chronology ancient near east from 9000 to 1 bce
TRANSCRIPT
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ANCIENT NEAR EAST: RELATIVE CHRONOLOGY ANCHORED TO APPROXIMATE MODERN DATES 1
Near Eastern Chronology at a Glance JOHN LEWIS 11/5/05
YEAR BC 3000 2800 2600 2400 2200 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400
Rise of the Polis
Early Minoan Middle Minoan Late Minoan Aetolia Settled Peloponnesian WarAegean Sea ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
13th Century Breakdown||
Predynastic Archaic Old 1st Middle Hyksos 2nd New 18th Ramessids 3rd Kushite Persian PtolemiacDynastic Kingdom Intermediate Kingdom Invasions Intermed Kingd Dynasty | Intermediate Invasions Period Rule
Egypt ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
||
2400 2000 1700-1270 | 1020 738 587-37Patriarchal Abraham [Egyptian Captivity---------] to Canaan Kings Assyrian Babylonian
| Conquest Captivity
Hebrews -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
13th Century Breakdown
Amurru |Ugari t, H itt it es CollapseAlalakh, Emar Sack of Ugarit, Hazor
Syria / Palestine-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|||
Amorites Hittite Middle |Infiltrate State Hittites | Lydians Persians Macedonians
Asia Minor -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|||
Isin 1st Dynasty-]Assyria 1500 1360 | Assyria Assyria Neo- Ninevah fallsLarsa Dynasty --]Shamsi- Mittani Assyrian | Tilgath 2nd Rise Assyrian to Babs, Medes
adad Middle | Pilser I 880 612
North Mesopotamia -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| |
| |Lagash-umma Uruinimgina of Lagash | |Sumer Archaic War Ur 3rd Dynasty Fall of Babylonia Kassites in | Nebuchadnezzar Cyrus takesCities UR Ur to East Hammurabi Babylonia ------------------] sacks Susa; ends Babylon 539
AkkadSargon I Gudea of Lagash takes Babylonia | 2nd Elamite period
South Mesopotamia ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Early Dynastic Periods: |
Late Uruk I: 2900-2750 IIIa: 2600-2450 |Period: 3500-3100 II:2750-2600 IIIb: 2450-2350 |
Jamdet-Nasr |Periiod: 3100-2900 Hammurabi Middle | Elam takes Rise of Cyrus
takes Fars area Elamites | Babylonia 1155 Persians: 559 BC
East -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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ANCIENT NEAR EAST: RELATIVE CHRONOLOGY ANCHORED TO APPROXIMATE MODERN DATES 2
Near Eastern Chronology in Detail
Dates for Mesopotamia based largely on Van De Mieroop,A History of the Ancient Near East(Oxford: Blackwell, 2004).Dates for Egypt: GrimalA History of Egypt(Oxford: Blackwell, 2005)D.I = 1st Dynasty
DATE BC EGYPT MESOPOTAMIA LEVANT COAST
GREEKS
SOURCES, AND
COMMENTS
PREHISTORIC ERA
9000 Proto-Neolithic
8000 Aceramic-Neolithic
7000 Neolithic Hassana: northern Mesopotamia
Earliest seals, kilns, smelting
Pottery-Neoltihic [Van De Mieroop ch. 1]
6000 Halafin culture
5000 1st Predynastic Period:Chalcolithic Ubaid [Grimal ch.1]
4500 2nd Predynastic Preiod: Naqada I or
Amratian @ el-Amra (near Luxor)
Potters wheel, plow invented; the sail (?) Ubaid
4000 4300-3100: Uruk, Sumerians, southern Mesopotamia3500 3rd Predynastic, 2nd Naqada period. Gerzean
@ el Gerza (near Faiyum)
Late Uruk (Levels XIV-III)
Jemdet Nasr period Cylinder Seals (some found in
Egypt)
3761: Year 1 of Jewish
Calendar. 1 a.m. = 1
anno mundi
[Van De Mieroop ch. 2
Origins: Uruk]
3300 3rd Naqada period Pictographic writing on clay
HISTORIC PERIODS BEGIN
3150
Scorpion
Macehead
Archaic-Dynastic Period: Earliest Kings
3150-2700 Kings, known as Menes
Scorpion, Narmer, Aha
United Upper and Lower Egypt: D.I & D.II.
