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Japan Ministry of Defense (Updated in January 2018) China’s Activities in the South China Sea China’s development activities on the features and trends in related countries

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Page 1: China’s Activities in the South China Sea - mod.go.jp · China’s Activities in the South China Sea (China’s development activities on the features and trends in related countries

Japan Ministry of Defense(Updated in January 2018)

China’s Activities in the South China Sea(China’s development activities on the features

and trends in related countries)

Page 2: China’s Activities in the South China Sea - mod.go.jp · China’s Activities in the South China Sea (China’s development activities on the features and trends in related countries

0 500 1,000km

Vietnam

Malaysia

Paracel IslandsPhilippines

Woody Island

Spratly Islands

Brunei

①Fiery Cross Reef

④Cuarteron Reef

③Subi Reef

※ Image

⑤Gaven Reef

⑦Hughes Reef

⑥Johnson South Reef

②Mischief Reef

“Nine-dash line”

Scarborough Shoal

Cambodia

Laos

Thailand

China

Indonesia

(Summary 1/3) Overall View of the South China Sea (SCS)

● In the SCS, claims conflict between ASEAN countries and China over the territorial rights of Spratly and Paracel islands

China, Taiwan, Vietnam & Philippines

etc. claim territorial sovereignty of seven features etc. in the

Spratly Islands

China, Taiwan & Vietnam claim

territorial sovereignty of the

Paracel Islands

Page 3: China’s Activities in the South China Sea - mod.go.jp · China’s Activities in the South China Sea (China’s development activities on the features and trends in related countries

Fiery Cross Reef

August 2014 March2015

June 2016

After reclamation: App.2.72㎢(Reclamation completed in 2015)

Runway (app. 3,000m)

Large harbor

App.3,750m

March 2013 November 2014

January 2016

After reclamation: App.0.247㎢(Reclamation completed in 2014)

Multiple poles(HF radar〔possibly〕)

Headquarters

Helipad

Radar/Sensor Array

Gun battery

Cuarteron Reef

(Summary 2/3) China’s Reclamation Activities in the SCS

Sources:CSIS Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative (photo) / U.S. DoD Annual Report to Congress 2016,2017 /Google Earth (length)/ Media reports etc.

Since 2013, China has conducted runway extension works at Woody Island in the Paracels. Since 2014, China has pressed ahead with rapid and large-scale land reclamation works in 7 features in the Spratlys. By

the late-2015 when the reclamation had been mostly completed, area of the reclamation work was approx. 12.9 ㎢.

After the completion of the reclamation, China continues developing infrastructure which can be used for military purposes

Page 4: China’s Activities in the South China Sea - mod.go.jp · China’s Activities in the South China Sea (China’s development activities on the features and trends in related countries

(Summary 3/3) Security Implications

“Nine-dash line”

0 500 1,000km

Vietnam

Malaysia

Paracel Islands

Woody Island

Spratly Islands

Brunei

Macclesfield Bank

Fiery Cross Reef

Sea lane

Cuarteron Reef

Subi Reef

※image

Gaven Reefs

Hughes ReefJohnson South Reef

Mischief Reef

Building port facilities in the SCS could dramatically improve China’s ISR and other mission capabilities in the SCS

※image

Taiwan

“Nine-dash line”

The SCS

Fiery Cross Reef

The Philippines

Malaysia

Malacca Strait(Approx. 1,400km)

1800km

Subi ReefMischief Reef

H-6 Bombers

1500km

Su-27/30 Fighters

Vietnam

Spratly Islands

Indonesia

Runway construction on the Fiery Cross, Subi, and Mischief Reefs (incl. 3,000m-class) would lead to increase in China’s air force presence in the SCS

Sunda Strait(Approx. 1,800km)

Lombok Strait(Approx. 2,000km)

Page 5: China’s Activities in the South China Sea - mod.go.jp · China’s Activities in the South China Sea (China’s development activities on the features and trends in related countries

1. China’s Occupationin the Spratly Islands

South China Sea

Page 6: China’s Activities in the South China Sea - mod.go.jp · China’s Activities in the South China Sea (China’s development activities on the features and trends in related countries

0 500 1,000km

Spratly Islands

Occupied in 1995Mischief Reef

China’s advancement

1950s

6 features occupied in 1988

↓Massive reclamation

since 2014

Pratas Islands

Second Thomas Shoal

South Luconia ShoalJames Shoal

“Nine-dash line”

1

Scarborough Shoal

China has made advances into the SCS by exploiting power vacuums (to the Paracel Islands in 50s-70s and to the Spratly Islands since 80s.)

