chinese mathematics
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Chinese Mathematics. By: Joseph Venusto and Brianna Nilsen. Mathematicians. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Mathematicians
• The Chinese mathematician Sun-tzi wrote a book containing one of the first Chinese problems in “indeterminate analysis”: “There are things of an unknown number which when divided by 3 leave 2, by 5 leave 3 and by 7 leave 2. What is the smallest number?”
• This leads to the Chinese Remainder Theorem
Mathematicians Continued
• After Sun-tzi’s period there were a number of mathematicians spending time on the computation of pi
• One such person, Wang Fan, approximated pi as 142/45 = 3.155
430 AD—501AD
• Two centuries after Wang Fan’s discovery , Tsu Ch’ung-chih and his son, who wrote a joint book (now lost), discovered that 3.1415926<pi<3.1415927 and rationalized this as 355/113 which describes pi correctly to 6 decimal places
• Europe did not discover this until 1585
Ch’in Kiu-shao
• This mathematician picked up indeterminate equations where Sun-tzi ended
• He was the first Chinese to give the symbol “0” for the number zero
Li Yeh• Li Yeh is a Chinese mathematician who created a notation for negative numbers
• This notation is a diagonal stroke through the far right digit when the negative number is written in the Chinese scientific system
Yang Hui
• Yang Hui presented the earliest known version of Pascal’s Triangle
• (x+y)6= x6+6x5y+15x4y2+20x3y3+15x2y4+6xy5+y6
• (x+y)7= x7+7x6y+21x5y2+35x4y3+35x3y4+21x2y5+7xy6+y7
Chu Shi-kie
• Chu Shi-kie spoke of the Chinese Pascal’s Triangle as if it was already old in his time
• This suggests that China had known the binomial Theorem for a long time
• He also used various matrix methods known today
Multiplication Trick
• There is an old Chinese multiplication trick to multiply easily without any technology.
The Nine Chapters on the
Mathematical Art• This is a book composed from generations of scholars ranging from the 10th to 2nd century BC
• This book describes an approach to mathematics centered on solving problems
The Nine Chapters on the
Mathematical Art• Entries in the book are usually as follows:
• A statement of a problem• The statement of the solution• An explanation of the procedure leading to the solution
The Nine Chapters on the
Mathematical Art• This book is far advanced from what Europe had
• Chapter 7’s method was not found until the 13th century
• Chapter 8’s method uses Gaussian elimination (row-echelon and reduced row) before Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777—1855)
• It also includes a proof of the Pythagorean Theorem
The Nine Chapters on the
Mathematical Art• Table of Contents:• 方田 Fangtian - Rectangular fields. Areas of fields of various shapes; manipulation of vulgar fractions.
• 粟米 Sumi - Millet and rice. Exchange of commodities at different rates; pricing.
• 衰分 Cuifen - Proportional distribution. Distribution of commodities and money at proportional rates.
• 少廣 Shaoguang - The lesser breadth. Division by mixed numbers; extraction of square and cube roots; dimensions, area and volume of circle and sphere.
• 商功 Shanggong - Consultations on works. Volumes of solids of various shapes.
The Nine Chapters on the
Mathematical Art• Table of Contents• 均輸 Junshu - Equitable taxation. More advanced problems on proportion.
• 盈不足 Yingbuzu - Excess and deficit. Linear problems solved using the principle known later in the West as the rule of false position.
• 方程 Fangcheng - The rectangular array. Systems of linear equations, solved by a principle similar to Gaussian elimination.
• 勾股 Gougu - Base and altitude. Problems involving the principle known in the West as the Pythagorean Theorem.
Abacus
• The abacus is a ancient math tool that allows you to add and subtract using beads on a pole.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CvsnftXXKdw
Sources• http://library.thinkquest
.org/27694/Chinese%20Mathematicians.htm• http://en.wikipedia.
org/wiki/The_Nine_Chapters_on_the_Mathematical_Art• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_mathematics• http://etagor.blogspot.com/2009/05/chinese-pascals-
triangle.html• http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://
img.youtube.com/vi/d4svbYKRnZ8/0.jpg• http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://
gwydir.demon.co.uk/jo/numbers/machine/abacus.jpg• http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
File:Chinese_Temple_Roof_2.jpg