula for solution.

Article 116. Provincial rules and regulations that are in conflict with national laws shall be null and void.

Article 117. When doubt arises as to wheth-er or not there is a conflict between provincial rules or regulations and national laws, inter-pretation thereon shall be made by the Judicial Yuan.

Article 118. The self-government of mu-nicipalities under the direct jurisdiction of the Executive Yuan shall be prescribed by law.

Article 119. The local self-government system of the Mongolian Leagues and Banners shall be prescribed by law.

Article 120. The self-government system of Tibet shall be safeguarded.

Section 2. The HsienArticle 121. The hsien shall enforce hsien

self-government.Article 122. A hsien may convoke a hsien

assembly to enact, in accordance with the Gen-eral Principles of Provincial and Hsien Self-Government, hsien self-government regulations, provided the said regulations are not in conflict with the Constitution or with provincial self-government regulations.

Article 123. The people of the hsien shall, in accordance with law, exercise the rights of initiative and referendum in matters within the sphere of hsien self-government, and shall, in accordance with law, exercise the rights of elec-tion and recall of the magistrate and other hsien self-government officials.

Article 124. In the hsien, there shall be a hsien council. Members of the hsien

council shall be elected by the people of the hsien.

The legislative power of the hsien shall be exercised by the hsien council.

Article 125. Hsien rules and regulations that are in conflict with national laws, or with provincial rules and regulations, shall be null and void.

Article 126. In the hsien, there shall be a hsien government with a hsien magistrate who shall be elected by the people of the hsien.

Article 127. The hsien magistrate shall have charge of hsien self-government and shall ad-minister matters delegated to the hsien by the central or provincial government.

Article 128. The provisions governing the hsien shall apply mutatis mutandis to the municipality.

Chapter XII. Election, Recall, Initiative and Referendum

Article 129. The various kinds of elections prescribed in this Constitution, except as oth-erwise provided by this Constitution, shall be by universal, equal, and direct suffrage and by secret ballot.

Article 130. Any citizen of the Republic of China who has attained the age of 20 years shall have the right of election in accordance with law. Except as otherwise provided by this Constitution or by law, any citizen who has at-tained the age of 23 years shall have the right of being elected in accordance with law.

Article 131. All candidates in the various kinds of elections prescribed in this Constitu-tion shall openly campaign for their election.

Article 132. Intimidation or inducement shall be strictly forbidden in elections. Suits arising in connection with elections shall be tried by the courts.

Article 133. A person elected may, in accor-dance with law, be recalled by his constituency.

Article 134. In the various kinds of elec-tions, the number of women to be elected shall be fixed, and measures pertaining thereto shall be prescribed by law.

Article 135. The number of delegates to the National Assembly and the manner of their election from people in interior areas, who have their own conditions of living and habits, shall be prescribed by law.

Article 136. The exercise of the rights of initiative and referendum shall be prescribed by law.


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Chapter XIII. Fundamental National PoliciesSection 1. National Defense

Article 137. The national defense of the Republic of China shall have as its objective the safeguarding of national security and the pres-ervation of world peace.

The organization of national defense shall be prescribed by law.

Article 138. The land, sea and air forces of the whole country shall be above personal, re-gional, or party affiliations, shall be loyal to the state, and shall protect the people.

Article 139. No political party and no in-dividual shall make use of armed forces as an instrument in a struggle for political powers.

Article 140. No military man in active service may concurrently hold a civil office.

Section 2. Foreign PolicyArticle 141. The foreign policy of the

Republic of China shall, in a spirit of inde-pendence and initiative and on the basis of the principles of equality and reciprocity, cultivate good-neighborliness with other na-tions, and respect treaties and the Charter of the United Nations, in order to protect the rights and interests of Chinese citizens resid-ing abroad, promote international coopera-tion, advance international justice and ensure world peace.

Section 3. National EconomyArticle 142. National economy shall be

based on the Principle of the People’s Liveli-hood and shall seek to effect equalization of land ownership and restriction of private capital in order to attain a well-balanced sufficiency in national wealth and people’s livelihood.