* image

Fully occupied in 1974

Paracel Islands

1-1 China Makes Advances into the SCS

Timeline

1950s: France withdraws from French Indochina↓

1950s: China occupies half of the Paracel Islands(South Vietnam also advances to Paracel Islands)

↓1973: U.S. withdraws from South Vietnam

↓1974: China occupies the entire Paracel Islands after

dislodging South Vietnam(1975:Collapse of South Vietnam after the Vietnam War)

Mid-1980s: Soviet military in Vietnam decreased ↓

1980s: China advances to the Spratly Islands1988: China occupies 6 features of the Spratly Islands

1992: U.S. withdraws from the Philippines↓

1995: China occupies Mischief Reef

2000s: China advances to the southern SCS

2012: China gains de facto control over Scarborough Shoal

2014-: China conducts rapid and large-scale reclamation

and infrastructure building in the SCS

Page 7: China’s Activities in the South China Sea - mod.go.jp · China’s Activities in the South China Sea (China’s development activities on the features and trends in related countries

0 500 1,000km

Spratly Islands

Paracel Islands

Macclesfield Bank

Vietnam

Malaysia

The Philippines

Cuarteron Reef

Scarborough Shoal

Mischief Reef

“Nine-dash line”

1988

1988

1995

1990

1991

1988

2

China gained de facto control over 7 maritime features in the Spratlys and built structures at all of the 7 features

Based on its sovereignty claim, China has taken legislative and administrative actions such as the enactment of the Law on Territorial Sea (1992) and establishment of Sansha City and the Sansha Security District (2012)

Hughes Reef

Gaven Reef

Johnson South Reef

1997

(Ref.) Media reports etc.

Structures on features etc.

:China’s

:Taiwan’s

:Vietnam’s

:the Philippines’

:Malaysia’s※ Thin dash lines show 200 NM

from coasts geographically

Brunei

Fiery Cross Reef

※ image

Subi Reef

1-2 China’s Occupation in the SCS (before reclamation)

Page 8: China’s Activities in the South China Sea - mod.go.jp · China’s Activities in the South China Sea (China’s development activities on the features and trends in related countries

Paracel Islands

0 500 1,000km

3,000m-class runway (where test flight forcibly conducted), hangers, and gun batteries etc.

Approx. 2,600m runway (where test flight forcibly conducted), hangers, and gun batteries etc

Subi Reef

Spratly Islands

2,400m-class runway; records of deployment of HQ-9 SAMs, YJ-62 ASCMs, and J-11 fighters

Gun batteries, radar/communication facilities etc.

Scarborough Shoal

3

Structures on features etc.

:China’s

:Taiwan’s

:Vietnam’s

:the Philippines’

:Malaysia’s※ Thin dash lines show 200 NM

from coasts geographically

1-3 China’s Occupation in the SCS after Reclamation①

Sources: US DoD Annual Report to Congress (2016), media reports etc.

3,000m-class runway (where test flight forcibly conducted), hangers, and gun batteries etc. Reported to be most advanced.

Fiery Cross Reef

March 2017Source:CSIS/AMTI

March 2017Source:CSIS/AMTI

Woody Island

January 2017

Source:CSIS/AMTI

Gun batteries, radar/communication facilities etc.

Cuarteron Reef

November 2016Source:CSIS/AMTI

November 2016Source:CSIS/AMTI

Johnson South Reef

Gun batteries, radar/communication facilities etc.

Mischief Reef

March 2017Source:CSIS/AMTI

November 2016Source:CSIS/AMTI

Hughes Reef

Gaven Reefs

Gun batteries, radar/communication facilities etc.

