chp 13 language
TRANSCRIPT
“I know that you believe that you understand what you think I said, but I’m not sure you
realize that what you heard is not what I meant.”
- Richard Nixon
Chapter 13Chapter 13Effective LanguageEffective Language
What does this mean?What does this mean?
I was on my way to the doctor with rear end problems when my universal joint gave way, causing me to have an accident.
Think of another analogy.Think of another analogy.
Being an effective communicator is like walking a tightrope. To be successful, you must work very hard at being exact and precise.
What are advantages of the written word?What are advantages of the written word?
You have time to consider what it means
Punctuation clarifies But 90% of
communication is not written
The average person has a vocabulary of approximately how many words?
Average VocabularyAverage Vocabulary
10,000 words If you want to be effective, choose the
right ones. Be accurate!
Concrete vs. Abstract wordsConcrete vs. Abstract words
Abstract– Feelings– Qualities– Concepts
Examples– Freedom– Responsibility
Concrete vs. Abstract wordsConcrete vs. Abstract words
Concrete–See–Hear–Touch–Smell
Denotation and ConnotationDenotation and Connotation
Denotation– Meaning of the
word in dictionary
Connotation– Meaning associated
with the word MEANING
DEFINITION
What are associations with …What are associations with …
Mother
Success
Choose the Right WordChoose the Right Word
Have “economy of language” What does that mean to you?
WORDS
Rewrite these statementsRewrite these statements
At the beginning of the day, before I have my breakfast, I always work to keep my blood circulating and my body fit.
Rewrite these statementsRewrite these statements
Because of the way you look and because we have had so much fun together, you and I might not find it a bad thing to talk and do stuff together.
ImageryImagery
Language that creates pictures
MetaphorMetaphor Figure of speech Compares two usually unrelated
things– The Constitution is the bond
which ties our country together.
Constitution
SimileSimile
Uses the words “like” or “as”–Every day, our government spends
money like McDonalds sells hamburgers.
Billions of Burgers
and Dollars
AllusionAllusion
Reference to a well-known person, place or thing–He is a Picasso.–He’s no Michael Jordan.–She’s his Juliet.
Contrast ImageryContrast Imagery
Antithesis– Contrast of one term to another
• Young or old, hot or cold, knowledgeable or ignorant
Oxymoron– Places opposition directly
side-by-side• She is momentarily the love of my life.
Contrast ImageryContrast Imagery
Irony– Things that imply the opposite of
what they seem to say on the surface• Reporting on a lawsuit against the Motley
Crue by someone who attended a 1992 concert, for damage to his hearing, the reporter said, ‘Yes, you certainly wouldn’t go to a rock concert expecting to hear loud music, now would you?”
Exaggeration ImageryExaggeration Imagery Hyperbole
– Exaggeration of the truth– “I am so hungry I could eat a horse.”
Understatement– Opposite of hyperbole– “Michael Jordan is a fairly decent
basketball player.”
Exaggeration ImageryExaggeration Imagery
Personification–Giving human characteristics to non-
human things• The eyes of profit are deceiving.• Don’t allow dishonesty to sneak up on you.
Music with Words–Music with Words–Sound DevicesSound Devices
Repeating individual sounds– Alliteration: repeat initial sounds
• A corporation must care about the consumer.– Assonance: repeat vowel sounds
• We believe that peace means a chance for all the oppressed people of the world. (long e sound)
Music with Words –Music with Words –Sound DevicesSound Devices
Repeating individual sounds–Consonance: repeat consonants
Repeating Words or Groups of Words– Do not ask what our country can do for
you; ask what you can do for your country.– Treat your car with care and your car will
take care of you.
“CCCCCCCCC”
Repeating Word GroupsRepeating Word Groups
Parallelism– Using the same grammatical
form to express ideas that should be treated equally
Gettysburg Address– “We cannot dedicate–we
cannot consecrate–we cannot hallow this ground.”
– This is a driving cadence
Language to AvoidLanguage to Avoid
Jargon– Used in a line of work
Slang– Associated with groups
Euphemism– Words we substitute for harsh or
distasteful words Sexist, shocking or obscene language
Recalling the FactsRecalling the Facts What is like walking a tightrope? What are the advantages of the written word? Along with accuracy of language what helps create
a positive speaking impression? What is the difference between concrete and
abstract words? What is the difference between the connotation and
the denotation of a word? What are the three types of imagery? What, in addition to imagery, is important for
effective speaking? Name the types of repetition in language. What types of language should be avoided?
Look Back on Page 366 of textbook
VocabularyVocabularyconcrete wordabstract worddenotationconnotationmetaphorimagerysimileallusionantithesisoxymoronirony
understatementhyperboleeuphemismalliterationassonanceconsonanceparallelismjargonslang
List on Page 339 of textbook