chiao-yu lou gary mccloud kyoung a you. shortening sentences that involve coordination sentences...

Chiao-Yu Lou Chiao-Yu Lou

Gary McCloud Gary McCloud

Kyoung A YouKyoung A You

Shortening sentences that Shortening sentences that involve coordination involve coordination

►Sentences that involve coordination tend Sentences that involve coordination tend to be efficient, in that material that could to be efficient, in that material that could be repeated generally is notbe repeated generally is not..

-For example:-For example:

A: A: AliceAlice washed washed the silverware the silverware and and AliceAlice dried dried the silverware.the silverware.

B: Alice washed and dried the silverwareB: Alice washed and dried the silverware..

Conjunction ReductionConjunction Reduction

►Shorten sentences with clauses conjoined Shorten sentences with clauses conjoined byby and, or, neither…nor and, or, neither…nor, or , or but notbut not, which , which are identical except for one constituent.are identical except for one constituent.

- For example- For example

John kissed Susan or John hugged Susan.John kissed Susan or John hugged Susan.

John kissed or hugged Susan.John kissed or hugged Susan.

Verb Phrase EllipsisVerb Phrase Ellipsis

One of the repeated verb phrases can One of the repeated verb phrases can be omitted in a conjoined clause. The be omitted in a conjoined clause. The verb phrase is deleted if it contains a verb phrase is deleted if it contains a modal or auxiliary verb and is identical modal or auxiliary verb and is identical to the previous one. Notice that in this to the previous one. Notice that in this type of reduction when there is a type of reduction when there is a modal or other auxiliary, the auxiliary modal or other auxiliary, the auxiliary remains. remains.


►For example:For example:

-Alice can come to the party, and John -Alice can come to the party, and John can come to the partycan come to the party, too , too

ModalModal

Alice can come to the party, John Alice can come to the party, John cancan, , tootoo


-Alice is coming to the party, and John -Alice is coming to the party, and John is is coming to the partycoming to the party, too., too.

auxiliaryauxiliary

Alice is coming to the party, and JohnAlice is coming to the party, and John is is, , too.too.

-Alice had left the party, but John -Alice had left the party, but John hadn’t left hadn’t left the party. the party. auxiliaryauxiliary

Alice had left the party, but JohnAlice had left the party, but John hadn’t. hadn’t.


But, But,

when a modal and more than one when a modal and more than one auxiliary are present, they can be auxiliary are present, they can be elided only up to a point where the elided only up to a point where the intended meaning of the second intended meaning of the second clause can be recovered.clause can be recovered.

Verb Phrase EllipsisVerb Phrase EllipsisFor exampleFor example

a. John may have gone home for the a. John may have gone home for the summer, and Valerie summer, and Valerie may have gone may have gone home home for the summer, too. for the summer, too.

b. John may have gone home for the b. John may have gone home for the summer, and Valerie summer, and Valerie may havemay have, too., too.

c. * John may have gone home for the c. * John may have gone home for the summer, and Valerie may, too summer, and Valerie may, too (it means (it means Valerie may go home for the summer, too)Valerie may go home for the summer, too)

Delayed Right Constituent Delayed Right Constituent CoordinationCoordination

►Sentences with conjoined clauses that Sentences with conjoined clauses that have different verbs but identical have different verbs but identical elements following-for example, object elements following-for example, object NPs that complements- can be NPs that complements- can be shortened by a stylistic rule called shortened by a stylistic rule called delayed right constituent coordination. delayed right constituent coordination.


►For example For example

Sandra denied Sandra denied that the faculty knew about that the faculty knew about Bill’s researchBill’s research, but Fred affirmed , but Fred affirmed that the that the faculty knew about Bill’s researchfaculty knew about Bill’s research. .

that complementthat complement

Sandra denied, but Fred affirmed, Sandra denied, but Fred affirmed, that the that the faculty knew about Bill’s research.faculty knew about Bill’s research.


►Alex owned Alex owned a vintage 1970 BMWa vintage 1970 BMW, and , and Sue knew a guy who wanted to buy Sue knew a guy who wanted to buy a a vintage 1970 BMW.vintage 1970 BMW.

object NPobject NP

Alex owned, and Sue knew a guy who Alex owned, and Sue knew a guy who wanted to buy, wanted to buy, a vintage 1970 BMWa vintage 1970 BMW..

GappingGapping

► If conjoined clauses have If conjoined clauses have identical identical verbsverbs, the verb and any other identical , the verb and any other identical constituent immediately preceding or constituent immediately preceding or following the verb can be elided from following the verb can be elided from the second clauses. This leaves a gap the second clauses. This leaves a gap in the middle of that clauses, so this in the middle of that clauses, so this process is referred to as process is referred to as gapping.gapping.

