china ap comparative politics how many people live in china? *this presentation is adapted from...
TRANSCRIPT
ChinaChina
AP Comparative Politics
How many people live in China?
*This presentation is adapted from Ethel Wood “AP Comparative Government Study Guide”*
POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTPOLITICAL DEVELOPMENT
Four influences: Four influences:
Geographical InfluencesGeographical Influences
Historical Influences before 1949 Historical Influences before 1949
Historical Influences of the PRC Historical Influences of the PRC
The Political CultureThe Political Culture
GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA GEOGRAPHY OF CHINA
Largest population by far of any country on earth, and its land Largest population by far of any country on earth, and its land surface is the third largest, after Russia and Canada. surface is the third largest, after Russia and Canada.
Zhongguo, Zhongguo, means "Middle Kingdom“means "Middle Kingdom“
Some of its important geographical features includeSome of its important geographical features include
access to oceans/ice free ports access to oceans/ice free ports many large navigable rivers many large navigable rivers major geographical/climate splits between north and south major geographical/climate splits between north and south geographic isolation of the western part of the country geographic isolation of the western part of the country mountain ranges, deserts, and oceans that separate China from mountain ranges, deserts, and oceans that separate China from
other countries other countries These geographic features have shaped Chinese political These geographic features have shaped Chinese political
development for centuries. development for centuries.
Differences between Mandarin and CantoneseDifferences between Mandarin and Cantonese
Where They Are SpokenWhere They Are Spoken
Mandarin is the official language in Mainland China and Taiwan Mandarin is the official language in Mainland China and Taiwan Mandarin is one of the five official languages in the United Mandarin is one of the five official languages in the United
Nations. Nations. Cantonese is mainly spoken in Guangdong and Guangxi provincesCantonese is mainly spoken in Guangdong and Guangxi provinces
The Differences in the Languages ThemselvesThe Differences in the Languages Themselves
Same written characters with a few exceptions. Same written characters with a few exceptions. The pronunciation of the two are totally different.The pronunciation of the two are totally different. Mandarin has four tones and Cantonese has more than six. Mandarin has four tones and Cantonese has more than six. The two are both tonal languages and they also have different vowels and The two are both tonal languages and they also have different vowels and
consonants too.consonants too.
HISTORICAL INFLUENCES HISTORICAL INFLUENCES BEFORE 1949 BEFORE 1949
Dynastic ruleDynastic rule
Control by imperialistic nations Control by imperialistic nations
Revolutionary upheavalsRevolutionary upheavals
Dynastic Rule Dynastic Rule
Some major influences from the dynastic era Some major influences from the dynastic era include these principles:include these principles:
The The mandate of heavenmandate of heaven
A strong merit-based bureaucracy A strong merit-based bureaucracy
ConfucianismConfucianism
Control by Imperialistic NationsControl by Imperialistic Nations
Imperialistic nations Imperialistic nations
"spheres of influence" "spheres of influence"
Resentment of the "foreign devils" that they Resentment of the "foreign devils" that they eventually rebelled against. eventually rebelled against.
Revolutionary upheavalsRevolutionary upheavals
Major revolutions occurred in China in 1911 and Major revolutions occurred in China in 1911 and 1949, with many chaotic times in between. 1949, with many chaotic times in between.
Three themes dominated this revolutionary era:Three themes dominated this revolutionary era:
NationalismNationalism Establishing a new political community Establishing a new political community Socioeconomic DevelopmentSocioeconomic Development
The Legend of the Long MarchThe Legend of the Long March
The Long March - the 1934-36 pursuit of Mao's army The Long March - the 1934-36 pursuit of Mao's army across China by Chiang and his supporters. across China by Chiang and his supporters.
Opposite effect. Opposite effect.
Mao emerged as a hero of the people, and many of Mao emerged as a hero of the people, and many of
his loyal friends on the March lived on to be his loyal friends on the March lived on to be prominent leaders of the People's Republic of China prominent leaders of the People's Republic of China after its founding in 1949after its founding in 1949
The Japanese occupied China The Japanese occupied China during World War II, but after during World War II, but after the war ended, the forces of the war ended, the forces of Chiang and Mao met in Civil Chiang and Mao met in Civil War, and Mao prevailed. In War, and Mao prevailed. In 1949 Chiang fled to Taiwan, 1949 Chiang fled to Taiwan, and Mao established the and Mao established the People's Republic of China People's Republic of China under Communist rule. under Communist rule.
THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA - 1949 TO THE PRESENT CHINA - 1949 TO THE PRESENT
The People's Republic of China was born from The People's Republic of China was born from a civil war between the Nationalists under a civil war between the Nationalists under Chiang Kai-shek and the Communists under Chiang Kai-shek and the Communists under Mao Zedong. Mao Zedong.