Thinite Period @ This near Abydos2 Tombs of Wadjii @Abydos & Saqqara
Stele of King Wadjii
Narmer Palette
Step Pyramid of Djoser@ Saqqara
Sumerian Cities: Uruk, Ur, Lagash, Eridu; Eanna; Kish
in competition
Cuneiform writing on stone[Grimal ch.2]
3100-2900 3100: Reign of Aha ends Jemdet Nasr Period
Uruk III; Eanna Precinct
Dramatic dating,Epic of Gilgamesh
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2800-2350 EARLY DYNASTIC PERIOD [Van De Mieroop ch. 3
Competing City-States]
2800 Old Kingdom. Pyramids at Sakkara, Ghiza Archaic Ur [Grimal ch.4-5]
2780-20 D(ynasty).III: Djoser Scorpion (courtier =
Imhotep). Adopts theocratic title Golden
Horus and Son of Ra for monarchs.
Step Pyramid at Saqqara
2720-2560 D.IV Snofru.
Cheops = Khufu
Djedefre
Chephren (pyramid)
Greeks: Herodotus on
Egyptians
2560-2420 D.V Userkaf. Kings linked solidly to
priesthood.
2500 King Mesilin of Kish
Tablets from Fara and Abu Salabikh
2500-2350 Lagash Umma Border Wars
2420-2270 D.VI Teti
Pacifies tension with nobles
Tomb of Harkhuf at Aswan, records Nubian
expedition
2400 Pepy I Mery-Tawi Loved in Two Lands.
Autobiography of Weni, an official
Urinimgina of Lagash 2400-2000 Early
Minoan Period
2400-2350 Merenre Antiemdjaf Anti = war god.
Expands into Nubia
Bau-temple archive, Girsu
2350 Pepy II (a long reign). Decline of Old
Kingdom in growth of local official
power, kingdom splits into 2 viziers.
Nitocris (difficult succession)
King Lugalzagesi of Umma
Ebla Archives
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2334-2279 Akkad (Agade): Sargon I
Central Mesopotamia, Agade overthrows Lugalzagesi
Dramatic date,Autobiography of Sargon
Jews: Patriarchal Period.
Roots of Jews in
Mesopotamia; to Canaan
[Van De Mieroop ch. 4
Political Centralization]
2278-70 Nebhepetre Mentuhotpe II
last Old Kingdom ruler
Akkad: Rimush. Akkad weakens in succession struggles
2270-2100 1st Intermediate Period
D.VII-X
Egypt fragmented politically
D.X: Wall of the Prince built vs. Sinai
Amorites (Semetic Bedouins) movement into Palestinecause displacements; to Nile Delta and elsewhere?
[Grimal ch.6]
2269-55 Akkad: Manishtushu
2254-18 Akkad : Naram-Sin
Victory Stele of Naram Sim
2217-2193 Akkad: Sharkalishari
2189-69 Akkad: Dadu
2168-54 Shu-Turul
2100 Middle KingdomD.XI Gudea of Lagash Gudea Cylinders [Grimal ch.7]
2112-2095 Earliest confirmed use of site at Temple ofKarnak. List in Hall of Ancestors claims
to D.III. Building site for
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1990-1790 D.XII
Ammenemes I. Amun is at head combines
Amun w/ Heliopolis theology.
1970: co-rule w/ son
1961 Ammenemes killed; Sesostris I
1928 Ammenemes II1910-1830 Karum-Kanesh level II
1897 1895 Sesostris II
1878 Sesostris III (main figure of legend)
Conquest of Nubia, and sealing of borders
The First Semneh Stele
Isin and Larsa at war
1894-1595 1st Dynasty of Babylon: Samuabum (Amorite) founds
Babylon and Assyria struggle after fall of Ur
1834 Larsa: Kudur-Mabuk dynasty
1822-1763 Larsa: Rim-Sin I
1810-1740 Karum-Kanesh level Ib
1808-1781 Assur: Shamsi-Adad seizes throne; Assyria rises.
