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Christie's

Christie's

Christie's American branch in Rockefeller

Center, New York

Industry Art, auctions

Founded 1766

Headquarters London, United Kingdom

Area served Worldwide

Key people Franois-Henri Pinault

Products Painting, modern art, fine art

pop art

Parent Groupe Artmis

Website www.christies.com

(http://www.christies.com)

Christie's is stepping into the Chinese

market

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

See also: Christie and Christy

Christie's is an art business and a fine arts auction house, currently the world'sargest, with sales for the first half of 2012, some $3.5 billion, representing the

ighest total for a corresponding period in company and art market history.[1]

Christie's has its main headquarters in London King Street and in RockefellerPlaza New York.[2] It is owned by Groupe Artmis, the holding company of

Franois-Henri Pinault.[3]

Contents

1 History

1.1 Founding

1.2 19731999

1.3 1998 takeover

1.4 Today

2 Commissions

3 Locations

4 Price-fixing scandal

5 Notable auctions

6 Christie's Fine Art Storage Services (CFASS)

7 Christies International Real Estate

8 Christie's Education graduate programmes

9 Ventures

10 References

11 Bibliography

12 External links

History

Founding

The official company literature states that founder James Christie conducted the

rst sale in London, England, on 5 December 1766,[4] and the earliest auctionatalogue the company retains is from December 1766. However, other sources

ote that James Christie rented auction rooms from 1762, and newspaperadvertisements of Christie's sales dating from 1759 have also been traced.[5]

Christie's soon established a reputation as a leading auction house, and tookadvantage of London's new found status as the major centre of the internationalart trade after the French Revolution. From 1859, the company was called Christie, Manson & Woods. In 1958, it establiss first overseas office, by placing a representative in Rome. The first overseas salesroom opened in Geneva, where

Christie's holds jewellery auctions.

9731999
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In A Peep at Christies(1796), James Gillray

caricatured actress Elizabeth Farren and

huntsman Lord Derby examining paintings

appropriate to their tastes and heights.

Christie's was a public company, listed on the London Stock Exchange from 1973 to 1999. In 1974, Jo Floyd was appointhairman of Christie's. He served as chairman of Christie's International P.L.C. from 1976 to 1988, until handing over to L

Carrington, and later was a non-executive member of the board of directors un

1992.[6] The auction house's subsidiary Christie's International Inc. held its firssale in the United States in 1977, 13 years later than Sotheby's. Christie's grow

was slow but steady since 1989, when it had 42 percent of the auction marketIn 1990, the company reversed a longstanding policy and guaranteed a minim

price for a collection of artworks in its May auctions.[8] In 1996, the auction

house's sales eclipsed Sotheby's for the first time since 1954.[9]

However, itsprofits did not grow at the same pace;[10] from 1993 through 1997, Christie'sannual pretax profits were about $60 million, whereas Sotheby's annual pretax

profits were about $265 million for those years.[11]

In 1993, Christie's paid $10.9 million for the London gallery Spink & Sons, whispecialised in Oriental art and British paintings; the gallery was run as a separentity from the auction house. The company bought Leger Gallery for $3.3 mill

in 1996, and merged it with Spink to become Spink-Leger.[12] Spink-Leger wasclosed in 2002. To make itself competitive with Sotheby's in real estate, Christbought Great Estates in 1995, then the largest network of independent real es

brokers in North America, changing its name to Christie's Great Estates Inc. [7]

1998 takeover

In December 1997, Christie's put itself on the auction block, but after two montof negotiations with a consortium led investment firm SBC Warburg Dillon Rea

did not attract a bid high enough to accept.[11] In May 1998, Franois Pinault'sholding company, Groupe Artmis S.A., first bought 29.1 percent of the compafor $243.2 million, and subsequently purchased the rest of it in a deal that valu

he entire company at $1.2 billion.[10] The company has since not been reporting profits, though it gives sale totals twice aear. Its policy, in line with U.K. accounting standards, is to convert non-U.K. results using an average exchange rate

weighted daily by sales throughout the year.[13] In 2002, Christie's France held its first auction in Paris. [14]