Article 143. All land within the territory of the Republic of China shall belong to the whole body of citizens. Private ownership of land, acquired by the people in accordance with law, shall be protected and restricted by law. Privately-owned land shall be liable to taxation according to its value, and the Government may buy such land according to its value.

Mineral deposits which are embedded in the land, and natural power which may, for eco-nomic purposes, be utilized for the public ben-efit shall belong to the State, regardless of the fact that private individuals may have acquired ownership over such land.

If the value of a piece of land has in-creased, not through the exertion of labor or the

employment of capital, the State shall levy thereon an increment tax, the proceeds of which shall be enjoyed by the people in common.

In the distribution and readjustment of land, the State shall in principle assist self-farming land-owners and persons who make use of the land by themselves, and shall also regulate their appropriate areas of operation.

Article 144. Public utilities and other enter-prises of a monopolistic nature shall, in principle, be under public operation. In cases permitted by law, they may be operated by private citizens.

Article 145. With respect to private wealth and privately-operated enterprises, the State shall restrict them by law if they are deemed detrimental to a balanced development of na-tional wealth and people’s livelihood.

Cooperative enterprises shall receive en-couragement and assistance from the State.

Private citizens’ productive enterprises and foreign trade shall receive encouragement, guidance and protection from the State.

Article 146. The State shall, by the use of scientific techniques, develop water conservan-cy, increase the productivity of land, improve agricultural conditions, plan for the utilization of land, develop agricultural resources and has-ten the industrialization of agriculture.

Article 147. The Central Government, in order to attain balanced economic development among the provinces, shall give appropriate aid to poor or unproductive provinces.

The provinces, in order to attain balanced eco-nomic development among the hsien, shall give appropriate aid to poor or unproductive hsien.

Article 148. Within the territory of the Re-public of China, all goods shall be permitted to move freely from place to place.

Article 149. Financial institutions shall, in accordance with law, be subject to State control.

Article 150. The State shall extensively establish financial institutions for the common people, with a view to relieving unemployment.

Article 151. With respect to Chinese citi-zens residing abroad, the State shall foster and protect the development of their economic en-terprises.

Section 4. Social SecurityArticle 152. The State shall provide suitable

opportunity for work to people who are able to work.

Article 153. The State, in order to improve the livelihood of laborers and farmers and to


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improve their productive skill, shall enact laws and carry out policies for their protection.

Women and children engaged in labor shall, according to their age and physical condition, be accorded special protection.

Article 154. Capital and labor shall, in ac-cordance with the principle of harmony and cooperation, promote productive enterprises. Conciliation and arbitration of disputes between capital and labor shall be prescribed by law.

Article 155. The State, in order to promote social welfare, shall establish a social insurance system. To the aged and the infirm who are un-able to earn a living, and to victims of unusual calamities, the State shall give appropriate as-sistance and relief.

Article 156. The State, in order to consoli-date the foundation of national existence and development, shall protect motherhood and carry out the policy of promoting the welfare of women and children.

Article 157. The State, in order to improve national health, shall establish extensive serv-ices for sanitation and health protection, and a system of public medical service.

Section 5. Education and CultureArticle 158. Education and culture shall aim

at the development among the citizens of the na-tional spirit, the spirit of self-government, national morality, good physique, scientific knowledge, and the ability to earn a living.

Article 159. All citizens shall have equal opportunity to receive an education.

Article 160. All children of school age from six to 12 years shall receive free primary educa-tion. Those from poor families shall be supplied with books by the Government.

All citizens above school age who have not received primary education shall receive supple-mentary education free of charge and shall also be supplied with books by the Government.

Article 161. The national, provincial, and local governments shall extensively establish scholarships to assist students of good scholastic standing and exemplary conduct who lack the means to continue their school education.

Article 162. All public and private educa-tional and cultural institutions in the country shall, in accordance with law, be subject to State supervision.

Article 163. The State shall pay due atten-tion to the balanced development of education

in different regions, and shall promote social education in order to raise the cultural standard of the citizens in general. Grants from the Na-tional Treasury shall be made to frontier regions and economically poor areas to help them meet their educational and cultural expenses. The Central Government may either itself undertake the more important educational and cultural en-terprises in such regions or give them financial assistance.

