chp. 21-1 chemistry 121 winter 2009 la tech introduction to organic chemistry and biochemistry...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Chp. 21-1 Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech Introduction to Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Instructor Dr. Upali Siriwardane (Ph.D. Ohio State) E-mail:](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649f125503460f94c2651f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chp. 21-1Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech
Introduction to Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryIntroduction to Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Instructor Dr. Upali Siriwardane (Ph.D. Ohio State) E-mail: [email protected] Office: 311 Carson Taylor Hall ; Phone: 318-257-4941;Office Hours: MTW 9:00 am - 11:00 am; TR 9:00 - 10:00 am & 1:00-2:00 pm.December 19, Test 1 (Chapters 12-14)January 2 Test 1 (Chapters 15-16)February 6 (Chapters 17-19)February 27, (Chapters 20 & 22)March 2, 2009, Make Up Exam:Bring Scantron Sheet 882-E
Chemistry 121(01) Winter 2009
![Page 2: Chp. 21-1 Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech Introduction to Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Instructor Dr. Upali Siriwardane (Ph.D. Ohio State) E-mail:](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649f125503460f94c2651f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Chp. 21-2Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech
Chapter 21. Enzymes and Vitamins Chapter 21. Enzymes and Vitamins
SectionsSections
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Chp. 21-3Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech
Chapter 21. Enzymes and VitaminsChapter 21. Enzymes and Vitamins
21.1 General Characteristics of Enzymes21.2 Nomenclature and Classification of Enzymes21.3 Enzyme Structure21.4 Models of Enzyme Action21.5 Enzyme Specificity21.6 Factors That Affect Enzyme Activity21.7 Enzyme Inhibition21.8 Regulation of Enzyme Activity: Allosteric Enzymes21.9 Regulation of Enzyme Activity: Zymogens21.10 Antibiotics That Inhibit Enzyme Activity21.11 Medical Uses of Enzymes21.12 Vitamins21.13 Water-Soluble Vitamins21.14 Fat-Soluble Vitamins
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Chp. 21-4Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech
Chapter 21. EnzymesChapter 21. Enzymes
Nomenclature and Classification
Activation Energy
Enzyme-Substrate Interaction
Cofactors and Coenzymes
Effect of pH and Temperature
Regulation of Enzyme Activity
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Chp. 21-5Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech
BiologicalBiological CatalystsCatalysts
Typically very large proteins
Permit reactions to to “go” to conditions that the body can tolerate
Can process millions of molecules per second
Are very specific-react with one or only a few types of molecules (substrates).
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Chp. 21-6Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech
Enzyme NomenclatureEnzyme NomenclatureNaming is easy compared to other organic compounds
Name is based on: -What it reacts with
-how it reacts
-add -ase- ending
Examples
lactase
enzyme that reacts with lactose
pyruvate decarboxylase
remove carboxyl group from pyruvate
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Chp. 21-7Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech
Classification of EnzymesClassification of Enzymes
• Oxidoreductases: catalyze oxidation-reduction. • Transferases: transfer of functional groups. • Hydrolases: catalyze hydrolysis reactions.• Lyases: catalyse the removal of chemical groups.• Isomerases: catalyze isomerization reactions.• Ligases: catalyze formation of chemical bonds, join two
molecules
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Chp. 21-8Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech
Effect of Enzyme on Activation EnergyEffect of Enzyme on Activation Energy
•Enzyme change howa reaction will proceed.
•This reduces the activation energy
•It makes it easier
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Chp. 21-9Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech
Effect of Enzyme on Activation Energy
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Chp. 21-10Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech
Effect of Substrate ConcentrationEffect of Substrate Concentration
• For non-catalyzed reactions
Reaction rate increase with concentration• Enzyme catalyzed reactions
Also increase but only to a certain point
VVmax max Maximum velocity
At VVmaxmax, the enzyme is working as fast as it can
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Chp. 21-11Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech
Effect of Substrate ConcentrationEffect of Substrate Concentration
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Chp. 21-12Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech
Characteristics of Enzyme Active SitesCharacteristics of Enzyme Active Sites
• Catalytic siteCatalytic siteWhere the reaction actually occurs.
•Binding siteArea that holds substrate in proper place.
Enzyme uses weak, non-covalent interactions to hold the substrate in place based on alkyl (R) groups of amino acids.
Shape is complementary to the substrate and determines the specificity of the enzyme.
Sites are pockets or clefts on enzyme surface.
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Chp. 21-13Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech
Steps in Enzymatic ReactionsSteps in Enzymatic Reactions• Enzyme and substrate combine to form a complex• Complex goes through a transition state
-which is not quite substrate or product• A complex of the enzyme and the product is produced• Finally the enzyme and product separate
All these steps are equilibriaAll these steps are equilibria
Lets review each stepLets review each step
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Chp. 21-14Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech
The PlayersThe Players
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Chp. 21-15Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech
Formation of Enzyme-substrate ComplexFormation of Enzyme-substrate Complex
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Chp. 21-16Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech
Formation of the Transition StateFormation of the Transition State
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Chp. 21-17Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech
Formation of the Enzyme-Product ComplexFormation of the Enzyme-Product Complex
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Chp. 21-18Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech
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Chp. 21-19Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech
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Chp. 21-20Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech
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Chp. 21-21Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech
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Chp. 21-22Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech
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Chp. 21-23Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech
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Chp. 21-24Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech
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Chp. 21-25Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech
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Chp. 21-26Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech
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Chp. 21-27Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech
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Chp. 21-28Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech
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Chp. 21-29Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech
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Chp. 21-30Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech
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Chp. 21-31Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech
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Chp. 21-32Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech
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Chp. 21-33Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech
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Chp. 21-34Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech
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Chp. 21-35Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech
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Chp. 21-36Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech
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Chp. 21-37Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech
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Chp. 21-38Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech
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Chp. 21-39Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech
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Chp. 21-40Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech
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Chp. 21-41Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech
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Chp. 21-42Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech
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Chp. 21-43Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech
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Chp. 21-44Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech
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Chp. 21-45Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech
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Chp. 21-46Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech
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Chp. 21-47Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech
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Chp. 21-48Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech
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Chp. 21-49Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech
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Chp. 21-50Chemistry 121 Winter 2009 LA Tech