Like Sotheby's, Christie's became increasingly involved in high-profile private transactions. In 2006, Christie's offered a

eported $21 million guarantee to the Donald Judd Foundation and displayed the artist's works for five weeks in an exhibihat later won an AICA award for "Best Installation in an Alternative Space".[15] In 2007 the auction house brokered a $68million deal that transferred Thomas Eakins's The Gross Clinic(1875) from the Jefferson Medical College at the Thomasefferson University in Philadelphia to joint ownership by the Philadelphia Museum of Art and the Pennsylvania Academy

he Fine Arts.[16] That same year, Haunch of Venison, a contemporary art gallery which since 2002 had successfullyonducted back-room sales of secondary-market works by major artists such as Francis Bacon, Andy Warhol, and Damie

Hirst from its locations in London and Zrich,[17] became a subsidiary of Christies International plc.[18] Under the originaleal, the gallery was meant to be the channel for all of Christie's private-client business as well as the focus of its primary

rade.[19] Also, the auction house originally announced that Haunch employees could not bid at auction because of conflic

of interest or issues of market manipulation, but later abandoned this rule.[20] While Christie's eventually retained the braname and repositioned Haunch as purely a primary-focused gallery, any secondary-market activities were taken over by t

auction house's post-war and contemporary department.[21] Today, the gallery continues to operate as an independent

ompany in London and New York, and again handles all of its secondary market activities itself.[22]

On 28 December 2008, The Sunday Timesreported that Pinault's debts left him "considering" the sale of Christie's and th

umber of "private equity groups" were thought to be interested in its acquisition.[23] In January 2009, Christie's was repoo employ 2,100 people worldwide, though an unspecified number of staff and consultants were soon to be cut due to a

worldwide downturn in the art market;[24] later news reports said that 300 jobs would be cut.[25] With sales for premiermpressionist, Modern, and contemporary artworks tallying only $US248.8 million in comparison to $US739 million just a before, a second round of job cuts began after May 2009 when the auction house was still reported to employ 1,900 peop
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The Christie's secondary London salesro

in South Kensington.

worldwide.[26] One of the auction house's "rainmakers" in the sale of Impressionist and Modern art, Guy Bennett, resigned

rom the auction house just prior to the beginning of the summer 2009 sales season.[27] Although the economic downturn

as encouraged some collectors to sell art, others are unwilling to sell in a market which may yield only bargain prices.[25

Today

n September 2010, former Rodale president Steven Pleshette Murphy became the first American CEO in the history of th

auction house.[28] Shortly after, the Financial Timesreported that Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani was interested in acquiring

ompany.[29] As of 2012, Impressionist works, which dominated the market during the 1980s boom, have been replaced ontemporary art as Christies top category. Asian art was the third most-lucrative area.[13] With income from classic

auctioneering falling, treaty sales made 413.4 million ($665 million) in the first half of 2012, an increase of 53% on the sa

period last year; they now represent more than 18% of turnover.[30]

Commissions

From 2008 until 2013, Christie's charged 25 percent for the first $50,000; 20 percent on the amount between $50,001 andmillion, and 12 percent on the rest. From 2013, it charged 25 percent for the first $75,000; 20 percent on the next $75,001

$1.5 million and 12 percent on the rest.[31]

LocationsChristie's main London salesroom is on King Street in St. James's, where it hasbeen based since 1823. It has a second London salesroom in South Kensingtonwhich opened in 1975 and primarily handles the middle market. Christie's SouthKensington is one of the world's busiest auction rooms.

n 1977, Christie's opened a branch on New York's Park Avenue, with aalesroom accommodating about 600 people. Increasingly cramped for space, the

auction house signed a 30-year lease in 1997 for a 300,000-square-foot space in

Rockefeller Center for $40 million.[32] (The Christie's New York sign was createdby Nancy Meyers during the production of the 2003 film Something's Gotta Giveor an exterior shot; the auction house liked the sign so much that it requested the

production leave it after shooting finished.) Until 2001, Christie's East, a divisionhat sold lower-priced art and objects, was located at 219 East 67th Street. In996, Christie's bought a town house on East 59th Street in Manhattan as aeparate gallery where experts could show clients art in complete privacy to

onduct private treaty sales.[7] Christie's opened a Beverly Hills salesroom in

997.[33]

As of January 2009,[24] Christie's had 85 offices (not all are salesrooms) in 43 countries, including New York City, LosAngeles, Paris, Geneva, Houston, Amsterdam, Moscow, Vienna, Buenos Aires, Berlin, Rome, South Korea, Milan, Madridapan, China, Australia, Hong Kong, Singapore, Bangkok, Tel Aviv, Dubai, and Mexico City. In 1995, Christie's became thrst international auction house to exhibit works of art in Beijing, China.