Article 164. Expenditures of educational programs, scientific studies and cultural serv ices shall not be, in respect of the Central Govern-ment, less than 15 percent of the total national budget; in respect of each province, less than 25 percent of the total provincial budgets; and in respect of each municipality or hsien, less than 35 percent of the total municipal or hsien budget. Educational and cultural foundations established in accordance with law shall, together with their property, be protected.

Article 165. The State shall safeguard the livelihood of those who work in the fields of education, sciences and arts, and shall, in ac-cordance with the development of national economy, increase their remuneration from time to time.

Article 166. The State shall encourage scientific discoveries and inventions, and shall protect ancient sites and articles of historical, cultural or artistic value.

Article 167. The State shall give encourage-ment or subsidies to the following enterprises or individuals:

1. Educational enterprises in the country which have been operated with good record by private individuals;

2. Educational enterprises which have been operated with good record by Chinese citizens residing abroad;

3. Persons who have made discoveries or inventions in the fields of learning and technol-ogy; and

4. Persons who have rendered long and meritorious services in the field of education.

Section 6. Frontier RegionsArticle 168. The State shall accord to the

various racial groups in the frontier regions le-gal protection of their status and shall give them special assistance in their local self-government undertakings.

Article 169. The State shall, in a positive manner, undertake and foster the development


555


of education, culture, communications, water conservancy, public health, and other economic and social enterprises of the various racial groups in the frontier regions. With respect to the utilization of land, the State shall, after tak-ing into account the climatic conditions, the nature of the soil and the life and habits of the people, adopt measures to protect the land and to assist in its development.

Chapter XIV. Enforcement and Amendment of the Constitution

Article 170. The term “law,” as used in this Constitution, shall denote any legislative bill that shall have been passed by the Legislative Yuan and promulgated by the President of the Republic.

Article 171. Laws that are in conflict with the Constitution shall be null and void.

When doubt arises as to whether or not a law is in conflict with the Constitution, interpretation thereon shall be made by the Judicial Yuan.

Article 172. Ordinances that are in conflict with the Constitution or with laws shall be null and void.

Article 173. The Constitution shall be in-terpreted by the Judicial Yuan.

Article 174. Amendments to the Constitu-tion shall be made in accordance with one of the following procedures:

1. Upon the proposal of one-fifth of the total number of the delegates to the National Assembly and by a resolution of three-fourths of the delegates present at a meeting having a quorum of two-thirds of the entire Assembly, the Constitution may be amended.

2. Upon the proposal of one-fourth of the Members of the Legislative Yuan and by a reso-lution of three-fourths of the Members present at a meeting having a quorum of three-fourths of the Members of the Yuan, an amendment may be drawn up and submitted to the National As-sembly by way of referendum. Such a proposed amendment to the Constitution shall be publicly published half a year before the National As-sembly convenes.

Article 175. Whenever necessary, enforce-ment procedures in regard to any matters pre-scribed in this Constitution shall be separately provided by law.

The preparatory procedures for the enforce-ment of this Constitution shall be decided upon by the same National Assembly which shall have adopted this Constitution.

The Additional Articles of the Constitution of the

Republic of ChinaAdopted by the second extraordinary ses-

sion of the First National Assembly on April 22, 1991, and promulgated by the president on May 1, 1991

Adopted by the extraordinary session of the Second National Assembly on May 27, 1992, and promulgated by the president on May 28, 1992

Adopted by the fourth extraordinary ses-sion of the Second National Assembly on July 28, 1994, and promulgated by the president on August 1, 1994

Adopted by the second session of the Third National Assembly on July 18, 1997, and pro-mulgated by the president on July 21, 1997

Revised by the fourth session of the Third National Assembly on September 3, 1999, and promulgated by the president on September 15, 1999

The Council of Grand Justices, in its Con-stitutional Interpretation No. 499 on March 24, 2000, announced that the Additional Articles of the Constitution approved on September 15, 1999, were void, effective immediately. The re-vised Additional Articles promulgated on July 21, 1997 would remain in effect.

