China - PhysicalChina - Physical Geographically isolatedGeographically isolated Slightly larger than the United StatesSlightly larger than the United States Sloped, towering mountains in the Sloped, towering mountains in the

west to flood plains in the Eastwest to flood plains in the East Lower mountains, hills, Lower mountains, hills,

and plateaus in and plateaus in Central ChinaCentral China

Desert in the west.Desert in the west.

PHYSIOGRAPHYPHYSIOGRAPHY

CLIMATE COMPARISONCLIMATE COMPARISON

CLIMATE COMPARISON

Warm

Cold

Wet

Dry

Ancient HistoryAncient History Ancient Civilization developed along Huange Ancient Civilization developed along Huange

He RiverHe River Continuous civilization for over 4,000 yearsContinuous civilization for over 4,000 years The middle kingdom – the Chinese viewed The middle kingdom – the Chinese viewed

China as the center of the civilized worldChina as the center of the civilized world Most advanced country in the world by 1000 Most advanced country in the world by 1000

ad – gun powder, printing, compassad – gun powder, printing, compass Developed an inward looking, closed societyDeveloped an inward looking, closed society Emperors ruled China until 1900s, dynastic Emperors ruled China until 1900s, dynastic

cyclecycle

Belief systemsBelief systems

Confucianism – teachings stressed Confucianism – teachings stressed relationships and human virtues rather than relationships and human virtues rather than godly connections, ideas have dominated godly connections, ideas have dominated Chinese life and thought for more than 2000 Chinese life and thought for more than 2000 yearsyears

Daoism (Laozi founder 604-531BC) teaches Daoism (Laozi founder 604-531BC) teaches the path of true happiness lies in living in a the path of true happiness lies in living in a harmonious relationship with the natural harmonious relationship with the natural worldworld

Officially an atheist state – government has Officially an atheist state – government has outlawed many religious practicesoutlawed many religious practices

Colonial SpheresColonial Spheres

By 1800s, European By 1800s, European technology technology surpassed China’s, surpassed China’s, divided China into divided China into spheres of influencespheres of influence

Forced China to Forced China to trade with the westtrade with the west

Western influences Western influences and natural and natural disasters caused disasters caused Chinese to rebel.Chinese to rebel.

GovernmentGovernment Emperor abdicates on Feb. 12, 1912Emperor abdicates on Feb. 12, 1912 Sun Yat-sen becomes president and Sun Yat-sen becomes president and

Nationalists gain control of China by Nationalists gain control of China by defeating local warlordsdefeating local warlords

Nationalists wanted a government Nationalists wanted a government based on Western democratic based on Western democratic principles.principles.

1920s Civil War1920s Civil War Nationalists led by Chiang Kai-shek wanted Nationalists led by Chiang Kai-shek wanted

to modernize and westernize Chinato modernize and westernize China Communists wanted to give more power to Communists wanted to give more power to

the workers and land to the landless the workers and land to the landless peasantspeasants

Long March in 1935, communists fled Long March in 1935, communists fled Nationalist troops by moving northward Nationalist troops by moving northward 6,000 miles .6,000 miles .

8,000/100,000 survived8,000/100,000 survived Mao Zedong became the new leader of the Mao Zedong became the new leader of the

Communists.Communists.

WWIIWWII

Japan invaded ChinaJapan invaded China Communists and Nationalists joined Communists and Nationalists joined

together to fight Japantogether to fight Japan After war ended in 1945, civil war After war ended in 1945, civil war

broke out againbroke out again Nationalists defeated in 1949Nationalists defeated in 1949 Chiang Kai-shek and followers fled to Chiang Kai-shek and followers fled to

TaiwanTaiwan

Great Leap Forward into Great Leap Forward into CommunismCommunism

Mao Zedong – China’s most important Communist leader, 1949-Mao Zedong – China’s most important Communist leader, 1949-19761976