Kingdom divides on his death.
[Van De Mieroop ch. 6
Territorial States]
1800-1762 1800: Egyptian Tale of Sinuhe Mari archives
1795 Ari under Yasmah-Addu rule
1793 Larsa: Rim-Sin conquers Isin. End of 1st Dynasty of Isin
1792-50 Babylon: Hammurabi I inherits throne. 6th king.
Babylonian Law Code
cf. Hebraic Laws at Exodus
21-23; Leviticus 17-26;
Deuteronomy 12-26
1790-1633 D.XIII & XIV
1776 Death of Shamsi-Adad. Allows the Amorite Hammurabi
(his vassal?) to rise
1766-62 Babylon: Hammurabi conquers southern
Babylonia, Fars. End of Larsa DynastyEnd of Eshnunna
1761 Babylon: Hammurabi conquers Mari
1749-12 Babylon: Samsuiluna loses control of southern
Babylonia
1711-1684 Babylon: Abi-eshuh
1674-1552 Hyksos Period. Semetic Foreign rule.
D.XIV to 1633
D.XV & XVI Hyksos
D.XVII Thebes
1700-1270 Egyptian
Captivity of Jews
[Grimal ch.8]
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1650-1550 Second Intermediate Period Old Hittite State (Hatta)
Hattusili I (1650-20) founds
Hittite Laws (copied through later centuries)
1620-1590 Hatti: Mursili I
1595 Hittite Mursili sacks Babylon (Hammurabi II). End
of Old Babylonian dynasty.Kassites (Mountain People) rise
1552 New Kingdom: Ahmose I ends Hyksos rule
iaH-msi(w)(The Moon Is
Born)
D.XVIII 1552-1350
Pyramid at Abydos (last royal tomb)
His mummy from Deir el-Bahari
The Autobiography of Ahmose
Greek: 1580-1400
Late Minoan I
[Grimal ch.9]
1525 1526-06 Amenhotep I1506-1493 Tuthmosis Hatti: Telepinus Restores unity
1500 1493-79 Tuthmosis II
1479-25 Tuthmosis III
Egyptian Book of the Dead: Compiled Spells
and Incantations.
Main Regional powers:
Middle Elamites (Western Iran) under Igi-halki; first re-
integration since Hammurabis attacks. Construction
of Liyan, eastern Persian Gulf (w/ziggurat); rise of
Elamite language
Kassites (Babylonia) until 1155
Middle Hittites (Anatolia)
Mittani: Parattarna rules North Mesopotamia / Syria
(later supplanted by Assyria)
Smaller powers:
Syro-Palestinian Ugarit, Alalakh, EmarThese powers rise, decline by 1200
Greek: Volcanic
Destruction of
Knossos (Rebuilt)
Mycenaean Rise
[Van De Mieroop ch. 7
Club of Great Powers]
[Van De Mieroop ch.8
Western States]
[Van De Mieroop ch.9
Kassites, Assyrians and
Elamites]
1486-1450 Tuthmose III. Raids through Palestine into
Euphrates valley
1425-01 Amenhotep II. Expands into Syro-Palestine
1400 1401-1390 Tuthmosis IV Mittani: Artatama I
Western Iran unified
Greek: Fall of Knossos
1400-1182 Ugarit Kingdom in Syro-Palestine Greek: 1400 1100
Late Minoan II
Mycenaean Palaces
1390-52 Amenhotep III Babylonia: Kadashman-Enlil I
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1363-28 1st Rise of Assyria: Assur-uballit I
Limits strength of Babylonia in Tigris Valley
Middle Assyrian Period
Asyrian Empire lasts until 612 and fall of Ninevah
1365-35 Amarna Archive: Diplomatic Letters btw. Egyptian
(Amenhotep II / Akhnaten) & Mesopotamian Kings1363-18 Ugarit: Niqmadu II
Baal Cycle (Conflict myth: Baal defeats sea-god Yam.
