Child and Adolescents Reviewer

Motor development – coordination both in fine motor skills involving large muscle improves

Puberty - differences that differentiate females and males

Spermache - first ejaculation of semen containing ejaculate for the males

Menarche - beginning of menstrual cycle for the female

FACTORS THAT AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT:

1. Maternal Nutrition – Mothers supplies all the nutrients to the inborn fetus thu food intake

2. Child Nutrition – Adequate nutrition contributes to a continuous brain growth, rapid skeletal, and muscular development.

3. Early Sensory Stimulation – Children under that age tend to be farsighted

FACTORS THAT AFFECT GROWTH

1. Genetic History – the child genetic history influences to a large extent growth

2. Nutrition – Without a good diet, kids won’t grow normally,”

3. Medical Conditions – Children born with or develop serious medical conditions can have stunted growth if not treated.

4. Exercise – Regular physical activity promotes growth by strengthening bones and muscles.

5. Sleep – About 70 to 80 percent of growth hormone is secreted during sleep

6. Emotional Well-being – Children must be nurtured with love, patience, and understanding.

EXCEPTIONAL DEVELOPMENT

A. Physical Disabilities – physical handicappeda. Impairment of bone and muscles

systemb. Impairment of nerve and muscle

systemsc. Deformities or absence of body

organs and systems

Causes of Handicaps

1. Prenatal factors – affect normal development before and aftera. Genetic or chromosomal

aberrations – Blood incompatibility of husband and wife

b. Prematurity – Birth of the fetus usually earlier than ninth month

c. Infection – caused by bacteria or virus

d. Malnutrition – insufficient intake of food nutrients

e. Irradiation – exposure of pregnant mother to radioactive elements

f. Metabolic disturbances – Inability of the mother or the fetus to make use of food intake

g. Drug abuse – Entry large quantities odd medicines

2. Prenatal Factorsa. Birth injuries – injuries suffered by

newborn babyb. Difficult labor – hard and prolonged

labor

c. Hemorrhage – Profuse bleeding of the mother during birth

3. Postnatal factorsa. Infections – caused by illness b. Tumor and abscess in the brain –

destroy the brain cellsc. Fractures and dislocations –

destructions of mobility organsd. Tuberculosis of the bones – TB

germs unlikely to attack the bonee. Cerebrovascular inquiries – injuries

in the head regionf. Post-seizure or post-surgical

complications – convulsions after delivery

g. Arthritis, rheumatism – disease affecting the spinal column

B. Sensory Impairments1. Visual impairments – visual

problem that calls for specific modification

2. Blindness is inability of the person to see anything – vision is 20/200

THE MOST COMMON VISUAL PROBLEMS

1. Reduced visual Acuity – poor sight2. Amblyopia – lazy eye3. Hyperopia – farsightedness4. Myopia – nearightedness5. Astigmatism – imperfect vision

VISUAL PROBLEMS AFFECT STUDENTS

1. Albinism – Rapid involuntary side movement of the eyeball

2. Cataract – The lens of the eye changes from a clear

3. Macular degeneration – The central part of the retina which is called macula is affected

4. Diabetic retinopathy – leading causes of new cases of blindness and

characterized by hemorrhaging of the tiny vessels of retina

5. Glaucoma - increase pressure within the eye, gradual loss of vision

6. Retinitis Pigmentosa – inherited condition which begins with the loss of night vision

7. Retinopathy of prematurity (Deterioration of the retina) - High level of oxygen required for survival of premature infants

CAUSES OF DEAFNESS

a. Heredityb. Prematurityc. Malnutritiond. Rh Factor – blood incompatibility of

parentse. Overdose of medicine

CLASSIFICATION OF HEARING IMPAIRED CHILDREN

a. Congenitally deaf –Born deafb. Adventitiously deaf – born with normal

hearing but became deaf due to accident or illness

a. Prelingual deaf –present at birth or occurring before language or speech development

b. Postlingual deaf – occurs after speech or language development

a. Conductive hearing loss – impaired hearing due to interference in sound transmission

b. Sensory neural hearing loss – impairment due to abnormal inner ear

c. Mixed hearing loss – combination of conductive and sensory neural hearing loss.

ACCORDING TO DEGREE OF HEARNG LOSS:

a. Slightb. Mildc. Moderated. Severee. Profound

DIFFERENT TYPES OF LEARNING DISABILITIES ARE:

a. Dyslexia – readingb. Dysgraphia – writingc. Visual agnosia – sightd. Motor aphasia – speakinge. Dysarthria – stutteringf. Auditory agnosia – hearingg. Olfactory agnosia – smellingh. Dyscalculia - math