Revised by the fifth session of the Third Na-tional Assembly on April 24, 2000, and promul-gated by the president on April 25, 2000

Revisions to Articles 1, 2, 4, 5, and 8 of, and addition of Article 12 to, the Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China, proposed and announced by the Legislative Yuan on August 26, 2004, adopted by the Fourth National Assembly on June 7, 2005, and promul-gated by the president on June 10, 2005

To meet the requisites of the nation prior to national unification, the following articles of the ROC Constitution are added or amended to the ROC Constitution in accordance with Article 27, Paragraph 1, Item 3; and Article 174, Item 1:

Article 1. The electors of the free area of the Republic of China shall cast ballots at a referendum within three months of the expira-tion of a six-month period following the public announcement of a proposal passed by the


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Legislative Yuan on the amendment of the Con-stitution or alteration of the national territory. The provisions of Article 4 and Article 174 of the Constitution shall not apply.

The provisions of Articles 25 through 34 and Article 135 of the Constitution shall cease to apply.

Article 2. The president and the vice president shall be directly elected by the entire populace of the free area of the Republic of China. This shall be effective from the election for the ninth-term president and vice president in 1996. The presidential and the vice presidential candidates shall register jointly and be listed as a pair on the ballot. The pair that receives the highest number of votes shall be elected. Citizens of the free area of the Republic of China residing abroad may return to the ROC to exercise their electoral rights and this shall be stipulated by law.

Presidential orders to appoint or remove from office the president of the Executive Yuan or personnel appointed with the confirmation of the Legislative Yuan in accordance with the Constitution, and to dissolve the Legislative Yuan, shall not require the countersignature of the president of the Executive Yuan. The provi-sions of Article 37 of the Constitution shall not apply.

The president may, by resolution of the Executive Yuan Council, issue emergency de-crees and take all necessary measures to avert imminent danger affecting the security of the State or of the people or to cope with any seri-ous financial or economic crisis, the restrictions in Article 43 of the Constitution notwithstand-ing. However, such decrees shall, within ten days of issuance, be presented to the Legislative Yuan for ratification. Should the Legislative Yuan withhold ratification, the said emergency decrees shall forthwith cease to be valid.

To determine major policies for national security, the president may establish a national security council and a subsidiary national secu-rity bureau. The organization of the said organs shall be stipulated by law.

The president may, within ten days fol-lowing passage by the Legislative Yuan of a no-confidence vote against the president of the Executive Yuan, declare the dissolution of the Legislative Yuan after consulting with its

president. However, the president shall not dis-solve the Legislative Yuan while martial law or an emergency decree is in effect. Following the dissolution of the Legislative Yuan, an election for legislators shall be held within 60 days. The new Legislative Yuan shall convene of its own accord within ten days after the results of the said election have been confirmed, and the term of the said Legislative Yuan shall be reckoned from that date.

The terms of office for both the president and the vice president shall be four years. The president and the vice president may only be re-elected to serve one consecutive term; and the provisions of Article 47 of the Constitution shall not apply.

Should the office of the vice president be-come vacant, the president shall nominate a candidate(s) within three months, and the Leg-islative Yuan shall elect a new vice president, who shall serve the remainder of the original term until its expiration.

Should the offices of both the president and the vice president become vacant, the president of the Executive Yuan shall exercise the official powers of the president and the vice president. A new president and a new vice president shall be elected in accordance with Paragraph 1 of this article and shall serve out each respective original term until its expiration. The pertinent provisions of Article 49 of the Constitution shall not apply.

Recall of the president or the vice president shall be initiated upon the proposal of one-fourth of all members of the Legislative Yuan, and also passed by two-thirds of all the members. The final recall must be passed by more than one-half of the valid ballots in a vote in which more than one-half of the electorate in the free area of the Republic of China takes part.

Should a motion to impeach the president or the vice president initiated by the Legislative Yuan and presented to the grand justices of the Judicial Yuan for adjudication be upheld by the Constitutional Court, the impeached person shall forthwith be relieved of his duties.