Price-fixing scandal

n 2000, allegations surfaced of a price-fixing arrangement between Christie's and Sotheby's, another major auction housExecutives from Christie's subsequently alerted the Department of Justice of their suspicions of commission-fixing collusio

Christie's gained immunity from prosecution in the United States as a longtime employee of Christie's confessed andooperated with the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Numerous members of Sotheby's senior management were fireoon thereafter, and A. Alfred Taubman, the largest shareholder of Sotheby's at the time, took most of the blame; he and

Dede Brooks (the CEO) were given jail sentences, and Christie's, Sotheby's and their owners also paid a civil lawsuit

ettlement of $512 million.[34][35][36]
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Pontormo, Portrait of a Halberd

15281530. Sold by Christie's f

US $35. 2 million in 1989. (J. Pa

Getty Museum, Los Angeles)

Notable auctions

In 1987, during the Royal Albert Hall auction, Christie's famously auctioned off a

Bugatti Royale automobile for a world record price of 5.5 million.

In May 1989, Pontormo's Portrait of a Halberdierwas sold to the J. Paul Getty

Museum for $35.2 million, more than tripling the previous auction record for an Old

Master painting.[37]

In 1998, Christie's in New York sold the famous Archimedes Palimpsest after theconclusion of a lawsuit in which its ownership was disputed.

In November 1999, a single strand necklace of 41 natural and graduated pearls,

which belonged to Barbara Hutton, was auctioned by Christie's Geneva for

$1,476,000.

In June 2001, Elton John sold 20 of his cars at Christie's, saying he didn't get the

chance to drive them because he was out of the country so often. The sale, which

included a 1993 Jaguar XJ220, the most expensive at 234,750, and several

Ferraris, Rolls-Royces, and Bentleys, raised nearly 2 million.

In 2006, a single Imperial Qing Dynasty porcelain bowl, another item which

belonged to Barbara Hutton, was auctioned by Christie's Hong Kong for a price of$22,240,000.

16 May 2006, Christie's auctioned a Stradivarius called The Hammerfor a record US$3,544,000. It was, at that tim

the most paid at public auction for any musical instrument.[38]

In October 2006, Christie's auctioned 1,000 lots of official Star Trekcontents from the CBS Paramount Television

studios. A model of the starship Enterprise-D, used in Star Trek: The Next Generationand Star Trek Generationss

for $500,000.

In November 2006, four celebrated paintings by Gustav Klimt were sold for a total of $192 million, after being

restituted by Austria to Jewish heirs after a lengthy legal battle.[39]

In December 2006, The black dress worn by Audrey Hepburn in the film Breakfast at Tiffany'swas sold for 467,20

at Christie's South Kensington.In 2006 Christie's lists for auction artefacts known to be looted from Bulgaria and refuses to stop the sale despite

strong evidence from the Bulgaria's culture ministry.[40][41]

Continuing to dominate the global market for fine arts, Christie's staged the five largest auctions of all time in

November 2006,[39] and May and June 2007.[citation needed]

In May 2007, Christie's Paris auctioned 'L'Enfant et l'Art,' a Love & Art Children's Foundation collection created by

children afflicted with cancer under the guidance of artist Alcia de Menezes Seidler. The art collection of 21 painti

auctioned by Franois Curiel, President of Christie's Europe, raised US$350,000 for the children of Les P'tits Crac

a Parisian association dedicated to caring for children with cancer. Prior to the auction, the L'Enfant et l'Art collectio

exhibited at Les Arts Dcoratifs in the Louvre Palace.[42][43]

In November 2007, an album of eight leaves, ink on paper, by China's Ming Dynasty court painter Dong Qichang wsold at the Christie's Hong Kong Chinese Paintings Auction for US$6,235,500, a world auction record for the artist

In 2008, the Ink and wash painting of Gundam drawn by Hisashi in 2005 was sold in the Christie's auction held in

Hong Kong with a price of US$600,000.[45][46][47][48][49]

On 24 May 2008, Le Bassin Aux Nymphas by Claude Monet was sold for a price of $80.4 million, the highest pric

ever for a Monet.

