CHINACHINA

From STRUGGLE to STREGNTH

From STRUGGLE to STREGNTH

Critical Historical Junctures

Critical Historical Junctures

• One of oldest continuous civilizations• Dynastic control (emperors) = isolation from

the outside world• Opium Wars w/ UK (1839-42 &1956-60)• ‘Treaty Ports’ & Extraterritoriality• Sino-Japanese war (1937-45) & Foreign Domination

• One of oldest continuous civilizations• Dynastic control (emperors) = isolation from

the outside world• Opium Wars w/ UK (1839-42 &1956-60)• ‘Treaty Ports’ & Extraterritoriality• Sino-Japanese war (1937-45) & Foreign Domination

Opium War

China under Foreign

Domination

China under Foreign

Domination• French political cartoon,

1890s. • Pie represents "Chine"

(French for China) being divided between Queen Victoria of Great Britain, William II of Germany, Nicholas II of Russia, the French and the Meiji Emperor of Japan.

• A stereotypical Qing official throws up his hands to try and stop them, but is powerless.

• French political cartoon, 1890s.

• Pie represents "Chine" (French for China) being divided between Queen Victoria of Great Britain, William II of Germany, Nicholas II of Russia, the French and the Meiji Emperor of Japan.

• A stereotypical Qing official throws up his hands to try and stop them, but is powerless.

Sun Yat-Sen“Father of Modern

China”

Sun Yat-Sen“Father of Modern

China”

• Frustrated with failure of Emperors to deal w/ foreign influence

• Many seek political & economic modernization

• Sun Yat-Sen inspires young officials, military officers & students to overthrow Qing dyansty & create a republic

• 1920’s-he organizes revolutionary base in South. Sets out to unite fragmented nation (conservatives v. reformers)

• Sun dies of cancer (1925), replaced by protégé Chiang Kai-shek

• Frustrated with failure of Emperors to deal w/ foreign influence

• Many seek political & economic modernization

• Sun Yat-Sen inspires young officials, military officers & students to overthrow Qing dyansty & create a republic

• 1920’s-he organizes revolutionary base in South. Sets out to unite fragmented nation (conservatives v. reformers)

• Sun dies of cancer (1925), replaced by protégé Chiang Kai-shek

Fall of Qing Dynasty

Beginning of Modern China

Fall of Qing Dynasty

Beginning of Modern China

Chiang Kai-Shek v. Mao Zedong

Civil War: 1946-1949

Chiang Kai-Shek v. Mao Zedong

Civil War: 1946-1949• KMT-Nationalist

Party Military campaign to

unite the ChineseDefeats warlords,

unites most of S. & central China

Sets sights on CCP

• KMT-Nationalist Party Military campaign to

unite the ChineseDefeats warlords,

unites most of S. & central China

Sets sights on CCP

CCP-Chinese Communist PartyBacked by SovietsFrustrated w/

China’s vulnerabilityFavored a violent

peasant revolution, modeled after the Bolshevik revolution

Leads to LONG MARCH

CCP-Chinese Communist PartyBacked by SovietsFrustrated w/

China’s vulnerabilityFavored a violent

peasant revolution, modeled after the Bolshevik revolution

Leads to LONG MARCH

Mao’s Long MarchMao’s Long March

• Massive military retreat from the KMT• Gave CCP the isolation it needed & time to

recuperate & rebuild army • Mao’s leadership during the March gained him

support & respect of party & peasants

• Massive military retreat from the KMT• Gave CCP the isolation it needed & time to

recuperate & rebuild army • Mao’s leadership during the March gained him

support & respect of party & peasants

“The Long March is a manifesto. It has proclaimed to the world that the Red Army is an army of heroes,

while the imperialists and their running dogs, Chiang Kai-shek and his like, are impotent. It has proclaimed their utter failure to encircle, pursue,

obstruct and intercept us. The Long March is also a propaganda force. It has announced to some 200

million people in eleven provinces that the road of the Red Army is their only road to liberation.”

Mao Zedong 1935

“The Long March is a manifesto. It has proclaimed to the world that the Red Army is an army of heroes,

while the imperialists and their running dogs, Chiang Kai-shek and his like, are impotent. It has proclaimed their utter failure to encircle, pursue,

obstruct and intercept us. The Long March is also a propaganda force. It has announced to some 200

million people in eleven provinces that the road of the Red Army is their only road to liberation.”