Article 3. The president of the Execu-tive Yuan shall be appointed by the president. Should the president of the Executive Yuan re-sign or the office become vacant, the vice presi-dent of the Executive Yuan shall temporarily act


557


as the president of the Executive Yuan pending a new appointment by the president. The pro-visions of Article 55 of the Constitution shall cease to apply.

The Executive Yuan shall be responsible to the Legislative Yuan in accordance with the fol-lowing provisions; the provisions of Article 57 of the Constitution shall cease to apply:

1. The Executive Yuan has the duty to present to the Legislative Yuan a statement on its administrative policies and a report on its administration. While the Legislative Yuan is in session, its members shall have the right to interpellate the president of the Executive Yuan and the heads of ministries and other organiza-tions under the Executive Yuan.

2. Should the Executive Yuan deem a statu-tory, budgetary, or treaty bill passed by the Leg-islative Yuan difficult to execute, the Executive Yuan may, with the approval of the president of the Republic and within ten days of the bill’s submission to the Executive Yuan, request the Legislative Yuan to reconsider the bill. The Legislative Yuan shall reach a resolution on the returned bill within 15 days after it is received. Should the Legislative Yuan be in recess, it shall convene of its own accord within seven days and reach a resolution within 15 days after the session begins. Should the Legislative Yuan not reach a resolution within the said period of time, the original bill shall become invalid. Should more than one-half of the total number of Legisla-tive Yuan members uphold the original bill, the president of the Executive Yuan shall immedi-ately accept the said bill.

3. With the signatures of more than one-third of the total number of Legislative Yuan members, the Legislative Yuan may propose a no-confidence vote against the president of the Executive Yuan. Seventy-two hours after the no-confidence motion is made, an open-ballot vote shall be taken within 48 hours. Should more than one-half of the total number of Leg-islative Yuan members approve the motion, the president of the Executive Yuan shall tender his resignation within ten days, and at the same time may request that the president dissolve the Legislative Yuan. Should the no-confidence mo-tion fail, the Legislative Yuan may not initiate another no-confidence motion against the same president of the Executive Yuan within one year.

The powers, procedures of establishment, and total number of personnel of national or-ganizations shall be subject to standards set forth by law.

The structure, system, and number of per-sonnel of each organization shall be determined according to the policies or operations of each organization and in accordance with the law as referred to in the preceding paragraph.

Article 4. Beginning with the Seventh Leg-islative Yuan, the Legislative Yuan shall have 113 members, who shall serve a term of four years, which is renewable after re-election. The election of members of the Legislative Yuan shall be completed within three months prior to the expiration of each term, in accordance with the following provisions, the restrictions in Article 64 and Article 65 of the Constitution notwithstanding:

1. Seventy-three members shall be elected from the Special Municipalities, counties, and cities in the free area. At least one member shall be elected from each county and city.

2. Three members each shall be elected from among the lowland and highland aborigi-nes in the free area.

3. A total of thirty-four members shall be elected from the nationwide constituency and among citizens residing abroad.

Members for the seats set forth in Subpara-graph 1 of the preceding paragraph shall be elected in proportion to the population of each Special Municipality, county, or city, which shall be divided into electoral constituencies equal in number to the number of members to be elected. Members for the seats set forth in Subparagraph 3 shall be elected from the lists of political parties in proportion to the number of votes won by each party that obtains at least 5 percent of the total vote, and the number of elect-ed female members on each party’s list shall not be less than one-half of the total number.

When the Legislative Yuan convenes each year, it may hear a report on the state of the na-tion by the president.

Following the dissolution of the Legislative Yuan by the president and prior to the inaugura-tion of its new members, the Legislative Yuan shall be regarded as in recess.

The territory of the Republic of China, de-fined by its existing national boundaries, shall


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IIIAppendixnot be altered unless initiated upon the proposal of one-fourth of the total members of the Leg-islative Yuan, passed by at least three-fourths of the members present at a meeting attended by at least three-fourths of the total members of the Legislative Yuan, and sanctioned by electors in the free area of the Republic of China at a referendum held upon expiration of a six-month period of public announcement of the proposal, wherein the number of valid votes in favor ex-ceeds one-half of the total number of electors.