Similar, Enum-Elish)
1352-48 Amenhotep IV
1350-1200 Mittani: Tushratta
Tale of Aghat, Ugarite narrative
Legend of King Kirta, Ugarite narrative
cf.II Samuel9-20;I Kings
1-2
1348-38 Akhnaten: Experiment in Monotheism [Grimal ch.10]
1344-22 1338-36 Smenkhkare Hatti: Suppiluliuma I. Subdues Mittani, vassals made of
Ugarit, Qadash, Amurru and other former Mittani
vassals. Viceroy est. At Carachemish
Treaty of Suppiluliuma and Mattiwaza of the Mittani
Treaties: cf.Exodus 20-24;
Deuteronomy;Joshua 24
1340 1336-27 Tutankhamun
1327-23 Ay
Babylonia: Burnaburiash II
1325 1323-1295 Horemheb
1328: Death of Babylonia: Kurigalzu II
Amurra: King Aziru: allegiance from Egypt to Hatti.
Hittites and Egypt divided Syro-Palestine.
Ugarit, Amurru: Syro-Palestinian cities
1313-1280 Amurru: Tuppi-Teshub
1321-1295 Hatti: Mursili II (son of Suppiluliuma)
Treaty of Mursili II and Tuppi-Teshub
1305-1207 Assyria: sustained military expansion1305-1274 Adad-nirari I
1300 Hatti: Muwatalli II
Ziggurat w/ internal stairway at Chaga Zanbil (Elamite)
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1295-1188 D.XIXThe Ramessids
1295-94 Rameses I
1294-79 Sethos I (Seti)
1279-1212 Rameses II (son of Sethos)
[Grimal ch.11]
1275 Mittani: Shattiwaza
1274 Egyptian aggression ends peaceful divisionof Palestine with Hittites
Assyria: 1273-44 Shalmaneser IBattle of Qadesh (Kadesh): Hittites under Muwatalli II
limit Egypts expansion north under Rameses II.
Egyptian Account of the Battle of Kadesh
Peace Treaty between Rameses and Mutwatalli II
(Hittite version)
Ca. 1270: End of EgyptianCaptivity of the Jews:
OT Exodus 12.21
Genesis 47.11,Exodus 1.11
ref. Rameses area
1272-67 Hatti: Mursili III
1267-37 Hatti: Hattusili III usurps Jews Journey to Canaan
Conquest of Canaan?
Joshua
Infiltrate Canaan?Judges
1260 1259 Rameses II and Hattusili III (Hittites)
treaty
Babylonia: Kadashman-Enlil II
Assyria: Shalmaneser I controls Babylon
1250 Elam: Untash-Napirisha
1237-09 Hatti: Tudhaliya IV
1225 Babylonia: Kashtiliashu IV
Assyria: Tukulti-Ninurta I (1243-07) sacks Babylon
1209 Merneptah (1213-1204); vs. people of the
countries of the sea. Forays into Syro-
Palestine; earliest non-biblical ref. to
Jewish people (not a state)
Moves admin. center from Pi-Rameses back
to Memphis
Amurra (Shaushga-muwa) and Hatti (Tudhaliya IV)
treaty
[Van De Mieroop ch.10
Collapse of Regional
System]
1207-00 1205:Merneptah Stele (Arnold & Beyer 50) Assyria: Tukulti-Ninurta I assassinated; Assurnadinapli
(1206-03)
Hatti: Suppiluliuma II
Merneptah Stele: only
mention of Jews as people
in Egypt literature
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1200-1150 1202-1199 Amenmesse
1202-1196 Sethos II
1196-90 Siptah
1196-88 Twosre
Foreign attacks (Sea Peoples) limit influence of
major states: Assyria, Babylonia, Elam, Egypt
Assyria reduced to heartland
Collapse of Hatti State in Anatolia;1185 Hittite-
dependent Emar sacked (west Euphrates)
Sack of Ugarit, Hazor, as Syrian cities becomeindependent
Arameans control Syrian countryside
Philistines settle in Levant Coast
Letters from Ugaritdocument ships of the enemy
(Van De Mieroop183)
Jews: 1st Archaeological
evidence in Canaan
Greek: End of Mycenaean
Greeks. Siege of Troy.