Over a three-day sale in Paris in February 2009, Christie's auctioned the monumental private collection of Yves Sa

Laurent and Pierre Berg for a record-breaking 370 million euros (US$490 million).[50] It was the most expensive
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private collection ever sold at auction,[51] breaking auction records for Brncui, Matisse, and Mondrian.[50] A

"Dragons'" armchair by Irish furniture designer Eileen Gray sold for 21.9 million euros (US$28 million), setting an

auction record for a piece of 20th century decorative art.[50][52][53]

The 2009 auction (for US$36 million) of two imperial bronze zodiac sculptures collected by Yves Saint Laurent, loo

in 1860 from the Old Summer Palace of Beijing by French and British forces at the close of the Second Opium Wa

caused controversy.[54]

Christie's has auctioned artwork and personal possessions linked to historical figures such as Pablo Picasso;

Rembrandt; Diana, Princess of Wales; Leonardo da Vinci; Vincent van Gogh; Napoleon Bonaparte; Marilyn Monro

and others.

Christie's Hong Kong, November 2009 sale of Fine Modern Chinese Paintings, sold a work by Fu Baoshi titled

"Landscape inspired by Dufu's Poetic Sentiments", for HK$60,020,000 (US$7,780,105) a world record for the art

Christie's auctioned Pablo Picasso's Nude, Green Leaves and Buston 4 May 2010. The piece sold for US$106.5

million, making the sale among the most expensive paintings ever sold.

On 14 June 2010 Amedeo Modigliani's Tte, a limestone sculpture of a woman's head, became the second most

expensive sculpture ever sold and the most expensive work of art sold in France.

On 18 April 2012, the silver cup given to the marathon winner, Greek athlete Spyridon Louis, at the first modern

Olympic Games staged in Athens in 1896 sold for UK541,250 (US$860,000), breaking the auction record for Oly

memorabilia.[55]

On 22 June 2012 George Washingtons personal annotated copy of the Acts Passed at a Congress of the United

States of America from 1789, which includes The Constitution of the United States and a draft of the Bill of Rights

was sold at Christies for a record $9,826,500, with fees the final cost, to The Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. T

was the record for a document sold at auction.[56]

Christie's Fine Art Storage Services (CFASS)

Christie's first ventured into storage services for outside clients in 1984, when it opened a 100,000 square feet brick

warehouse in London that was granted Exempted Status by HM Revenue and Customs,[57] meaning that property may mported into the United Kingdom and stored without incurring import duties and VAT. Christie's Fine Art Storage Services

CFASS, is a wholly owned subsidiary that runs Christie's storage operation. In September 2008, Christie's signed a 50-yeease on an early 1900s warehouse of the historic New York Dock Company[58] in Red Hook, Brooklyn, and subsequently

pent $30 million converting it into a six-storey, 250,000 square feet[59] art-storage facility.[60] The facility opened in 2010

eatures high-tech security and climate controls that maintain a virtually constant 70 and 50% relative humidity.[61] Since2009, Christie's has been the main tenant of the Singapore FreePort, taking up 40 per cent of the space to offer its fine artorage services to its global clients.

Located near the Upper Bay tidal waterway near the Atlantic Ocean, the Brooklyn facility was hit by at least one storm suuring Hurricane Sandy in 2012. CFASS subsequently faced client defections and complaints arising from damage to wo

of art.[58] In 2013, AXA Art Insurance filed a lawsuit in New York court alleging that CFASS' gross negligence during the

urricane damaged art collected by late cellist Gregor Piatigorsky and his wife Jacqueline Rebecca Louise de Rothschild

