chief justice john jay - fromm institutesullivan... · britain, dec. 17, 1807 v jefferson signs...
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Chief Justice John Jay(Former Confederation Foreign Minister)
v Favored allowing British troop movements
v If the US blocked Britain, the result might be war
v Or, the disgrace and humiliation of permitting them to proceed with impunity
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Secretary of State Jeffersonv Jefferson saw the same
options as Jay
v But he proposed a “middle course”: they should evasively “avoid giving any answer”
v Thus not embroiling the infant US in another war
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Vice President Adamsv Adams urged
opposition to Britain regardless of the consequences
v Although he also hoped that a refusal would lead to negotiations rather than war
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Secretary of War Henry Knoxv Agreed with Adams: Britain
should be refused
v But, the US should also worry about France: US still bound by 1778 alliance
v Should France ally with Spain (very likely) it would expect US support
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Secretary of War Henry Knoxv Should the US comply with
the 1778 French treaty or proclaim neutrality?
v US might find itself at war with Britain, regardless of its own interests
v French alliance threatened to entangle the US in wars
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Alexander Hamiltonv Hamilton took a more
pragmatic approach than the others
v US had no hope of enforcing a denial of the British
v US would thus derive a greater benefit from simply giving Britain permission
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A Negotiated Solution, 1790
v Many historians have overlooked this controversy
v Prospect of war a reminder of US weakness and peril
v Reinforced Washington’s belief in neutrality
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Washington and Nootka Sound
v Washington consulted a large group of advisors
v Never called cabinet together
v In fact, not until winter 1792–93 did he even refer to a “cabinet” or meet with them on a regular basis
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French Revolution, 1789-1799v Friendly relations, 1778-
v Revolution’s violent turn, 1792-
v Polarization in US: Jeffersonians identified with Revolution
v Federalists feared chaos would jeopardize the US
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Second Term Crises, 1793-1797v Revolution intensifies, as do
tensions with Britain, France
v US political polarization
v Anglo-French wars made it seem unsafe to retire
v Even Jefferson urged him
v Another term, reluctantly
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Foreign Affairs: Francev Washington issued a
Proclamation of Neutrality, April 1793
v Washington cautiously received the new French envoy, Edmond Charles Genet (“Citizen Genet”) May 1793
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Jay’s Treaty, 1794v Calls for war with Britain
widespread by 1794
v Washington sent Jay to London
v France interpreted the treaty as a US-British alliance
v France retaliated by seizing US ships, personnel
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Controversy over Jay’s Treaty
v Failed to deal with the impressment problem and American neutrality
v Accepted British supremacy at sea
v Did put off direct conflict between America and its stronger rival
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Washington’s Farewell Address:Dangers of Entangling Alliances
(Does Washington receive sufficient credit? Acts of prevention? Do no harm?
A blundering president might have proved fatal)
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John Adams, 1797-1801
v Struggled in office
v Grappled with French and British
v Franco-American “Quasi War” 1797-1800
v Alien and Sedition Acts, 1798
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Problems with France dominated the Adams administration
v France angry about US refusal to pay Revolutionary debts
v France dismayed by Anglo-US Jay Treaty
v French expected bribes; outrage when US went public
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Coup d'état of 18 BrumaireNovember 9, 1799
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The US-French Convention of 1800: Ends 1798–1800 Quasi-War,
terminates 1778 Treaty of Alliance
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The French Revolutionv US caught between
Britain & France
v World at war (once again)
v Britain & France disrespected US rights with impunity
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Jefferson and Foreign Affairsv Frustrations of a pacifist
v Barbary Wars, 1801-05
v Louisiana Purchase, 1803
v Perils of a neutral nation
v Failed embargo, 1807-09
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Louisiana Purchase, 1803An “Empire for Liberty”?
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US obtained 800,000 square miles between the Mississippi & the Rockies. Purchased from France for $15 million. Increases US territory by 140 percent.
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Louisiana Purchase: all or portions of 15 states (TX, LA, AR, OK, MO, KS, CO, NE,
IA, MN, WY, MT, SD, ND, NM)
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Emperor Napoleon, 1806
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Jefferson’s Disillusionmentv “It seemed as if everything
in that country for the last twelve or fifteen years had been a DREAM,” said a disillusioned Jefferson
v Now, he wished only for a stable constitutional monarchy in France, with a return of the Bourbon dynasty!
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USS Chesapeake vs. HMS LeopardJune 22, 1807
3 Americans killed, 18 wounded; 4 impressed.Of the 4 impressed, only 1 British born!2 African American, 1 a former slave!
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Jefferson, Britain & France
v British “Orders in Council” forbids trade with France, Nov. 1807
v Napoleon forbids trade with Britain, Dec. 17, 1807
v Jefferson signs Embargo Act, Dec. 1807, retaliation against Britain & France (2nd
Embargo Act, Jan. 1808)
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Criticizing Jefferson’s Embargo:“Intercourse or Impartial Dealings”
Jefferson robbed by George III & Napoleon
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Consequences of the Embargo
v Jefferson’s Embargo Acts severely damaged economy
v US exports collapsed from $108 million to $22 million!
v Economic depression settled over much of the nation
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Congress Repeals Embargo, March 1809
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Impressment of 8,000 Americans! Feb. 1811: Madison halts trade with Britain
unless Orders in Council are repealed. Britain vows to continue to seize US ships.
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Declaration of Warv June 1: Message to Congress,
justifying war with Britain
v June 4: House votes 79-49 for war
v June 16: To avoid war with US, Britain revokes Orders in Council
v News reaches US too late!
v June 17: Senate votes 19-13 for declaration of war (close votes!)
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Napoleon Crosses the NiemanJune 24, 1812