Mao Zedong 1935

“War of Liberation”“War of Liberation”

China under Mao Zedong

1949 - 1976

China under Mao Zedong

1949 - 1976

Mao’s AgendaMao’s Agenda

• A revolution to remove “3 big mountains”• imperialism• feudalism• bureaucrat-capitalism

• A “United Front” of …• workers• peasants

• A revolution to remove “3 big mountains”• imperialism• feudalism• bureaucrat-capitalism

• A “United Front” of …• workers• peasants

People’s Republic of China

People’s Republic of China

• 10-01-1949, PRC, Beijing• Chairman: Mao Zedong• 5-Star Red Flag

• Chiang’s “Republic of China” government retreated to Taiwan

• Villified along w/ US & Japan

• 10-01-1949, PRC, Beijing• Chairman: Mao Zedong• 5-Star Red Flag

• Chiang’s “Republic of China” government retreated to Taiwan

• Villified along w/ US & Japan

Mao’s First Political Campaigns

Mao’s First Political Campaigns

• Land reform & suppression of counter-revolutionaries-mass executions before organized crowds

• Mass repression targeting former KMT, businessmen, former employees of W. companies, intellectuals, rural gentry

• B/w 700,000-1 mil killed b/w 1949-53-most say #’s are as high as 2-5 mil

• Up to 1.5 mil sent to “reformed through labor” camps

• Land reform & suppression of counter-revolutionaries-mass executions before organized crowds

• Mass repression targeting former KMT, businessmen, former employees of W. companies, intellectuals, rural gentry

• B/w 700,000-1 mil killed b/w 1949-53-most say #’s are as high as 2-5 mil

• Up to 1.5 mil sent to “reformed through labor” camps

Economic Reconstruction First 5 Year Plan (1953-58)

Economic Reconstruction First 5 Year Plan (1953-58)

• Soviet Union model and assistance• land reform (eliminate landlord class)• heavy industry (state-owned enterprises)• Zhou Enlai

• Premier• Foreign Minister

• Soviet Union model and assistance• land reform (eliminate landlord class)• heavy industry (state-owned enterprises)• Zhou Enlai

• Premier• Foreign Minister

Mao & Stalin

Mao & Stalin on postage stamp

Great Leap ForwardSecond 5 Year Plan (1958-60)Great Leap Forward

Second 5 Year Plan (1958-60)

• Abandon Soviet model of econ. development

• Private food production banned; livestock & farm implements brought under collective ownership

• mass mobilization• people’s communes

• Abandon Soviet model of econ. development

• Private food production banned; livestock & farm implements brought under collective ownership

• mass mobilization• people’s communes

Great Leap Forward (1958-1960)

Great Leap Forward (1958-1960)

• Unrealistic output targets• industry• agricultural and human disaster• Largest famine in human history

• Unrealistic output targets• industry• agricultural and human disaster• Largest famine in human history

Official stat = 20 m died.

Other sources put the # b/w

20-72 mil.

Growing Division (1962-1965)

Growing Division (1962-1965)

• Mao Zedong vs. Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping

• charismatic leadership vs. pragmatic policies

• Mao Zedong vs. Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping

• charismatic leadership vs. pragmatic policies

Deng

Cultural Revolution 1966-76

Cultural Revolution 1966-76

Liu & Deng’s prominence leads Mao to launch the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution • commitment to revolution &“class

struggle”• power struggle to succeed Mao

Goal: Purge society of the 4 Olds ---

Old Custom, Old Culture, Old Habits, and Old Ideas.

Liu & Deng’s prominence leads Mao to launch the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution • commitment to revolution &“class

struggle”• power struggle to succeed Mao

Goal: Purge society of the 4 Olds ---

Old Custom, Old Culture, Old Habits, and Old Ideas.

The Little Red BookThe Little Red Book

Phase I: Red Guards (1966-69)

Phase I: Red Guards (1966-69)

• Purge of party cadres• Liu and Deng

• Purge of intellectuals

• Purge of party cadres• Liu and Deng

• Purge of intellectuals

Red GuardsRed Guards• Traveled throughout China, going to schools,

universities, and institutions, spreading the teachings of Mao.

• Attacked the “The Four Olds”• Made posters, speeches, criticized Party leaders,

& some committed violent acts in the name of the Revolution.

• Ppl in academic, media, & literature were attacked and labeled by the Red Guards as "capitalist roaders“

• Ransacked museums • Destroyed old books and works of art throughout

China. • Many famous temples, shrines, & other heritage

sites were destroyed. In total, 4,922 out of 6,843 were destroyed.