Cyprus develops.
1188-1069 D.XX
1188-86 Sethnahkte
1186-54 Rameses III
1180 Rameses III (1186-54) fights peoples who
come by sea (Van de Meiroop 184)
Judges.Renewal of Legal,
Religious, Political, Order
1175 Elam: Shutruck-Nahhunte I
1155 1154-48 Rameses IV Elam: Shutruk-Nahhunte invades Babylonia; end ofKassite dynasty. 2nd Dynasty of Isin (to 1026)
1150 Elam: Kutir-Nahhunte (son of Shutruck)
1145 1148-44 Rameses V Elam: Shilhak-Inshushinak
1140 Assyria: Assur-resha-ishi I
1144-36 Rameses VI
1136-28 Rameses VII
1128-25 Rameses VIII
1120 1125-07 Rameses IX. The kingdom built by
Rameses II is falling aprart. Nubia breaks
off. Challenges from priests at Thebes.
Babylonia: Nebuchadnezzar I (1125-04) sacks Susa
(1110). Elamite kingdom subordinated (to 740
End of Middle Elamite period
1107-1098 Rameses X
1198-69 Rameses XI
1069 Smendes
1114-1076 Assyrian Reforms: Tiglath-Pileser I
Collections of 14th c. laws:Middle Assyrian Laws
Royal Records (Arnold/Beyer #39)
1069-945 Third Intermediate Period: D.XXI Tanite
Kings; rule with Theban Chief Priest
EpicEnuma Elish. (Conflict myth w/ sea god.) [Grimal ch.13]
1049-31 1040-993 Psusennes I unites kingly and
religious powers. Buried at Tanis.
Assurnasirpal I
1030-19 Assyria: Shalmaneser II
1020 Period of Kings.
Death of Samuel.
Saul made king. Revolt
by David; Saul slain.
OTSamuel I&II1002 David King of Hebrews
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OTSamuel II
993 993-984 Amenemope
984-978 Osorkon the Elder
978-959 Siamun
970 Egypt (Siamun) wastes Philistine city Gezer;I Kings
9.16.
Solomon, King
OTKings I & II: Death of
David to fall of Judah966-35 959-945 Psusennes II Asssyria: Tilgath-Pileser II
945-715 D.XXII: Bubasite Kings
945-924 Shoshenq I: appoints son Priest at
Amun, military CinC and governor of
Upper Egypt
897: Osorkons unsuccessful expedition against Judah
(II Chronicles 14.8-15)
934-12 Assyria: re-emergence of text records
Assyria: Asur-dan II
930 Death of Solomon (I Kings
14.21); kingdom divided
924-889 Osorkon I890-889 Shoshenq II (Priest of Amun)
883-59 889-874 Takelot I 2nd Rise of Assyria: expands empire yoke of Assur
Assurnasirpal II: Asur guards 1stborn child
[Van De Mieroop ch.12
Rise of Assyria]
878 874-850 Osorkon II (allows Harsiese to
follow father Shoshenq II as priest of
Amun; hereditary priesthood est.)
Equilibrium btw king and priest erodes
Harsiese and Osorkon compete
Assurnasirpal sets capital at Kalhu.
Conquers Northern / Middle Mesopotamia, Orontes
Valley, Coast of Amurru. Threatens Egypt.
[Grimal 326:
Assurnasirpal &
Mosul]
870-46 Jehosaphat r. Judah
858-24 Assyria: Shalmaneser III (son of Assurnasirpal; classic
2-gen. tyranny)
Black Obelisk Tribute Stele (Arnold/Beyer #40)
853 Egypt policy supports Syro-Palestinians,
against advance of Assyria into Nile
Valley
Battle of Qargar: Shalmaneser III (Assyria) 6-year
campaign, marches in Syria vs. western coalition of
Hamath, Damascus and Israel. Assyrian advance
halted. Coalition ends w/ death of Hadad-ezer of
Syria
[Van De Mieroop ch.11
Near East 1stMillenium]
850 850-825 Takelot II Sarduri I unifies Urartian state (north of Assyria) 846-41 Jehoram (Judah)
850-41 Joram (Israel)
840 839: Death of Chief Priest Nimlot; struggle
to succeed. Thebes revolts; Prince
Osorkon suppresses; claims priesthood.