Should the president issue an emergency decree after dissolving the Legislative Yuan, the Legislative Yuan shall convene of its own accord within three days to vote on the ratification of the decree within seven days after the session begins. However, should the emergency decree be issued after the election of new members of the Legisla-tive Yuan, the new members shall vote on the ratification of the decree after their inauguration. Should the Legislative Yuan withhold ratification, the emergency decree shall forthwith be void.

Impeachment of the president or the vice president by the Legislative Yuan shall be initi-ated upon the proposal of more than one-half of the total members of the Legislative Yuan and passed by more than two-thirds of the total members of the Legislative Yuan, whereupon it shall be presented to the grand justices of the Judicial Yuan for adjudication. The provisions of Article 90 and Article 100 of the Constitution and Article 7, Paragraph 1 of the Additional Ar-ticles of the Constitution shall not apply.

No member of the Legislative Yuan may be arrested or detained without the permission of the Legislative Yuan, when that body is in session, except in case of flagrante delicto. The provisions of Article 74 of the Constitution shall cease to apply.

Article 5. The Judicial Yuan shall have 15 grand justices. The 15 grand justices, including a president and a vice president of the Judicial Yuan to be selected from amongst them, shall be nominated and, with the consent of the Leg-islative Yuan, appointed by the president of the Republic. This shall take effect from the year 2003, and the provisions of Article 79 of the Constitution shall not apply. The provisions of Article 81 of the Constitution and pertinent regulations on the lifetime holding of office and

payment of salary do not apply to grand justices who did not transfer from the post of a judge.

Each grand justice of the Judicial Yuan shall serve a term of eight years, independent of the order of appointment to office, and shall not serve a consecutive term. The grand justices serving as president and vice president of the Judicial Yuan shall not enjoy the guarantee of an eight-year term.

Among the grand justices nominated by the president in the year 2003, eight members, including the president and the vice president of the Judicial Yuan, shall serve for four years. The remaining grand justices shall serve for eight years. The provisions of the preceding para-graph regarding term of office shall not apply.

The grand justices of the Judicial Yuan shall, in addition to discharging their duties in accordance with Article 78 of the Constitution, form a Constitutional Court to adjudicate mat-ters relating to the impeachment of the presi-dent or the vice president, and the dissolution of unconstitutional political parties.

A political party shall be considered uncon-stitutional if its goals or activities endanger the existence of the Republic of China or the na-tion’s free and democratic constitutional order.

The proposed budget submitted annually by the Judicial Yuan may not be eliminated or reduced by the Executive Yuan; however, the Executive Yuan may indicate its opinions on the budget and include it in the central government’s proposed budgetary bill for submission to the Legislative Yuan for deliberation.

Article 6. The Examination Yuan shall be the highest examination body of the State, and shall be responsible for the following matters; and the provisions of Article 83 of the Constitu-tion shall not apply:

1. Holding of examinations; 2. Matters relating to the qualification screen-

ing, security of tenure, pecuniary aid in case of death, and retirement of civil servants; and

3. Legal matters relating to the employ-ment, discharge, performance evaluation, scale of salaries, promotion, transfer, commendation and award of civil servants.

The Examination Yuan shall have a presi-dent, a vice president, and several members, all of whom shall be nominated and, with the


559


consent of the Legislative Yuan, appointed by the president of the Republic; and the provisions of Article 84 of the Constitution shall not apply.

The provisions of Article 85 of the Consti-tution concerning the holding of examinations in different areas, with prescribed numbers of persons to be selected according to various provinces and areas, shall cease to apply.

Article 7. The Control Yuan shall be the high-est control body of the State and shall exercise the powers of impeachment, censure and audit; and the pertinent provisions of Article 90 and Article 94 of the Constitution concerning the exercise of the power of consent shall not apply.

The Control Yuan shall have 29 members, including a president and a vice president, all of whom shall serve a term of six years. All members shall be nominated and, with the consent of the Legislative Yuan, appointed by the president of the Republic. The provisions of Article 91 through Article 93 of the Constitution shall cease to apply.