•

• Traveled throughout China, going to schools, universities, and institutions, spreading the teachings of Mao.

• Attacked the “The Four Olds”• Made posters, speeches, criticized Party leaders,

& some committed violent acts in the name of the Revolution.

• Ppl in academic, media, & literature were attacked and labeled by the Red Guards as "capitalist roaders“

• Ransacked museums • Destroyed old books and works of art throughout

China. • Many famous temples, shrines, & other heritage

sites were destroyed. In total, 4,922 out of 6,843 were destroyed.

•

Phase II: Lin Biao (1969-71)Phase II: Lin Biao (1969-71)• Mao’s assumed successor• 1971 - Lin allegedly tried

but failed• to assassinate Mao• to flee to Soviet Union

• Eroded the credibility of• the entire leadership• the Cultural Revolution

• Mao’s assumed successor• 1971 - Lin allegedly tried

but failed• to assassinate Mao• to flee to Soviet Union

• Eroded the credibility of• the entire leadership• the Cultural Revolution

Phase III: the “Gang of Four”

Phase III: the “Gang of Four”

Power struggle between• the radical “Gang of Four”,

led by Jiang Qing (Mao’s estranged wife): continue mass mobilization

• Moderates: central planning, return to Soviet model

• Reformers: Deng Xiaoping; overhaul economy based on market policies, deemphasize Maoist ideology

Power struggle between• the radical “Gang of Four”,

led by Jiang Qing (Mao’s estranged wife): continue mass mobilization

• Moderates: central planning, return to Soviet model

• Reformers: Deng Xiaoping; overhaul economy based on market policies, deemphasize Maoist ideology

1972 – 1976

Mao Died in 1976Mao Died in 1976

• Turning point in China’s postwar era

• “Gang of Four” were arrested• Ends Cultural Revolution

• Turning point in China’s postwar era

• “Gang of Four” were arrested• Ends Cultural Revolution

Mao’s legaciesMao’s legacies

Rise of Deng XiaopingRise of Deng Xiaoping

• Goal = help China achieve wealth & power

• Four modernizations:• Modernize agriculture• Expand industry• Develop science & technology• Upgrade defense

• Goal = help China achieve wealth & power

• Four modernizations:• Modernize agriculture• Expand industry• Develop science & technology• Upgrade defense

Deng, Time’s Man of the Year, 1978

Tianenmen Square Protests 1989

Tianenmen Square Protests 1989

• Labor activists, students, intellectuals believed reforms had not gone far enough

• Organized a protest against authoritarian policies of CCP

• Wanted a voice for democratic reform

• Started small, gains momentum as news of confrontation b/w police & students spread

• Labor activists, students, intellectuals believed reforms had not gone far enough

• Organized a protest against authoritarian policies of CCP

• Wanted a voice for democratic reform

• Started small, gains momentum as news of confrontation b/w police & students spread

"The Goddess of Democracy" carved by students from the Central Academy of Fine Arts &

erected during the protest.

Go Home!Go Home!• June 1989, govt. order

students to return home• Students refuse• Army opens fire on

crowd(~150,000)• Several thousand killed

or wounded• Govt. arrested, tortured,

and even executed leaders of this democracy movement

• June 1989, govt. order students to return home

• Students refuse• Army opens fire on

crowd(~150,000)• Several thousand killed

or wounded• Govt. arrested, tortured,

and even executed leaders of this democracy movement

Tiananmen Square as seen from the Tiananmen gate in 2004.

Tiananmen Square as seen from the Tiananmen gate in 2004.

The Unknown Rebel - This famous photo, taken on June 5, 1989, depicts an unknown man who stopped the

advancing tanks, and later supplied food and drinks to the tank soldier.

The Unknown Rebel - This famous photo, taken on June 5, 1989, depicts an unknown man who stopped the

advancing tanks, and later supplied food and drinks to the tank soldier.

Legacy….Legacy….

Deng’s Economic Reforms

Deng’s Economic Reforms

“Black cat, white cat, who care as long as it catches mice.”

Economic growth under Deng = significant

“Black cat, white cat, who care as long as it catches mice.”

Economic growth under Deng = significant

Leads to….Leads to….

• Large, low paid workforce• Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)• Introduction of Free markets• Spectacular growth & rising

standard of living• Consumerism

• Large, low paid workforce• Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)• Introduction of Free markets• Spectacular growth & rising

standard of living• Consumerism

New ChinaNew China