Shalmaneser III to north (for tribute) vs. Neo-Hittites 841 Jehu (king of Israel)
pays tribute to Assyria
835-827 Conflict with Thebes, reconciliation.
832-27: Shalmaneser III moves vs. Urartu
827-823 Assyria: rebellions on the heartland on death of
830: King Mesha of Moab:
Mesha Stele (Louvre)
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Shalmaneser III. (Arnold & Beyer 51)
with victory over Israel
OTKings:Israel victory
over Moab
823-715 825: Death of Takelot II, struggle.
D.XXII splits power w/ D.XXIII within
the Delta
Assyria declines
823-811 Assyria: Shamsi-Adad V
811-783 Assyria: Adad-nirari, son of Shamsi and QueenSammuramat
D.XXII
825-773 Shoshenq
III bro. of Osorkon
Priest of Thebes
773-67 Pimay
767-30 Shoshenq V
D.XXIII
817-793 Pedubastis I
king at Leontopolis
793-87 Shoshenq IV
787-59 Osorkon III
754-15 Iuput II
Ca. 800: Greek: Settlement
of Ionian, Aeolia.
1st Olympics 776
760 Nubia rising in independent power.
Kashta on throne (Kushites)
754-45 Assur-nirari V
Treaty of Mati-ilu of Abad and Bargayah (in Aramaic)
Treaty: Assur-nirari V and Mati-ilu (in Akkadian)
[Grimal ch.XIV]
745-525 Late Period Rise of Neo-Assyrian Empire (to 612)
Assyria: Tilgath-Pileser III reformsVictories Inscription (Arnold/Beyer #40)
Babylonia: Nabonassar 747-34.
747-656 D.XXIV Theban:
747-672
754-15 Iuput II
D.XXV Nubian:
747-656.
744-16: Piankhy
rules Kushites in
Nubia, spreads north
[Van De Mieroop ch.13
Assyrias Domination]
742 Two Dynasties contend (until 656) Assyria annexes NW Syria, Phoenicia; forces separation
from Egypt.
740 Elamites 2nd rise; major rival to Assyria.
Humban-nikash 1st attested ruler of Elam since Susa
sacked by Nebuchadnezzar I c.1100 (taken byAssyria, 645) (Urartu = Elamites)
738-20 736 f.Nubians take Thebes (& Karnak
temple site)
Kushite Invasions: from Nubia into North
Assyria: conquest of Israel (734), Damascus (732),
Philistines, Samaria (722)
Israel conquered by Assyria
II Kings 17.6.
727 f. Theban Tefnahkt unites northern coalition
vs. Nubians. Defeated by Piankhy.
Gebel-Barkal stele confirms Nubian rule
Piankhy (Nubian) takes Memphis by siege;
celebrates sun-god at Heliopolis; sets 4
client rulers over north. Restores Napata.
Piankhy D.XXV controls Egypt
726-22: Assyria: Shalmaneser V
716-02 721-05 Assyria: Sargon II
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Autobiography of Sargon written (?). Did he claim
Israel for propaganda?
720 Tefnahkt tries to re-establish in north Battle of Dur: Assyria vs Babylonian / Elamite coalition
717 Sargon II founds new capital at Dur-Sharrukin.
Anatolia: Assyrian expansion. King Mita of Mushku in
Anatolia (Midas).
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715 Death of Piankhy; brother Shabaka (716-02)
runs D.XXV. Stress on traditional
values. Peace with Sargon II.
Sargon II deports Mede Daiakko (Deioces in Herodotus,
w/capital at Ecbatana, mod. Hamatam)
Elam: Humban-nikash fought Sargon II
[Van De Mieroop ch.14
Medes, Babylonians]
705 Elam: Shutruck-Nahhunte II
704 702 Death of Shabaka. Son Shebitku (702-690) aids Phoenicia, Judah vs.