November 2016Source:CSIS/AMTI

Since 2013, China has conducted runway extension works at Woody Island in the Paracels. Since 2014, China has pressed ahead with rapid and large-scale land reclamation works in 7 features in the Spratlys. By

the late-2015 when the reclamation had been mostly completed, area of the reclamation work was approx. 12.9 ㎢.

After the completion of the reclamation, China continues developing infrastructure which can be used for military purposes

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出典:IHS Jane’s

1-4 China’s Reclamation Activities in the SCS (for each feature) ①

Before reclamation: App. 0.001㎢

January 2014 1. Johnson South Reef ➊

Original outpost

(Ref.) CSIS Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative / DigitalGlobe (incl. photo)

US DoD Annual Report to Congress 2016

4

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After reclamation: App.0.109㎢(Reclamation completed in 2014)

Lighthouse

Radar/communications facilityQuay

Headquarters

HelipadDredged channel

Power generation (Solar array)

Gun Battery

November 2016

App.380m

App.320m

Original outpost

Gun Battery

Gun Battery

1. Johnson South Reef➋

Sources:CSIS Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative (photo) / U.S. DoD Annual Report to Congress 2017 (size) /Google Earth (length)

Descriptions of infrastructure are based on points made by

CSIS/AMTI, US DoD annual report to the Congress (2017),

and other open sources.

5

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1-4 China’s Reclamation Activities in the SCS (for each feature) ②

Before reclamation: App. 0.001㎢

February 2010

Original outpost

2. Hughes Reef ➊

(Ref.) CSIS Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative / DigitalGlobe (incl. photo)US DoD Annual Report to Congress 2016

6

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After reclamation: App.0.073㎢(Reclamation completed in 2014)

Sources:CSIS Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative (photo) / U.S. DoD Annual Report to Congress 2017 /Google Earth (length)

Helipad

February 2016

Original outpost

Headquarters

Helipad

Radar/communications facility

Quay (with a loading crane)

Dredged channel

November 2016

November 2016

November 2016

November 2016

2. Hughes Reef ➋

App.620m

App.230m

Gun Battery

Gun Battery

Gun Battery

Gun Battery

Descriptions of infrastructure are based on points made by CSIS/AMTI, US DoD

annual report to the Congress (2017), and other open sources.

7

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1-4 China’s Reclamation Activities in the SCS (for each feature) ③

Before reclamation: App. 0.001㎢

March 2013

Original outpost

3. Cuarteron Reef ➊

(Ref.) CSIS Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative / DigitalGlobe (incl. photo)US DoD Annual Report to Congress 2016

8

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November 2016

After reclamation: App.0.247㎢(Reclamation completion in 2014)

Original outpost

Lighthouse

Radar/Communication facility

Headquarters

Multiple poles(HF radar

〔possibly〕)

Helipad

Dredged channel

Quay (with a loading crane)

January 2016

November 2016

November 2016

3. Cuarteron Reef ➋

App.650m

App.330m

Gun Battery

Gun Battery

Sources:CSIS Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative (photo) / U.S. DoD Annual Report to Congress 2016 (size) /Google Earth (length)

Descriptions of infrastructure are based on points made by CSIS/AMTI, US DoD annual report to the Congress (2017),

and other open sources.

9

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1-4 China’s Reclamation Activities in the SCS (for each feature) ④

Before reclamation: App. 0.001㎢

Original outpost

March 20144. Gaven Reefs ➊

(Ref.) CSIS Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative / DigitalGlobe (incl. photo)US DoD Annual Report to Congress 2016

10

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After reclamation: App.0.146㎢(Reclamation completion in 2014)

February 2016

Original outpost

Helipad

Helipad

Headquarters

Radar/Communication facility

Dredged channel

Quay (with a loading crane)

November 2016November 2016

4. Gaven Reefs ➋

App.450m

App.250m

App.300m

Gun battery

Gun battery

Gun battery Gun battery

Sources:CSIS Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative (photo) / U.S. DoD Annual Report to Congress 2017 /Google Earth (length)

Descriptions of infrastructure are based on points made by CSIS/AMTI, US DoD annual

report to the Congress (2017), and other open sources.