Mao named his new China the "People's Mao named his new China the "People's Republican of China," and Chiang claimed Republican of China," and Chiang claimed that his headquarters in Taiwan formed the that his headquarters in Taiwan formed the true government. true government.
"Two Chinas”"Two Chinas”
Mao in 1949Mao in 1949
The political development of the PRCThe political development of the PRC
Phases:Phases: The Soviet Model The Soviet Model (1949-1957) (1949-1957)
Land ReformLand Reform. . Civil Reform Civil Reform Five-Year Plans Five-Year Plans
nationalize nationalize collectivizecollectivize socialism.socialism.
The Great Leap ForwardThe Great Leap Forward (1958-1960) (1958-1960)
The Great Leap Forward was a utopian effort The Great Leap Forward was a utopian effort to transform China into a radical egalitarian to transform China into a radical egalitarian society. It's emphasis was mainly economic, society. It's emphasis was mainly economic, and it was based on four principles:and it was based on four principles:
All-around development All-around development Mass mobilizationMass mobilization Political unanimity and zeal Political unanimity and zeal DecentralizationDecentralization The Great Leap Forward was a big flop. The Great Leap Forward was a big flop.
Mao during the cultural revolutionMao during the cultural revolution
The Cultural Revolution (The Cultural Revolution (1966-1978)1966-1978)
Political, social and economic change:Political, social and economic change: Mao’s main goal was the purify the party and the Mao’s main goal was the purify the party and the
country through radical transformation. country through radical transformation. Remove all vestiges of the old China and its Remove all vestiges of the old China and its
hierarchical bureaucracy and emphasis on inequality. hierarchical bureaucracy and emphasis on inequality. Mao died in 1976, leaving his followers divided into Mao died in 1976, leaving his followers divided into
factions:factions: RadicalsRadicals The Military The Military The ModeratesThe Moderates
Deng Xiaoping's Modernizations Deng Xiaoping's Modernizations (1978-Present)(1978-Present)
The Gang of Four The Gang of Four Zhou's death Zhou's death 1978, the new leader emerged - Deng 1978, the new leader emerged - Deng
Xiaping. Xiaping. New policiesNew policies
"Open door" trade policy "Open door" trade policy Reforms in education Reforms in education Institutionalization of the RevolutionInstitutionalization of the Revolution
Political CulturePolitical Culture
China's political culture is shaped by the many China's political culture is shaped by the many eras of history: eras of history: dynastic ruledynastic rule
control by imperialist nations and its aftermathcontrol by imperialist nations and its aftermath
communist rule. communist rule.
Dynastic ruleDynastic rule
The political culture inherited from centuries of The political culture inherited from centuries of dynastic rule centers around:dynastic rule centers around:
Confucian valuesConfucian values, such as order, harmony, and a , such as order, harmony, and a strong sense of hierarchy - "superior" and strong sense of hierarchy - "superior" and "subservient" positions. "subservient" positions.
China has traditionally valued China has traditionally valued scholarshipscholarship as a way as a way to establish superiorityto establish superiority
Strong sense of cultural identity Strong sense of cultural identity and a relatively and a relatively high degree of high degree of cultural omogeneity. cultural omogeneity.
EthnocentrismEthnocentrism
Resistance to imperialismResistance to imperialism
NationalismNationalism
This nationalism was secured by the This nationalism was secured by the Revolution of 1911, and the Revolution of 1911, and the hatred of the hatred of the "foreign devils"foreign devils" has led China to be cautious " has led China to be cautious and suspicious in her dealings with capitalist and suspicious in her dealings with capitalist countries today. countries today.
MaoismMaoism
Mao Zedong was strongly influenced by Karl Marx Mao Zedong was strongly influenced by Karl Marx and Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin), but his version of and Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin), but his version of communism is distinctly suited for China. communism is distinctly suited for China.
He believed in the strength of the peasant, and He believed in the strength of the peasant, and centered his philosophy around these central values: centered his philosophy around these central values:
collectivismcollectivism struggle and activism struggle and activism mass linemass line egalitarianism egalitarianism self-relianceself-reliance
Mao Zedong Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaopingand Deng Xiaoping
Deng Xiaoping TheoryDeng Xiaoping Theory
- "It doesn't matter whether a cat is white or - "It doesn't matter whether a cat is white or black, as long as it catches mice." black, as long as it catches mice."
The result of his leadership was a dramatic The result of his leadership was a dramatic turnaround of the Chinese economy through a turnaround of the Chinese economy through a combination of socialist planning and the combination of socialist planning and the capitalist free market. capitalist free market.