Sennacherib. Retreats after fall of
Jerusalem.
704-681Assyria: Sennacherib (son of Sargon II).Phoenicia / Palestine revolt
701 Sennacherib invades Judah, ends smaller kings,
sieges Jerusalem.
Sennacheribs Taylors Prism Inscription: battle with
Hezekiah, who refuses to surrender Jerusalem.
(Arnold and Beyer #43)
OTChronicles II.32; Siegeof Jerusalem II Kings 18-
19; Isaiah 36-37
695 Phrygia overrun by nomadic Cimmerians; Gordion
sacked
Lydians Dominate
Western Asia Minor
694 Assyria: Sennacherib moves capital to Ninevah
691 690 Death of Shebitku. Taharqa (son, who
led troops vs Sargon) has best 26 years
of Kushite rule (690-664)
Battle of Halule: Sennacherib (Assyria) vs Humban-
nimena (Elam) and Iranian coalition
689 Assyria: Babylon and and Elam revolt; Sennacherib
sacks Babylon
681 Sennacherib assassinated at Ninevah.
677 Egypt, Assyria back at war
671 D.XXVI 672-525 (Theban); struggle w/
Nubian D. XXV continue
672-64 Necho I
Assyria: Esarhaddon (680-69) captures Memphis from
Nubians
668-27 Assyria: Assurbanipal (at Ninevah)
Shamashshumukin (at Babylon)
663 664 Death of Taharqa; Tantamani to 656
(last Kushite Ruler of Egypt)
664-610 Psammetichus D.XXVI
Assurbanipal captures Thebes
Elam invades Babylonia
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656 End of Kushite Rule
D.XXVI to 525 (Theban) has sole rule
654 Assurbanipal invades Elam: Battle at River Ulai (near
Susa). Elams King Tepti-Humban-Inshishinak
decapitated, sent to Ninevah
652 Babylonian rebellion: Assurbanipal and Shamash-shuma-ukin civil war
647 Assurbanipal of Assyria has won civil war; ravages
Elam, sacks Susa. End of Elamite Empire.
640 Assyrian empire at height: Iran to Egypt
Neo-Babylonian Laws (tablet from Nippur, in BM)
626-05 Death of Assurbanipal. Neo-Babylonian independent
dynasty founded by Nabopolassar, a local official.
Assyria overthrown.
614 Rise of Medes: Umakishtar (Cyaxares in Hdt.) vs
Assyria
610 610-595 Necho II 612 Ninevah sacked by Medes and Babylonians.
End of Assyrian Empire.
Medes expand into Anatolia
605 Babylonia: Nabopolassar defeats Egyptians @
Carchemish
605-562 Babylonia: Nebuchadnezzar II
595 595-89 Psammetichus II
587 589-70 Apries 587 Nebuchadnezzar II sacks Jerusalem
Babylonian Chronicles (747-586) Babylonian account
of events leading to siege of Jerusalem. Cf. OT
Babylonian Captivity.
End of Hebrews as a
Nation and Judaism as
religious community
585 Mede expansion into Anatolia halted. Cyaxeres stopped
by Lydian Alyattes. Hdt 1.74 for 5/25/585
battle at Kizik Irmak River (date by eclipse).
570 570-526 Amasis Herodotus: Solon gets law
from Amasis?
560 561-60 Babylonia: Evil-Merodach
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559-30 559-56 Babylonia: Neriglassar
Rise of Persia: Cyrus II Great
Out of SW Iran Fars area
1st Capital at Pasargadae in Fars
Hdt 3.90-94 on Persian tribute
Daniel, a Jew in Babylon [Van De Mieroop ch.15
Persian Empire]
556 Babylonia: Labashi-Marduk 555-539 Babylonia: Nabonidus
553-50 Persia: Cyrus defeats Medes. Thus Greeks call Persians
Medes
552 Nabonidus moves to Teima
547 Persia: Cyrus conquers Lydia
539 Cyrus captures Babylon
Decrees: Cyrus Cylinder; victory over Babylon;
(Arnold and Beyer #44). Cf. OTEzra 1.2-4; II
Chronicles 36.23; Aramaic decree Ezra 6.1-5.