Wanted to change China into a modern industrial countryWanted to change China into a modern industrial country• Increase the populationIncrease the population• Increase production of steel, capital goods with heavy Increase production of steel, capital goods with heavy

manufacturing manufacturing • Wanted to increase agricultural productivity by forming Wanted to increase agricultural productivity by forming

collective farms and people’s communescollective farms and people’s communes In 1958, severe droughts across China led to widespread In 1958, severe droughts across China led to widespread

faminesfamines• 20 million people died between 1958 and 196220 million people died between 1958 and 1962• Cultural Revolution of 1966 Red Guards were sent out to Cultural Revolution of 1966 Red Guards were sent out to

destroy old ideology, old thought, old habits, old customsdestroy old ideology, old thought, old habits, old customs Hundreds of thousands of people who disagreed with Mao Hundreds of thousands of people who disagreed with Mao

were imprisoned, beaten, executed, silencedwere imprisoned, beaten, executed, silenced Production fell in farms and factories, schools closed, Production fell in farms and factories, schools closed,

economy almost ruined, a generation uneducatedeconomy almost ruined, a generation uneducated

‘‘Great Leap Forward’ Great Leap Forward’ became a became a

‘serious step backward’‘serious step backward’ China’s population more than China’s population more than

doubled in 40 yearsdoubled in 40 years 55 million people in 1950 to 1.1 55 million people in 1950 to 1.1

billion in 1990billion in 1990 But production did not increase and But production did not increase and

China could not support a population China could not support a population that bigthat big

Four ModernizationsFour Modernizations Established by Deng Xiaoping after Mao died Established by Deng Xiaoping after Mao died

in 1979in 1979 Improve agriculture, industry, science and Improve agriculture, industry, science and

technology, and defensetechnology, and defense Was willing to consider free enterprise ideasWas willing to consider free enterprise ideas Government rented land to families who had Government rented land to families who had

freedom to plant what they wanted, in 8 freedom to plant what they wanted, in 8 years, farmers income tripledyears, farmers income tripled

Switched from heavy industry to light Switched from heavy industry to light industry, rewarded managers who found industry, rewarded managers who found ways to produce moreways to produce more

Special economic zones on SE coast to Special economic zones on SE coast to attract foreign companies, technology, attract foreign companies, technology, capital, enormously successfulcapital, enormously successful

ResultsResults

Uneven growth, income gapUneven growth, income gap UrbanizationUrbanization Urban poor, crime, corrupt policeUrban poor, crime, corrupt police China’s economy has quadrupledChina’s economy has quadrupled Daily life improvedDaily life improved

Challenges and Goals todayChallenges and Goals today

Feeding an Feeding an immense immense populationpopulation

Providing jobsProviding jobs Providing enough Providing enough

energyenergy

Zero population Zero population growthgrowth

Economic growthEconomic growth Clean energyClean energy

ETHNOLINGUISTIC AREAS

92% Han92% Han

LanguageLanguage Mandarin Chinese – most commonly Mandarin Chinese – most commonly

spoken languagespoken language Ideograms, not phonetic, symbols Ideograms, not phonetic, symbols

represent ideas or thingsrepresent ideas or things 2,000-3,000 symbols to master to 2,000-3,000 symbols to master to

read a newspaperread a newspaper 20,000+ to master the language20,000+ to master the language Symbols are pronounced differently Symbols are pronounced differently

in parts of Chinain parts of China

TaiwanTaiwan

Volcanic island, 100 miles from China, Volcanic island, 100 miles from China, mountainousmountainous

Free enterprise and democracy Free enterprise and democracy flourishedflourished

Considers itself an independent Considers itself an independent countrycountry

China considers Taiwan to be a China considers Taiwan to be a province of Chinaprovince of China

Relations tenseRelations tense

Hong KongHong Kong Mostly uninhabited Mostly uninhabited

before the British before the British used the harbor as a used the harbor as a naval base and naval base and marina for trading marina for trading shipsships

1898, British forced 1898, British forced China to lease the China to lease the land for 99 years to land for 99 years to BritainBritain

Important trading Important trading and manufacturing and manufacturing center, attracted center, attracted immigrants, traded immigrants, traded with Chinawith China

Returned to China Returned to China July1, 1997, has July1, 1997, has economic freedom, economic freedom, rulers are pro-Chinarulers are pro-China

MongoliaMongolia

Vast, dry, treeless plain, Gobi Desert Vast, dry, treeless plain, Gobi Desert and steppeand steppe

Home of the Mongols and Genghis KhanHome of the Mongols and Genghis Khan Province of China until 1921, Province of China until 1921,

independence backed by USSRindependence backed by USSR Adopted communism in 1930sAdopted communism in 1930s Switched to Free Enterprise in 1990s, Switched to Free Enterprise in 1990s,

still developingstill developing Rural 33%, urban 67%Rural 33%, urban 67%