True to Communist PartyTrue to Communist Party
ParticipationParticipation Citizens are subjects of Citizens are subjects of
government, not participants in a government, not participants in a political system. political system.
The communist state redefined The communist state redefined political participation by creating a political participation by creating a relationship between the relationship between the Communist party and citizenship, Communist party and citizenship, and by defining the economic and by defining the economic relationship between citizens and relationship between citizens and the government. the government.
In recent years popular social In recent years popular social movements that support movements that support democracy, religious beliefs, and democracy, religious beliefs, and community ties over nationalism community ties over nationalism have influenced Chinese politics have influenced Chinese politics and helped to define China's and helped to define China's relationships with other countries. relationships with other countries.
Political PartyPolitical Party
The CCP is the largest political party in the world in The CCP is the largest political party in the world in terms of total formal membership, with about 58 terms of total formal membership, with about 58 million members at the turn of the century. million members at the turn of the century.
Only about 8 percent of those over eighteen (the Only about 8 percent of those over eighteen (the minimum age for joining the party) are members of minimum age for joining the party) are members of the CCP. the CCP.
Party membership is growing, with new members Party membership is growing, with new members recruited largely from the CCP's recruited largely from the CCP's Youth League.Youth League. About 68 million Chinese youths belonged to the About 68 million Chinese youths belonged to the Youth League by the late 1990s.Youth League by the late 1990s.
BACKGROUNDS OF PARTY MEMBERSBACKGROUNDS OF PARTY MEMBERS Transition in the backgrounds of party members. Transition in the backgrounds of party members. Cadres were peasants or factory workers, and few Cadres were peasants or factory workers, and few
were intellectuals or professionals. were intellectuals or professionals. Increasingly "technocratic"Increasingly "technocratic" Today less than 40 percent of party members come Today less than 40 percent of party members come
from the peasantry, although peasants still make up from the peasantry, although peasants still make up the largest single group within the CCP. the largest single group within the CCP.
The fastest growing membership category consists of The fastest growing membership category consists of officials, intellectuals, technicians, and other officials, intellectuals, technicians, and other professionals. professionals.
Women make up only about 20 percent of the Women make up only about 20 percent of the membership and only about 4 percent of the Central membership and only about 4 percent of the Central Committee.Committee.
A party-sponsored poster showing peasants listening to Mao's A party-sponsored poster showing peasants listening to Mao's red book as read by a party member.red book as read by a party member.
ELECTIONS ELECTIONS
PRC electionsPRC elections
Party controlsParty controls
Direct elections are held at the local levelDirect elections are held at the local level
1980s1980s
Direct, secret-ballot elections at local level. Direct, secret-ballot elections at local level.
NONCOMMUNIST PARTIES NONCOMMUNIST PARTIES
CCP allows the existence of eight CCP allows the existence of eight "democratic" parties. "democratic" parties.
MembershipMembership
Important advisory role to the party leaders. Important advisory role to the party leaders.
No independent democratic partiesNo independent democratic parties
GUANXIGUANXI AND FACTIONS AND FACTIONS
The picture above commemorates the legendary Long March of 1934-36 that sealed Mao's place in Chinese history as a charismatic leader who brought about great change.
His compatriots that made the journey with him became known as the "Old Guard," a group of friends that networked with one another for many years through guanxi, or personal connections.
NomenclatureNomenclature System of choosing cadres from lower levels System of choosing cadres from lower levels
of the party hierarchy for advancement based of the party hierarchy for advancement based on their loyalty and contributions to the well-on their loyalty and contributions to the well-being of the party. being of the party.
Patron-client networkPatron-client network called called guanxi.guanxi. based on ideology based on ideology the source of factions within the party. the source of factions within the party. pervasive at the local levelpervasive at the local level
FactionalismFactionalism Splits among the radicals and the reformers and the Splits among the radicals and the reformers and the
militarymilitary In general, the factions have split in at least three In general, the factions have split in at least three
ways:ways:
conservatives conservatives
reformers/open doorreformers/open door
Liberals Liberals
Process ofProcess of fang-shoufang-shou
CorruptionCorruption
The combination of The combination of guanxiguanxi and the economic and the economic boom of the past twenty years has brought boom of the past twenty years has brought about rampant corruption within the Chinese about rampant corruption within the Chinese economic and political system. economic and political system.
Bribes are commonBribes are common corruption is widely regarded as a major corruption is widely regarded as a major
problem. problem.