11

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1-4 China’s Reclamation Activities in the SCS (for each feature) ⑤

August 2014

Original outpost

Before reclamation: App. 0.010㎢

5. Fiery Cross Reef➊

(Ref.) CSIS Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative / DigitalGlobe (incl. photo)US DoD Annual Report to Congress 2016

12

Page 18: China’s Activities in the South China Sea - mod.go.jp · China’s Activities in the South China Sea (China’s development activities on the features and trends in related countries

June 2017

Radar/communications facility June 2017

Radar/communications facility

Underground storage facility(confirmed in June)

November 2016

SAM shelters

March 2017

Hangers

5. Fiery Cross Reef➋

Original outpost

March 2017

After reclamation: App. 2.69㎢(Reclamation completed in 2015)

App.3,750m

Runway (approx. 3,000m)

Gun battery

Hangers (completed)

SAM shelters

Gun battery

Radar/Sensor Array

Underground storage facility

Runway (completed)

Sources:CSIS Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative (photo) / U.S. DoD Annual Report to Congress 2017 /Google Earth (length)

Descriptions of infrastructure are based on points made by CSIS/AMTI, US DoD annual report to the

Congress (2017), and other open sources.

13

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1-4 China’s Reclamation Activities in the SCS (for each feature) ⑥

February 2015

Channel

Original outpost(incl. EW radar [est.])

6. Subi Reef➊

Before reclamation: App. 0.002㎢(Ref.) CSIS Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative / DigitalGlobe (incl. photo)

US DoD Annual Report to Congress 2016, IHS Jane’s

14

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Original outpost

March 2017

Underground storage facility

March 2017

High-frequency “elephant cage” radar array

November 2016

March 2017

Hangers

Channel widened

July 2017

6. Subi Reef➋

App.5,500m

App.3,000m

Runway (approx. 3,000m)

Hangers (completed)

SAM shelters

Gun battery

Radar/Communication facility

Underground storage facility

Runway (completed)

December 2017

Radar/Communication facility

Gun battery

After reclamation: App. 4.10㎢(Reclamation completed in 2015)

SAM Shelters

Sources:CSIS Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative (photo) / U.S. DoD Annual Report to Congress 2017 /Google Earth (length)

Radar/Communication facility

Descriptions of infrastructure are based on points made by CSIS/AMTI, US DoD annual report to the

Congress (2017), and other open sources.

15

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1-4 China’s Reclamation Activities in the SCS (for each feature) ⑦

Original outpost

7. Mischief Reef➊February 2015

Before reclamation: App. 0.002㎢(Ref.) CSIS Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative / DigitalGlobe (incl. photo)

US DoD Annual Report to Congress 201616

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Runway(approx. 2,600 m)

Original outpost

Underground storage facility(confirmed in June2017) June 2017

Large antenna array

SAM shelters

March 2017

Hangers

March 2017

7. Mischief Reef➋

After reclamation: App. 5.70㎢(Reclamation completed in 2015)

App.9,000m

November 2016

App.5,700m

Gun battery

Gun battery

Hangers

SAM shelters

Gun battery

Radar/Sensor Array

Underground storage facility

Runway

November 2016

Sources:CSIS Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative (photo) / U.S. DoD Annual Report to Congress 2017 /Google Earth (length)

Descriptions of infrastructure are based on points made by CSIS/AMTI, US DoD annual

report to the Congress (2017), and other open sources.

17

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1-5 China’s remarks about the activity on the SCS

September 2015 : On his visit to the U.S., President Xi stated “China does not intend to pursue militarization” in the SCS.

February 2016:Foreign Minister Wang Yi said “(Regarding the deployment of SAM systems on the Woody Island) China’s limited, necessary defense facilities on Nansha (Spratly) Islands are in accordance with international law, which endows any sovereign state with the rights of self-protection and self-defense.”

December 2017:CHINA NANHAI※reported “To strengthen the necessary military defense of the South China sea within China’s sovereignty, China has rationally expanded the area of its islands and reefs .”

※ CHINA NANHAI(nanhai.haiwainet.cn)is a website jointly run by the National Marine Date and Information Service and the People’s Daily Overseas Edition. The website opened in August 2016.