Christies International Real Estate

Christies clients who buy and sell works of art often request real estate services. To satisfy this demand, Great Estates,ounded in 1987, was acquired by the auction house in 1995. Christie's International Real Estate is a wholly ownedubsidiary of Christie's, and is the leading international network of real estate brokers dedicated to the marketing and saleuxury properties. The network spans more than 40 countries worldwide, with 1,000 offices and approximately 34,000 sale

associates[63] Christie's International Real Estate have been involved with some of the world's most high profile residentia

property transactions including a New York Penthouse on Central Park West for a reported $88,000,000[64] as well as be

nked with the sale of the Bulgari residences in London's exclusive area of Knightsbridge.[65]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s#cite_note-65http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s#cite_note-64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s#cite_note-63http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxury_real_estatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s_International_Real_Estatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Piatigorskyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Piatigorskyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AXAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s#cite_note-An_exodus_from_Red_Hook-58http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Sandyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Singapore_FreePort&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s#cite_note-61http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s#cite_note-60http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s#cite_note-59http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hook,_Brooklynhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s#cite_note-An_exodus_from_Red_Hook-58http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_Dock_Company&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s#cite_note-57http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Revenue_and_Customshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s#cite_note-56http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mount_Vernon_Ladies%27_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_of_Rightshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Constitution_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annotatedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washingtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s#cite_note-Olympic_memorabilia-55http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spyridon_Louishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_sculptureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%AAte_(sculpture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_paintingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nude,_Green_Leaves_and_Busthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Picassohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu_Baoshihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Monroehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_Bonapartehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Goghhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vincihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rembrandt_Harmenszoon_van_Rijnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Picassohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s#cite_note-54http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Opium_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Summer_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(designer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s#cite_note-YSLseat-53http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s#cite_note-Gray-52http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s#cite_note-Reuters-50http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eileen_Grayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s#cite_note-Reuters-50http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet_Mondrianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Matissehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_Br%C3%A2ncu%C8%99ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s#cite_note-NYTYSL-51


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Christie's Education graduate programmes

The educational arm of Christie's auction house is called Christie's Education. It offers graduate programs in London, its

eadquarters, and nondegree programs in London, Paris, New York and Melbourne.[66] It has colleges in London and NeYork accredited by the University of Glasgow in the UK and the New York State Board of Regents in the USA. It offersMaster's Degrees, Graduate Diplomas, Art Business Certificates and an Undergraduate Degree. Courses include: Arts ofChina; Arts of Europe; Art, Style and Design; Modern and Contemporary Art (all in London) and History of Art and the ArtMarket (in New York). Evening programmes in Art Business and part-time certificates in continuing education are also offe

n London and New York.

Ventures

Christie's Imagesis the picture library for the auction house and has an archive of several million fine and decorative artmages representing items sold in its sale rooms around the world. With offices in New York and London, images areavailable for reproduction.

With Bonhams, Christie's is a shareholder in the London-based Art Loss Register, a privately owned database used by la

nforcement services worldwide to trace and recover stolen art.[67]

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51. ^ Erlanger, Steve (23 February 2009). "Yves Saint Laurent Art Sale Brings In $264 Million"

(http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/24/arts/design/24auction.html). New York Times. Retrieved 25 February 2009.

52. ^ "Eileen Gray 'Dragons' Chair Fetches $28 Million on Day Two of YSL Sale"

(http://www.mediabistro.com/unbeige/furniture/eileen_gray_dragons_chair_fetches_28_million_on_day_two_of_ysl_sale_109

0.asp). mediabistro. 25 February 2009. Retrieved 25 February 2009.

53. ^ "YSL's seat sells for 19million" (http://www.metro.co.uk/news/article.html?

YSLs_seat_sell_for_%A319million&in_article_id=557756). Metro.co.uk. 25 February 2009.

54. ^ Harris, George (2009-03-02). "China demands return of Christie's 'looted relics'" (http://www.france24.com/en/20090226-

china-demands-return-christies-looted-relics-yves-saint-laurent-auction-paris). France 24. Agence France-Presse (AFP).

Retrieved 2013-03-03.

55. ^ "Marathon cup from 1896 sets Olympics auction record" (http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/04/18/us-olympics-auction-

idUSBRE83H0T320120418).Reuters. 18 April 2012. Retrieved 18 April 2012.
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56. ^ "NYC Auction of George Washington Document Sets Record" (http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2012/06/22/nyc-auction-of-

george-washington-document-sets-record/?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=twitter). CBS News New York. Retrieved 22 J

2012.

57. ^ Kelly Crow (April 26, 2010), The Ultimate Walk-In Closet: Christie's Offers Art Storage in Brooklyn

(http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703709804575202083586359768.html#) Wall Street Journal.

58. ^abLaura Gilbert (April 26, 2013), An exodus from Red Hook (http://www.theartnewspaper.com/articles/An-exodus-from-Re

Hook-/29346) The Art Newspaper.