JIANG ZEMIN JIANG ZEMIN and ZHU RONGJIand ZHU RONGJI
INTERESTS, SOCIAL INTERESTS, SOCIAL MOVEMENTS, AND PROTESTS MOVEMENTS, AND PROTESTS
Control Mechanisms of the PartyControl Mechanisms of the Party
Interest groups and social movements are not Interest groups and social movements are not permitted to influence the political process permitted to influence the political process unless they are under the party-state authority. unless they are under the party-state authority.
Mass organizations formed around Mass organizations formed around occupations or social categoriesoccupations or social categories All-China Federation of Trade Unions, All-China Federation of Trade Unions, All-China Women's Federation. All-China Women's Federation. DanweiDanwei
ProtestProtest Difficult for the party-state to monitor citizens.Difficult for the party-state to monitor citizens. Tiananmen Square massacre of 1989 Tiananmen Square massacre of 1989 Major protests have been staged by religious Major protests have been staged by religious
groupsgroups Village protests Village protests Labor strikesLabor strikes Stability issuesStability issues
Political InstitutionsPolitical InstitutionsCCP CHINESE GOVERNMENTCCP CHINESE GOVERNMENT PLAPLA
PARALLEL HIERARCHYPARALLEL HIERARCHY
Three Three parallel hierarchies parallel hierarchies Principle of Principle of dual roledual role PRC's structure PRC's structure China's policy making is governed more China's policy making is governed more
directly by factions and personal relationshipsdirectly by factions and personal relationships. .
Organization of the CCPOrganization of the CCP
Organized hierarchically by levels Organized hierarchically by levels
The party has a separate constitution from the The party has a separate constitution from the government's constitution of 1982, and its central government's constitution of 1982, and its central bodies are:bodies are: National Party CongressNational Party Congress
Central CommitteeCentral Committee
Politburo/Standing CommitteePolitburo/Standing Committee
GovernmentGovernment Three branches - a legislature, an executive, and a judiciary. Three branches - a legislature, an executive, and a judiciary. People's National Congress People's National Congress The National People's Congress choose the President and Vice The National People's Congress choose the President and Vice
President of China, but there is only one party-sponsored President of China, but there is only one party-sponsored candidate for each positioncandidate for each position
Executive/BureaucracyExecutive/Bureaucracy The The PresidentPresident and and Vice PresidentVice President The The PremierPremier
BureaucracyBureaucracy
JudiciaryJudiciary
China has a 4-tiered "China has a 4-tiered "people's courpeople's court" systemt" system
““People's ProcuratoratePeople's Procuratorate" "
Criminal justice system campaigns. Criminal justice system campaigns.
Human Rights organizations criticize ChinaHuman Rights organizations criticize China
THE PEOPLE'S LIBERATION ARMYTHE PEOPLE'S LIBERATION ARMY""Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun.“Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun.“ - -
MaoMao
The People's Liberation Army encompasses all The People's Liberation Army encompasses all of the country's ground, air, and naval armed of the country's ground, air, and naval armed services. services.
Important influence on politics and policy. Important influence on politics and policy.
The second half of Mao's famous quote above is less The second half of Mao's famous quote above is less often quoted:often quoted:
"Our principle is that the party commands the gun, "Our principle is that the party commands the gun, and the gun must never be allowed to command and the gun must never be allowed to command the party." the party."
This propaganda poster represents life in the "Red Army" - This propaganda poster represents life in the "Red Army" - the military under Mao before the People's Republic of the military under Mao before the People's Republic of
China was formed in 1949. China was formed in 1949.
Policies and IssuesPolicies and Issues
Economic reforms Economic reforms
Demand political power and civil liberties?Demand political power and civil liberties?
Will contact through trade mean that China Will contact through trade mean that China will become more like their trading partners? will become more like their trading partners?
Economic PolicyEconomic Policy
Agricultural PoliciesAgricultural Policies
The People's CommunesThe People's Communes
Household Responsibility System Household Responsibility System
"PRIVATE BUSINESS“"PRIVATE BUSINESS“
Township and village enterprises Township and village enterprises (TVEs), (TVEs),
International TradeInternational Trade
Hong KongHong Kong
Special Economic Special Economic Zones (SEZs)Zones (SEZs). .
Foreign PolicyForeign Policy
FOREIGN POLICY UNDER MAOFOREIGN POLICY UNDER MAO
US/CHINESE RELATIONSUS/CHINESE RELATIONS
INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND BUSINESS TODAYBUSINESS TODAY
Democracy and Conservatism in Democracy and Conservatism in ChinaChina
FANG-SHOUFANG-SHOU
Three types of actions/policies:Three types of actions/policies:
economic reformeconomic reform
democratic movements (letting go)democratic movements (letting go)
tightening-up by the CCPtightening-up by the CCP. .