Initially, China denied its intentions to pursue militarization, and repeatedly mentioned the necessity of “defensive facilities”. Recently, government media reports that the reclamation works are “to strengthen the necessary military defences of the South China sea”

18

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2. Security Implications by China’s Development Activities

in the Spratly Islands

South China Sea

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・ Building port facilities of certain size capable of berthing, resupply and maintenance would enable China to maintain more robust naval and maritime law enforcement presence in the entire SCS

・ This development would dramatically improve China’s ISR and other mission capabilities in the central and southern portions of the SCS

・ Some observers refer to considerable impacts on coastal states in the SCS as well as on the sea lane

19

“Nine-dash line”

0 500 1,000km

Vietnam

Malaysia

Paracel Islands

The Philippines

Woody Island

Spratly Islands

Brunei

Macclesfield Bank

Fiery Cross Reef

Sea lane

Cuarteron Reef

Subi Reef

※image

Gaven Reefs

Hughes ReefJohnson South Reef

Mischief Reef

Building port facilities in the SCS could dramatically improve China’s ISR and other mission capabilities in the SCS

E.g., Fiery Cross Reef

June 2016Source:CSIS/AMTI

※ CSIS/AMTI = CSIS Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative / DigitalGlobe

Harbor

2-1 Possible Impact of Building Port Facilities in the Spratly Islands

Page 26: China’s Activities in the South China Sea - mod.go.jp · China’s Activities in the South China Sea (China’s development activities on the features and trends in related countries

・ The three features with runways and support facilities would enable China to forward-deploy various aerial platforms (incl. fighters, bombers and UAVs)

・ In general terms, its ramifications potentially include:(1) China’s improved air power-projection capability

over the entire SCS (especially, significant improvement in China’s ISR and other mission capabilities in the central and southern portion of the SCS);

(2) enhanced China’s air superiority over the SCS; and(3) improved “Anti-Access/Area-Denial” capabilities

against the U.S. military presence and its intervention to contingencies; and

・ It could lead to possible declaration of an “SCS Air Defense Identification Zone” by China in the future[See.] “Regarding when to declare such a zone [SCS ADIZ], it will depend on whether China is facing security threats from the air, and what the level of the air safety threat.” (China Defense Ministry, June 2016)

20※image

Taiwan

“Nine-dash line”The SCS

Fiery Cross Reef

The Philippines

Malaysia

Sunda Strait(Approx. 1,800km)

Malacca Strait(Approx. 1,400 km)

1800km

Lombok Strait(Approx. 2,000km)

Subi ReefMischief ReefH-6

UAV

1500km2000km

Su-27/30

Vietnam

Spratly Islands

Indonesia

Runway construction on the Fiery Cross, Subi, and Mischief Reefs (incl. 3,000m-class) would lead to increase in China’s air force presence in the SCS

2-2 Possible Impact of Building Runways in the Spratly Islands

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3. Situations in Other Related Countries

South China Sea

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163.0

8.3 7.8 4.4

744

77 153 126

0

200

400

600

800

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180総トン数

艦船隻数

(㌧)Warship (#)2,722

107 71 36 0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000Combat Aircraft

※Excluding aircraft of coast guards

Although main coastal states in the SCS strive to enhance their navy/air force capabilities, a vast gap with China remains both qualitatively and quantitatively

※4:15年7月までにさらに2隻を追加配備

※1:14年までにさらに1隻が就役した見込み

China Vietnam Malaysia The Philippines

744 (1,630 kt) 153 (78 kt) 77 (83 kt) 126 (44 kt)

Submarine

Shang-class (6,100t) x 2※1

Yuan-class (3,600t) x 14

Kilo-class (3,100t) x 12 etc.

Kilo-class (3,100t) x 6

Yugo-class (100t) x 2

Scorpene-class (1,800t) x 2 Null

Destroyer/

Frigate etc.

Luyang III-class DDG (6,000t) x 3

Jiankai II-class FFG (3,600t) x 22 etc.

Gepard-class FFG (1,600t) x 2

Petya-class FFL (1,000t) x 5

BPS500 Corvette (400t) x 1 etc.