Impeachment proceedings by the Control Yuan against a public functionary in the central government, or local governments, or against personnel of the Judicial Yuan or the Examina-tion Yuan, shall be initiated by two or more mem-bers of the Control Yuan, and be investigated and voted upon by a committee of not less than nine of its members, the restrictions in Article 98 of the Constitution notwithstanding.

In the case of impeachment by the Control Yuan of Control Yuan personnel for dereliction of duty or violation of the law, the provisions of Article 95 and Article 97, Paragraph 2 of the Constitution, as well as the preceding para-graph, shall apply.

Members of the Control Yuan shall be beyond party affiliation and independently ex-ercise their powers and discharge their respon-sibilities in accordance with the law.

The provisions of Article 101 and Article 102 of the Constitution shall cease to apply.

Article 8. The remuneration or pay of the members of the Legislative Yuan shall be prescribed by law. Except for general annual adjustments, individual provisions on increase of remuneration or pay shall take effect starting with the subsequent Legislative Yuan.

Article 9. The system of self-government in the provinces and counties shall include the

following provisions, which shall be established by the enactment of appropriate laws, the re-strictions in Article 108, Paragraph 1, Item 1; Article 109; Article 112 through Article 115; and Article 122 of the Constitution notwith-standing:

1. A province shall have a provincial govern-ment of nine members, one of whom shall be the provincial governor. All members shall be nomi-nated by the president of the Executive Yuan and appointed by the president of the Republic.

2. A province shall have a provincial advi-sory council made up of a number of members, who shall be nominated by the president of the Executive Yuan and appointed by the president of the Republic.

3. A county shall have a county council, members of which shall be elected by the peo-ple of the said county.

4. The legislative powers vested in a county shall be exercised by the county council of the said county.

5. A county shall have a county government headed by a county magistrate who shall be elected by the people of the said county.

6. The relationship between the central govern-ment and the provincial and county governments.

7. A province shall execute the orders of the Executive Yuan and supervise matters governed by the counties.

The modifications of the functions, operations, and organization of the Taiwan Provincial Government may be specified by law.

Article 10. The State shall encourage the development of and investment in science and technology, facilitate industrial upgrading, pro-mote modernization of agriculture and fishery, emphasize exploitation and utilization of water resources, and strengthen international economic cooperation.

Environmental and ecological protection shall be given equal consideration with eco-nomic and technological development.

The State shall assist and protect the sur-vival and development of private small and medium-sized enterprises.

The State shall manage government-run financial organizations, in accordance with the principles of business administration. The man-agement, personnel, proposed budgets, final


560

IIIAppendixbudgets, and audits of the said organizations may be specified by law.

The State shall promote universal health in-surance and promote the research and develop-ment of both modern and traditional medicines.

The State shall protect the dignity of wom-en, safeguard their personal safety, eliminate sexual discrimination, and further substantive gender equality.

The State shall guarantee insurance, medi-cal care, obstacle-free environments, education and training, vocational guidance, and support and assistance in everyday life for physically and mentally handicapped persons, and shall also assist them to attain independence and to develop.

The State shall emphasize social relief and assistance, welfare services, employment for citizens, social insurance, medical and health care, and other social welfare services. Priority shall be given to funding social relief and as-sistance, and employment for citizens.

The State shall respect military servicemen for their contributions to society, and guarantee studies, employment, medical care, and liveli-hood for retired servicemen.

Priority shall be given to funding education, science, and culture, and in particular funding for compulsory education, the restrictions in Article 164 of the Constitution notwithstanding.

The State affirms cultural pluralism and shall actively preserve and foster the develop-ment of aboriginal languages and cultures.

The State shall, in accordance with the will of the ethnic groups, safeguard the status and political participation of the aborigines. The State shall also guarantee and provide assist-ance and encouragement for aboriginal educa-tion, culture, transportation, water conservation, health and medical care, economic activity, land, and social welfare, measures for which shall be established by law. The same protection and assistance shall be given to the people of the Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu areas.

The State shall accord to nationals of the Republic of China residing overseas protection of their rights of political participation.