59. ^ Diane Cardwell (August 24, 2009), A High-Tech Home for Multimillion-Dollar Works of Art

(http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/25/nyregion/25christies.html) New York Times.

60. ^ Kelly Crow (April 26, 2010), The Ultimate Walk-In Closet: Christie's Offers Art Storage in Brooklyn

(http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703709804575202083586359768.html#) Wall Street Journal.

61. ^ Jennifer Maloney (May 10, 2013), Builder Is Bullish on New York City's Fine-Art Storage Market: Developer Starts

Construction of Art Storage Facility in Long Island City

(http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324744104578473423704512226.html) Wall Street Journal.

62. ^ Laura Gilbert (August 20, 2013), Axa sues Christie's storage services over Sandy damage

(http://theartnewspaper.com/articles/Axa-sues-Christies-storage-services-over-Sandy-damage/30215) The Art Newspaper.

63. ^ "Luxury Real Estate and Homes for Sale Christie's International Real Estate" (http://www.christiesrealestate.com/).

Christiesrealestate.com. Retrieved 28 February 2012.

64. ^ "BBC News New York penthouse sells for $88m" (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-17067588). BBC. 16

February 2012. Retrieved 28 February 2012.

65. ^ "Exceptional Penthouse, The Bulgari Hotel, London" (http://www.christiesrealestate.com/PropertyDetails/262356).

Christiesrealestate.com. Retrieved 28 February 2012.

66. ^ Karen W. Arenson (20 October 2005), Getting a Master's Looking at the Masters

(http://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/20/nyregion/20christies.html) New York Times.

67. ^ The Art Loss Register, Ltd. (http://www.buildingconservation.com/directory/ad157.htm): "The Art Loss Register is the world

largest database of stolen art and antiques dedicated to their recovery. Its shareholders include Christie's, Bonhams, membe

of the insurance industry and art trade associations. " Retrieved 27 September 2008.

Bibliography

J. Herbert, Inside Christies, London, 1990 (ISBN 978-0340430439)

P. A. Colson, The Story of Christie's, London, 1950

H. C. Marillier, Christie's, 17661925, London, 1926

M. A. Michael, A Brief History of Christie's Education... , London, 2008 (ISBN 978-0955780707)

W. Roberts, Memorials of Christie's, 2 vols, London, 1897

External links

Christie's official website (http://www.christies.com)

Christie's Education Graduate Programmes official website (http://www.christieseducation.com)

Christie's International Real Estate Luxury Properties and Estates official website

(http://www.christiesrealestate.com)

Christie's page on Arcadja Art database with several auction catalogs

(http://www.arcadja.com/auctions/en/christie_s/auction-house/10157/)

Bill Brooks (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/7045720/Bill-Brooks.html) Daily Telegraphobituary
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/7045720/Bill-Brooks.htmlhttp://www.arcadja.com/auctions/en/christie_s/auction-house/10157/http://www.christiesrealestate.com/http://www.christieseducation.com/http://www.christies.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780955780707http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780340430439http://www.buildingconservation.com/directory/ad157.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s#cite_ref-67http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Timeshttp://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/20/nyregion/20christies.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s#cite_ref-66http://www.christiesrealestate.com/PropertyDetails/262356http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s#cite_ref-65http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-17067588http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s#cite_ref-64http://www.christiesrealestate.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s#cite_ref-63http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_Newspaperhttp://theartnewspaper.com/articles/Axa-sues-Christies-storage-services-over-Sandy-damage/30215http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s#cite_ref-62http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Journalhttp://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324744104578473423704512226.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s#cite_ref-61http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Journalhttp://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703709804575202083586359768.html#http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s#cite_ref-60http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Timeshttp://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/25/nyregion/25christies.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s#cite_ref-59http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_Newspaperhttp://www.theartnewspaper.com/articles/An-exodus-from-Red-Hook-/29346http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s#cite_ref-An_exodus_from_Red_Hook_58-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s#cite_ref-An_exodus_from_Red_Hook_58-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Journalhttp://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703709804575202083586359768.html#http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s#cite_ref-57http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2012/06/22/nyc-auction-of-george-washington-document-sets-record/?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=twitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s#cite_ref-56


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