Lekiu-class FF (1,900t) x 2

Kasturi-class Corvette (1,500t) x 2 etc.

Hamilton-class FF (2,700t) x 2

Cannon-class FF (1,400t) x 1

Auk-class Corvette (1,100t) x 2 etc.

2,722 (incl. 4th/5th generation fighter x 789) 107 (incl. 4th generation fighter x 46) 71 (incl. 4th generation fighter x 36) 38(incl. 4th generation fighter x 12)

Fighter

J-10 x 346

Su-27/J-11 x 329

Su-30 x 97 etc.

Su-30MK2 x 35

Su-27 x 11

MiG-21 x 33 etc.

Mig-29 x10

Su-30MKM x 18

F/A-18 x 8 etc.

FA-50PH x 12

Patrol aircraft

(fixed-wing) etc.

KJ-2000AEW&C x 4

Y-8, Y-9AEW x 14 etc.

Null Null F-27x 1

N-22SLx 1 etc.

Marines etc. Approx. 10,000 (PLA Marine Corps) Approx. 27,000 Null Approx. 8,300

Patrol and coastal

combatants etc.

462+ (China Coast Guard)

≧1,500t x 66※2

500≦, <1,500t x 54

250≦, <500t x 120 etc.

56+ (Coast Guard)

22 (Fisheries Resources Surveillance)

≧1,500t x 7

<1,500t x 15

Patrol aircraft x 3 etc.

191 (Malaysia Maritime Enforcement Agency)

132 (Marine Police)

≦1,500t x 2

Patrol aircraft x 2

Air-sea rescue helicopter x 3 etc.

72 (Coast Guard)

≦1,500 x 7 etc.

( Sources: Military Balance 2017, Jane’s Fighting Ships 2016-2017 etc.)

※2:10,000t-class CCG vessel, to be the largest class in the world, is under construction

※1:US DoD Annual report (2016) suggests that 4 additional Shang-class will be in service eventually

(#)

The Philippines

Malaysia

Vietnam

China

※Excluding aircraft of coast guards

Warship

Combat Aircraft

Gross tonnageNumber of warships

(tons)

3-1 Comparison of Navy/Air Force Capabilities (China & the Philippines/Vietnam/Malaysia)

21

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0 500 1,000km

Spratly Islands

Paracel Islands

Malaysia“Nine-dash line”

(Sources: CSIS/AMTI, media reports)

Brunei

These satellite photos indicate the reclamation area was approx. 37,190 ㎡

Spratly Island (V)

West London Reef (V)These satellite photos indicate the reclamation area was approx. 285,303 ㎡

Sand Cay (V)

A lighthouse (height: 12.7m) completed in October 2015; harbor expansion completed in December 2015, in which 3,000t-class vessels can berth

Thitu Island (P)

Approx. 1,200m runway

Swallow Reef (M)

Approx. 1,400m runway

Runway extended in 2003(from 1,000m to 1,400m)

In 2011, a plan to repair the runway announced; in January 2016, a plan to implement a civilian aircraft tracking system

※CSIS/AMTI = CSIS Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative / DigitalGlobe

※ image May 2014

March 2013

April 2016

Approx. 494m

Approx. 162m

Approx. 600m runway

These satellite photos indicate the reclamation area was approx. 150,502 ㎡; runway extended to 1,000m-class; large hangers built

October 2011

Sin Cowe Island (V)These satellite photos indicate the reclamation area was approx. 105,501 ㎡

February 2006Source:CSIS/AMTI

Source:CSIS/AMTI

September 2016Source:CSIS/AMTI

August 2016Source:CSIS/AMTI

Approx. 1,200m runway

Harbor expansion completed in Dec. 2015

Airfield infrastructure expanded

May 2016

Itu Aba Island (T)

Sources:CSIS/AMTI, IHS Jane’s

November 2016Source:CSIS/AMTI

Source:CSIS/AMTI

Source:CSIS/AMTIStructures on features etc.

:China’s

:Taiwan’s

:Vietnam’s

:the Philippines’

:Malaysia’s※ Thin dash lines show 200 NM

from coasts geographically

3-2 Development Trends of Other Countries/Regions in the SCS

Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Taiwan in the 80s/90s built runways (600-1,200m) on the land features over which they have de facto control. All of them have done facility maintenance and development. Reports suggest that Vietnam has recently conducted reclamation work.