GappingGapping►For exampleFor example

a. John a. John orderedordered carrots, and Fred carrots, and Fred orderedordered peas.peas.

b. John ordered carrots, and Fred ----- peas.b. John ordered carrots, and Fred ----- peas.

Often the elided element is just the verb.Often the elided element is just the verb.

a. Bill a. Bill gavegave a ring to Alice, and Fred a ring to Alice, and Fred gave gave a a dime to Sue.dime to Sue.

b. Bill gave a ring to Alice, and Fred a dime b. Bill gave a ring to Alice, and Fred a dime to Sue.to Sue.

GappingGapping

►A gap comprises more than just a verb; A gap comprises more than just a verb; it’s a verb and prepositional phrase.it’s a verb and prepositional phrase.

For exampleFor example

a. She a. She came to Canada came to Canada in 1999, and her in 1999, and her parents came to Canada in 2001.parents came to Canada in 2001.

b. She came to Canada in 1999, and her b. She came to Canada in 1999, and her parents in 2001.parents in 2001.

GappingGapping►Gapping cannot be applied to sentences Gapping cannot be applied to sentences

with infinitive or gerund complements.with infinitive or gerund complements.a. John a. John askedasked Bill to leave, and Sam Bill to leave, and Sam askedasked

Sue to apologize.Sue to apologize.

b. * John asked Bill to leave, and Sam Sue to b. * John asked Bill to leave, and Sam Sue to apologize.apologize.

a. Ed a. Ed keptkept onon eating, and Gary eating, and Gary keptkept onon arguing.arguing.

b .* Ed kept on eating, and Gary arguing.b .* Ed kept on eating, and Gary arguing.

Discourse Connectors Discourse Connectors

Chiao-Yu LouChiao-Yu Lou

Gary McCloudGary McCloud

KyoungA YouKyoungA You

Discourse Connectors

Discourse connectors are connectives like subordinators and coordinators. They differ from these other connectives not only in their ability to link a sentence to a larger piece of discourse, but also because they are less restricted in terms of where they may occur in a sentence.

Discourse Connectorsa. Form

Whereas coordinators occur between the clauses they connect and subordinators occur at the beginning of the clause they introduce, discourse connectors can occur at the beginning of a sentence, within it, and at the end of the sentence.

Sonia was discouraged when the committee vetoed her plan.

*(a) However, this time she was not going to let herself be beaten.

*(b) This time, however, she was not going to let herself be beaten.

*(c) She was not going to let herself be beaten this time, however. Sonia was discouraged when the committee vetoed her plan; however, she was not going to let herself be beaten.


Meaning: Cohesive Relationships

Discourse connectors establish semantic relationships between the sentence they appear in and preceding sentences. By establishing these relationships, discourse connectors contribute to cohesion--- they help the ideas in the discourse hang together and clarify how they hang together.

Discourse Connectorsb. Ordering

Ordering discourse connectors indicate and order the main points that speakers or writers want to make.• First, your article fails to fully describe the manner in which independent fund directors

are selected for fund boards.

• Second, the article pejoratively characterizes the fact that many directors sit on boards that oversee multiple funds.

• Third, the article implies that fund management fees and expenses are increasing.

• Finally, you state that directors rarely spend more than 100 to 200 hours per year on their fund duties.

Discourse ConnectorsC. Summary

Summary discourse connectors establish content that follows as summarizing or providing a conclusion to preceding information.

I would like to take a moment to summarize the facts that I presented earlier.

To summarize, we need a better school.

Discourse Connectorsd. AdditiveAdditive discourse connectors show information that is parallel to and builds on preceding information. For example, in addition and moreover.

These new technologies show great promise for expanding our overall knowledge of

how L1 transfer develops. They will enable us to determine whether the predictions

made by current SLA theory are accurate. In addition, they can provide us with

authentic examples that may be incorporated in second language instruction.

In addition is appropriate for the purpose of simply adding some parallel material.

Discourse Connectors Last week the Mountaineers Club tackled the ascent of Mount Hood. The climbers were

not happy with their leader, who displayed uncertainty at several points during the climb.

Moreover, the weather was bad, which meant that the beautiful view they had been

anticipating was obscured on the way up and during the descent.

Moreover is appropriate when the sentence is adding information that is not merely parallel to what preceded, but is potentially contributing to some conclusion that need not be explicitly expressed.

Discourse Connectorse. Contrast

Contrast discourse links information viewed as contrastive, whetherthe contrast is between different aspects of a subject or one or moreaspects of different subjects.

In terms of annual mean temperature, Alaska is cold, ______, Rio is clearly hot.

a.Howeverb.Neverthelessc.Despite thatd.still


Instead : often introduces an action that contrasts with a previously mentioned action.

