chordates notocord dorsal hollow nerve cord gills postanal tail
TRANSCRIPT
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Chordates
NotocordDorsal hollow nerve cord
GillsPostanal tail
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Figure 34.0 A snake skeleton exhibits defining characteristic of a vertebrate
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Figure 34.2 Chordate characteristics
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Figure 34.3 Subphylum Urochordata: a tunicate
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Figure 40.8 Internal exchange surfaces of complex animals
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Fig. 27.3, p. 457
nerve cord notochord
gut
oral opening
atrial opening (water that passed through pharynx leaves this way)
pharynx with gill slits
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Figure 34.4b Subphylum Cephalochordata: the lancelet Branchiostoma
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Fig. 27.4, p. 457
DORSAL, TUBULAR NERVE CORD
NOTOCHORD
PHARYNX WITH GILL SLITS TAIL EXTENDING PAST ANUS
epidermisanuspore of atrial cavity
hindgutgonadaorta
midgutsegmented musclestentacles
around mouth
segmented muscles
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Figure 34.5 Early fossil vertebrates: Haikouella (top), Myllokunmingia (bottom)
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Figure 34.6 The neural crest, embryonic source of many unique vertebrate characters
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• Agnathans
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Figure 34.8 A hagfish
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Fig. 27.7, p. 459
Tentacles Gill slits (twelve pairs) Mucous glands
Gill openings (seven pairs)
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Figure 34.9 A sea lamprey
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Figure 34.10 Hypothesis for the evolution of vertebrate jaws
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Fig. 27.6, p. 458
supporting structures
gill slit
jaw
spiracle (small gill slit)
jaw support
jaw
Early jawless fish (an agnathan)
Early jawed fish (a placoderm)
Modern jawed fish (a shark)
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In-text, p. 463
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• Chondrichthyes
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Figure 34.11 Cartilaginous fishes (class Chondrichthyes): Great white shark (top left), silky shark (top right), southern stingray (bottom left), blue spotted stingray (bottom
right)
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Fig. 27.8, p. 460
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• Osteichthyes
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caudal fin
dorsal fin
pectoral fin (one of two)
pelvic fin (one of two)
anal fin
muscle segmentsfin supports
brain
olfactory bulbheart
livergallbladder
stomach
intestineswim bladder
kidney
anusurinary bladder
Fig. 27.9, p. 461
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Figure 34.12a Ray-finned fishes (class Actinopterygii): yellow perch
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Figure 34.12b Ray-finned fishes (class Actinopterygii): long-snouted sea horse
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Figure 34.13 Anatomy of a trout, a representative ray-finned fish
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Figure 34.14 A coelocanth (Latimeria), the only extant lobe-finned genus
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Figure 34.16 Skeleton of Acanthostega, a Devonian tetrapod fish
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• Amphibians
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Figure 34.17 Amphibian orders: Newt (left), frog (right)
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Figure 34.17x1 Frogs
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Fig. 27.12, p. 463
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Figure 34.18 “Dual life” of a frog (Rana temporaria)
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Amniotes
• Produce eggs with membranes
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Figure 34.19 Amniotic egg
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Figure 34.21 Taxonomic classes of amniotes
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• Reptiles
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Figure 34.22 A hatching reptile
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Fig. 27.13, p. 464
snout
olfactory lobe (sense of smell)
forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain regions
spinal cord
vertebral column gonad
kidney
cloacaintestine
stomach
liver
heart
esophagus
unmatched rows of teeth on upper and lower jaws
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Figure 34.24 Extant reptiles: Desert tortoise (top left), lizard (top right), king snake (bottom left), alligators (bottom right)
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Fig. 27.15, p. 466
hollow fang
venom gland
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Figure 34.24ax Sea turtle
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hard shell
ribs of endoskeleton
Fig. 27.15, p. 466
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Figure 34.24bx Banded gecko, Coleonyx varigatus
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Figure 34.24cx Emerald tree boa
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• birds
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Fig. 27.16b, p. 468
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Figure 34.25 Form fits function: the avian wind and feather
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Fig. 27.17, p. 469
skull
radius
humerus
pectoral girdle internal structure
of bird limb bones
two main flight muscles attached to keel of sternum
sternum
pelvic girdle
ulna
shaft
barb
barbule
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Figure 34.26 A bald eagle in flight
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Figure 34.27 Archaeopteryx, a Jurassic bird-reptile
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Figure 34.27x Archaeopteryx
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Figure 34.28a Cretaceous theropod dinosaurs with putative feathers from Chinese sediments: Sinoauaropteryx
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Figure 34.28b Cretaceous theropod dinosaurs with putative feathers from Chinese sediments: Caudipteryx
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Figure 34.29 A small sample of birds: Blue-footed boobies (top left), male peacock (top right), penguins (bottom left), perching bird (bottom right)
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Figure 34.29x Penguin march