22

* CSIS/AMTI points out that Vietnam reclaimed 486,000 square meters in 10 features in total in 2 years since 2014.

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● Expanding the U.S. military presence by increasing port calls of naval vessels, reinforcing ISR activities, conducting various joint military trainings, strengthening unit deployment (of vessels such as aircraft carrier, and aircraft) etc.

・ Making the enhancement of maritime domain awareness (MDA) the urgent task in the SCS, the U.S. forces themselves actively conduct ISR activities⇒ The U.S. expects the role of allies such as Japan and Australia (Australia has already conducted

operations around the SCS using Butterworth (in Malaysia) as a base)・ The U.S. deploys littoral combat ships (LCS) in Singapore (since April 2013) and it also deployed maritime patrol aircraft P-8 (December 2015) in Singapore and aircraft such as attack aircraft and electronic-warfare aircraft in the Philippines (since March 2016).

● The U.S. conducts “Freedom of Navigation Operations (FONOPs)”in order to counter excessive maritime claims

・ “We will continue to fly, sail, and operate wherever international law allows, and demonstrate resolve through operational presence in the South China Sea and beyond.” (Defense Secretary Mattis [June 2017] etc.)

● Seeking closer ties with the SCS neighboring countries through arms supplies and joint military trainings, and the resulting improvement of coping capabilities of their maritime security. The U.S. expressed 259-million-dollar support in total to the following countries etc. in the next two years (November 2015):

・ To the Philippines: As an ally, the U.S. promotes reinforcement and expansion of existing security cooperation (including equipment support, capacity building of coast guard, and joint military exercises/trainings)・ To Vietnam: The U.S. gradually expands the defense cooperation, which was previously tenuous, including arms supplies・ To Indonesia: The U.S. expands the cooperation in the field of patrol capacity, ISR integration etc.・ To Malaysia: The U.S. expands the cooperation such as enhancement of port security and joint military exercises

The U.S. strengthens relations with the SCS neighboring countries

The U.S. concerns:● inhibition of freedom of navigation in the SLOC● constraints of the U.S. military activities● deterioration of security environment in the entire region

Vietnam

Subic Bay

Palawan Island

Spratly Islands

Paracel Islands

MalaysiaLabuan

Cam Ranh Bay

✈ ✈

[Major Military Base] : Air Base, : Naval Base etc.

: Features on which China constructs structures

: Features where China’s vessels allegedly obstructed other ships

South Luconia Shoal

James Shoal✈

✈✈ Scarborough Shoal

Second Thomas Shoal

Butterworth

Clark

Philippines

○ In December 2013, the U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry expressed 18-million-dollar support for Vietnam in the field of maritime security (purchase of 4 patrol boats)

○ In November 2015, the U.S. expressed approximately 40-million-dollar support for Vietnam in the next two years

○ In May 2016, the U.S. announced it was fully lifting the arms embargo to Vietnam.

○ In August 2017, port call by one of the U.S. CVs in 2018 was agreed.

⇒ The U.S. requires China to comply with international norms, and criticizes China’s unilateral and assertive actions in the SCS.

Australian Air Force uses as a base

○ In December 2013, the U.S. expressed 40-million-dollar support for the Philippines in order to strengthen its maritime security and its anti-terrorism capability

○ In April 2014, the U.S. and the Philippines signed the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA) (*Its constitutionality is currently on trial at the Philippine Supreme Court)

⇒ The EDCA will make it possible for the U.S. forces to deploy rotationally to military bases in the Philippines

⇒ The EDCA aims to improve Philippine forces’ capability through expansion of joint military exercises between the U.S. and the Philippines

○ In November 2015, U.S. President Obama expressed 79-million-dollar support as well as the grant of one U.S. Coast Guard Cutter and one research vessel for the Philippines

○ In March 2016, the U.S. and the Philippines agreed on 5 base locations under EDCA.