Political Change TodayPolitical Change Today
Democratic reforms can be seen in these ways: Democratic reforms can be seen in these ways: Some input from the National People's Congress is Some input from the National People's Congress is
accepted by the Politburo accepted by the Politburo
More emphasis is placed on laws and legal More emphasis is placed on laws and legal procedures procedures
Village elections are now semi-competitive, with Village elections are now semi-competitive, with choices of candidates and some freedom from the choices of candidates and some freedom from the party's control party's control
"A good leader should encourage"A good leader should encouragedemocracy and also be capable of taking resolute action at criticaldemocracy and also be capable of taking resolute action at critical
moments." moments." -CCP Chairman Hu Jintao-CCP Chairman Hu Jintao
Politics TodayPolitics Today Hu was Chosen as General Secretary of the Communist
Party of China on November 15, 2002 Became President of the People's Republic of China on
March 15, 2003, following his election by the National People's Congress, thus replacing his predecessor Jing Zemin.
He is the first party chief to have joined the Communist Party after the Revolution over 50 years ago
Claims to have a photographic memory and tends to Claims to have a photographic memory and tends to have moderate views.have moderate views.
Links for China StudyLinks for China Study
http://teacherweb.ftl.pinecrest.edu/crawfor/apcg/Unit4china.htmhttp://teacherweb.ftl.pinecrest.edu/crawfor/apcg/Unit4china.htm
http://http://www.pds.org/sanderson/chinalinks.htmwww.pds.org/sanderson/chinalinks.htm
http://http://afe.easia.columbia.eduafe.easia.columbia.edu//
http://www.aasd.k12.wi.us/Staff/salmcurtis/Salm/Ap%20comparative/Chinhttp://www.aasd.k12.wi.us/Staff/salmcurtis/Salm/Ap%20comparative/China_files/china_notes.htma_files/china_notes.htm
http://athena.prs.k12.nj.us/users/ewood/china/index.htmhttp://athena.prs.k12.nj.us/users/ewood/china/index.htm
Terms to KnowTerms to Know CadreCadre CCPCCP Central CommitteeCentral Committee Cultural RevolutionCultural Revolution Democratic centralismDemocratic centralism Deng XiaopingDeng Xiaoping Fragmented authoritarianismFragmented authoritarianism ““Gang of Four”Gang of Four” Great Leap ForwardGreat Leap Forward Guomindang (GMD)Guomindang (GMD) Hong KongHong Kong Hundred Flowers campaignHundred Flowers campaign Jiang ZaminJiang Zamin Long MarchLong March Mao ZedongMao Zedong MaoismMaoism ““mass line”mass line”
National Party CongressNational Party CongressNational People’s CongressNational People’s CongressNationalist PartyNationalist PartyNomenclatura systemNomenclatura systemOne-child family policyOne-child family policyPLAPLAPolitburoPolitburoRule by lawRule by lawSocialist market economySocialist market economyState councilState councilTaiwanTaiwanTiananment massacreTiananment massacreWarlordWarlordZhu RhongjiZhu Rhongji
Discussion Q’s 1Discussion Q’s 1
What is the future of China?What is the future of China?
Should US foreign policy be linked to human Should US foreign policy be linked to human rights, economic development, political rights, economic development, political legitimacy and/or regional politics?legitimacy and/or regional politics?
Discuss the relationship between the Discuss the relationship between the Communist Party and the government of Communist Party and the government of China.China.
Discussion Q’s 2Discussion Q’s 2
What is the relationship between the People’s What is the relationship between the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) and the people of Liberation Army (PLA) and the people of China. How was that relationship manifested China. How was that relationship manifested in the Tiananmen Square massacre?in the Tiananmen Square massacre?
Explain why Chinese leaders decided that Explain why Chinese leaders decided that economic liberalization should precede economic liberalization should precede political liberalization,political liberalization,
Discussion Q’s 3Discussion Q’s 3
From the Chinese perspective, how is the size From the Chinese perspective, how is the size of a governing body related to its power?of a governing body related to its power?
What is political indoctrination? Propaganda? What is political indoctrination? Propaganda? Under what conditions do these efforts Under what conditions do these efforts succeed or fail?succeed or fail?
Discussion Q’s 4Discussion Q’s 4
What are the arguments for building the Three What are the arguments for building the Three Gorges Dam? Countervailing arguments? Gorges Dam? Countervailing arguments? What groups in China are against this effort What groups in China are against this effort and will their voices be heard in the “new” and will their voices be heard in the “new” China?China?
What would your life be like if you were a What would your life be like if you were a university student in China?university student in China?