536: Cyrus releases
Jews to Jerusalem.
534-516: Rebuilding
of temple: Isaiah 44-45.
529-522 Persia: Cambyses
525-404 526-26 Psammetichus II , defeated by
Cambyses
D.XXVII 1st Persian Period
Persia: Cambyses conquers Egypt, Bedouins assist;
Persia overextends into Africa
Statue inscription of Udjahorresnet
[Grimal ch.15 Persians
and Greeks]
522 52-17 Aryandes, satrap Persia: Bardiya
521-486 Aryandes executed; Pherendates satrap Persia: Darius I usurps. Capital to Persepolis, 25 miles
south; develops Susa as capital.
Behistun Inscription
515 Persia: expansion into Black Sea
512 Persia: attempts expansion into Europe
499-94 Persia: Ionian revolt of Greek coastal cities
492 Persia: 1st naval attack towards Greece wrecked
490 486 Delta revolts against Persians
Achaemenes, son of Xerxes, satrap
Persia: 2nd naval attack on Greece. Battle of Marathon 490-80 Athens builds navy
485-465 Persia: Xerxes II (assassinated)
480 Persia: 3rd attack on Greece. Battles of Thermopylae,
Salamis
479 Persia: defeated by Greeks at Plataea, Mycale
464-424 465 Xerxes assassinated
Egyptians rise against Persia
Inaros son of Psammetichus declares king
Persia ends the revolt
Egypt at peace for a generation
Persia: Artaxerxes I Athenians assist Egyptians
in revolt
445 Nehemiah, a Babylonian
Jew, rebuilds walls of
Jerusalem.Law Book: Covenant btw.
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Jews and Yahweh
424 Persia: Xerxes II and Sogdianus struggle
423-05 Darius adopts conciliatory policy Persia: Darius II Peloponnesian War
431-404
415 Jews ruled by Priests and
Elders
Athens expedition
against Sicily
404 404-399 Amyrtaeus revoltsClaims D.XXVIII (1 generation)
404-359 Persia: Artaxerxes III401: March of 10,000 Greeks support usurper Cyrus
401
399-380 D. XXIX
399-93 Nepherites I
393 Psammuthis
393-80 Achoris
397 Persia: Greek expeditions, in response to threatened
invasion
Death of Socrates 399
380-43 D. XXX
380-62 Nectanebo I
362-60 Tachos
360-43 Nectanebo II358-338 Persia: Artaxerxes III Rise of Macedonia
343-332 2nd Persian Period
337-36 Persia: Artaxerxes IV (Arses) Death of Philip
336-32 333 Khababash (last native ruler) Persia: Darius III Alexander sacks
Corinth; invades
Asia Minor
331 Alexander rules Egypt Persia: Darius defeated by Alexander
330-323 Alexander III of Macedonia Great rules Persia
323 Ptolemies rule Egypt Hellenistic Period Judea a satrapy of Syria,
pawn btw Seleucid
Syria and Egypt
290 Judea a Syrian Province
219 Manetho, Egyptian Priest, writes Greek
history of Egypt (lost)
Judea under Ptolemaic
control
204 Judea in Seleucid rule
167 Maccabee uprising against
worship of pagan deities
142 Judea freed from Syrian
control
65-3 Romans in Syria; Pompey
takes Jerusalem
47 Antipater Prucurator of Jerusalem, Samaria and
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Galilee by Caesar
43 Antipater assassinated;
Herod
made king; takes Jerusalem
31 Death of Cleopatra VII
Egypt a Roman Province
4 Birth of Jesus; death of Herod
AD 6 Judea a Roman Province
AD 26 Pontius Pilate Procurator
AD 33 Death of Jesus
AD 38 Jews persecuted for not
worshipping Caligula
AD 41 Death of Caligula; Judea to
Agrippa by Claudius
AD 66-70 Procurator Florus seizes
temple treasures; Jewish
revolt. Roman siege of
Jerusalem by Vespasian
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John Lewis
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