○ In September 2017, the Chief of Staff of the Philippines announced that the U.S. would begin facilities construction at all of the five EDCA base locations.

U.S.-Philippines Relations

U.S.-Vietnam Relations

Subi Reef

23

PLA and Maritime Law Enforcement Forces (MLEFs):● improve ISR and other mission capabilities with port

and runway construction and with sustained deployment of vessels and aircraft in the SCS

● improve A2/AD capabilities against U.S. intervention

The U.S. expands its military presence

In October 2015, U.S. Navy allegedly conducted the “Freedom of Navigation Operation”, sailing within 12NM of Subi Reef

In January 2016 and July 2017, U.S. Navy allegedly conducted the “Freedom of Navigation Operation,” sailing within 12NM of the Triton Island. In October 2016 and October 2017, sailing near the Paracel Islands.

In May 2016, U.S. Navy allegedly conducted the “Freedom of Navigation Operation,” sailing within 12 NM of Fiery Cross Reef

Triton Island

Fiery Cross Reef

3-3 Efforts of the U.S. and other countries in the SCS

In May and August 2017, U.S. Navy allegedly conducted the “Freedom of Navigation Operation”, sailing within 12NM of Mischief Reef

(Ref.) Media reports

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○ “FONOP” is one of the means for carrying out “Freedom of Navigation (FON) Program”

○ 国防省は、毎年、「航行の自由作戦」年次レポートを発表。対象相手国及び理由(「行き過ぎた海洋権益の主張」の内容)が記載されている(国名以外の具体的な実施場所については記載なし)。

○ In May 2015, the U.S. Secretary of Defense Ash Carter said: “ The U.S. will fly, sail and operate wherever international law allows.”○ According to the U.S. DoD “Asia-Pacific Maritime Security Strategy” (August 2015), “U.S. PACOM maintains a robust shaping presence in and around

the SCS, with activities ranging from training and exercises with allies and partners to port calls to FONOPs and other routine operations” and “[a]s part of the Department’s routine presence activities, the U.S. Navy, U.S. Air Force, and U.S. Coast Guard conduct FONOPs.”

○ In October 2015, the U.S. Navy conducted the “FONOP” within 12NM of the Subi Reef, the Spratly Islands (USS Lassen).○ In November 2015, PACOM commander Harry Harris said that the U.S. has been, and will be, conducting “FONOPs” in the SCS.○ In January 2016, the U.S. conducted the “FONOP” within 12NM of the Triton Island, the Paracel Islands (USS Curtis Wilbur). The U.S. Office of

Secretary of Defense stated: “This operation was about challenging excessive maritime claims that restrict the rights and freedoms of the U.S. and other, not about territorial claims to land features. The U.S. takes no position on competing sovereignty claims between the parties to naturally-

formed land features in the SCS.”○ In May 2016, the U.S. Navy conducted the “FONOP” within 12NM of the Fiery Cross Reef (USS William P. Lawrence). ○ In October 2016, the U.S. Navy conducted the “FONOP” near the Paracel Islands (USS Decatur). ○ In May 2017, the U.S. Navy conducted the “FONOP” within 12NM of the Mischief Reef (USS Dewey).○ In July 2017, the U.S. Navy conducted the “FONOP” within 12NM of the Triton Island, the Paracel Islands (USS Stetham).○ In August 2017, the U.S. Navy conducted the “FONOP” within 12NM of the Mischief Reef (USS John S. McCain).

○ In October 2017, the U.S. Navy conducted the “FONOP” near the Paracel Islands (USS Chafee).

FON Program is characterized as below:Ends: In order to preserve the rights, freedoms, and lawful uses of the sea and airspace guaranteed to all

states under international law by demonstrating a non-acquiescence to excessive maritime claims asserted by coastal states

Ways: (1) Operational activities by U.S. military forces / DoD (i.e., “FONOP”)(2) Consultations and representations by U.S. DoS

History: The FON Program has been continuously carried out since 1979.

(Ref.) U.S. DoD, U.S. Senate Committee on Armed Services etc.

1. Characterization of the “FONOP”

2. Manner of “FONOP” [news report etc.]

24

3-4 U.S. “Freedom of Navigation Operation (FONOP)”