Article 11. Rights and obligations between the people of the Chinese mainland area and those of the free area, and the disposition of other related affairs may be specified by law.

Article 12. Amendment of the Constitu-tion shall be initiated upon the proposal of one-fourth of the total members of the Legislative Yuan, passed by at least three-fourths of the members present at a meeting attended by at least three-fourths of the total members of the Legislative Yuan, and sanctioned by electors in the free area of the Republic of China at a referendum held upon expiration of a six-month period of public announcement of the proposal, wherein the number of valid votes in favor ex-ceeds one-half of the total number of electors. The provisions of Article 174 of the Constitu-tion shall not apply.


IV

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Appendix

A Comparison of Various Romanization Systems

MPS Tongyong Wade- Hanyu Pinyin Giles Pinyin ㄅ b- p- b- ㄆ p- p’- p- ㄇ m- m- m- ㄈ f- f- f- ㄉ d- t- d- ㄊ t- t’- t- ㄋ n- n- n- ㄌ l- l- l- ㄍ g- k- g- ㄎ k- k’- k- ㄏ h- h- h- ㄐ ji- ch- j- ㄑ ci- ch’- q- ㄒ si- hs- x- ㄓ jhih, jh- chih, ch- zhi, zh- ㄔ chih, ch- ch’ih, ch’- chi, ch- ㄕ shih, sh- shih, sh- shi, sh- ㄖ rih, r- jih, j- ri, r- ㄗ zih, z- tzu, ts- zi, z- ㄘ cih, c- tz’u, ts’- ci, c- ㄙ sih, szu, ssu, si, s- s- s- ㄚ a a a ㄛ -o -o -o ㄜ -e -o, -e -e ㄝ -ê -(i)eh -(i)e ㄞ ai ai ai ㄟ -ei -ei -ei ㄠ ao ao ao ㄡ ou ou ou ㄢ an an an ㄣ en (e)n (e)n ㄤ ang ang ang ㄥ -(e)ng -(e)ng -(e)ng ㄦ er (e)rh (e)r

MPS Tongyong Wade- Hanyu Pinyin Giles Pinyin ㄧ yi, -i i, (y)i yi, -i ㄨ wu, -u wu, -u wu, -u ㄩ yu yü, -ü yu, -u, -ü* ㄧㄚ ya, -ia ya, -ia ya, -ia ㄧㄝ ye, -ie yeh, -ieh ye, -ie ㄧㄞ yai yai yai ㄧㄠ yao, -iao yao, -iao yao, -iao ㄧㄡ you, -iou yu, -iu you, -iu ㄧㄢ yan, -ian yen, -ien yan, -ian ㄧㄣ yin, -in yin, -in yin, -in ㄧㄤ yang, -iang yang, -iang yang, -iang ㄧㄥ ying, -ing ying, -ing ying, -ing ㄨㄚ wa, -ua wa, -ua wa, -ua ㄨㄛ wo, -uo wo, -o, wo, -uo -uo** ㄨㄞ wai, -uai wai, -uai wai, -uai ㄨㄟ wei, -uei wei, -ui, wei, -ui -uei*** ㄨㄢ wan, -uan wan, -uan wan, -uan ㄨㄣ wun, -un wen, -un wen, -un ㄨㄤ wang, -uang wang, -uang wang, -uang ㄨㄥ wong, -ong weng, -ung weng, -ong ㄩㄝ yue yüeh, -üeh yue, -ue, -üe* ㄩㄢ yuan yüan, -üan yuan, -uan ㄩㄣ yun yün, -ün yun, -un ㄩㄥ yong yung, -iung yong, -iong

* Used after l- and n-.** Used with the initials k-, k’-, h-, n-, l-, and sh-.*** Used with the initials k- and k’-.The tone marks for the Mandarin Phonetic Symbols (MPS) system are: first tone, no mark; second tone, ˊ; third tone, ˇ; fourth tone, ˋ; and neutral tone, ˙. The Hanyu Pinyin system uses the same tone marks, but adds a first tone mark, ¯, and does not have a mark for the neutral tone.

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