On the contrary : can preface a remark that reflects the speaker’s stance of contradiction to something that has been said.

In contrast : is often used when two subjects or aspects of a subject differ in one or more respects.

Discourse Connectorsf. Cognitive Stance

Cognitive stance discourse connectors express the writer’s cognitive stance regarding the truth of the preceding content and introduce content in support of the stance.

The dean did not object to the proposal. Indeed, what he said in the ensuing discussion seemed to support it.

Discourse Connectorsg. Exemplification and Restatement

Exemplification and restatement signal that information following in some way clarifies the information that preceded. The clarification may take the form of examples or of some expansion or other explanation of what preceded. These discourse connectors are sometimes also referred to as appositive connectors or adverbials of apposition.


There are ways in which you might improve your chances of gaining financing for your project. For example, you could try to bring the focus of your research more in line with the goals of the request for proposals that our agency announced on the Internet.

The most common connectors of exemplification are for example and for instance.

If you had accepted their offer, they would have given you a $14,000 moving allowance. In other words, the total amount of compensation that you would have received would have been greater than what you finally accepted.

The connectors of restatement include that is, In other words, more precisely, which is to say, that is to say, and namely.



That is (which is to say) often appears in sentences internally.

All of the Hispanic students who took the foreign language section of the ACT would receive an extra 15 points; that is, they would boost their overall chances for admission by 30 percent and also meet the undergraduate foreign language requirement if admitted. (elaborating)

All of the SUVs had a tendency to roll up on two wheels at lower speeds. In other words, thy flunked the rollover test. (rephrasing)

Discourse Connectorsh. Result

Result discourse connectors introduce information that is a consequence of preceding information.

The Chinese passive is semantically restricted to cases where

the subject is adversely affected by the action. Consequently,

some English passives are anomalous in Chinese.

Discourse Connectorsi. Concession

The concession discourse connectors introduce information that is surprising or unexpected in light of previous information.

Laura had the third highest score on the ACT test in the country.

Nevertheless / In spite of that / Still, she did not get admitted

to Harvard.

Discourse markers Discourse markers

- Words that are additional parts of - Words that are additional parts of the sentence used by English the sentence used by English speakers for several purposes.speakers for several purposes.

- Discourse markers can be used - Discourse markers can be used in different ways.in different ways.

Discourse markersDiscourse markersI mean

Well

You know

Oh

Okay

Right

Like

I meanI mean

► Rephrase in order to repair and/or clarify or Rephrase in order to repair and/or clarify or provide additional explanation of a point.provide additional explanation of a point.

For example:For example:

It’s to my advantage, It’s to my advantage, I meanI mean, it’s to our mutual , it’s to our mutual advantage, to work together. advantage, to work together.

(rephrase)(rephrase)

Girl: Do you think I’m fat?Girl: Do you think I’m fat?

Boy: You should go to the gym.Boy: You should go to the gym.

Girl: !@#!@$@%Girl: !@#!@$@%

Boy: Boy: I mean I mean if you are worried about your health, it’s if you are worried about your health, it’s better to go to the gym.better to go to the gym.

(clarify )(clarify )

Well Well a. Signal the speaker’s deliberation about how to a. Signal the speaker’s deliberation about how to

continuecontinue

b. Preface a responseb. Preface a response

c . Indicate a desire to end a topicc . Indicate a desire to end a topic

d . Preface a disagreementd . Preface a disagreementFor example:For example:

A: Can you drop me at the airport on Friday? A: Can you drop me at the airport on Friday?

B: B: WellWell, if you don’t mind riding a donkey. I ride a , if you don’t mind riding a donkey. I ride a donkey now. The gas is too expensive. donkey now. The gas is too expensive.

(Preface a disagreement)(Preface a disagreement)

A: I think the food at this market is delicious ! A: I think the food at this market is delicious !

B: B: WellWell, I feel like throwing up when I eat it., I feel like throwing up when I eat it.

(preface a disagreement)(preface a disagreement)

You know…You know…

a. Preface possibly well-known information by a. Preface possibly well-known information by emphasizingemphasizing

b. A tag questionb. A tag question

c. Signal Deliberationc. Signal Deliberation

Boy: Who made this food? It’s awful. Boy: Who made this food? It’s awful.

Girl: Actually, I spent 3 hours cooking…right? Girl: Actually, I spent 3 hours cooking…right?

Boy: -_- ! I mean, it’s awesome. Boy: -_- ! I mean, it’s awesome. You knowYou know, I always like your food., I always like your food.

(emphasizing)(emphasizing)

Boy: That was a very good movie, Boy: That was a very good movie, you knowyou know? ?

Girl: Yah, you’re right.Girl: Yah, you’re right.

(a tag question)(a tag question)

OhOh

► Is a mental state marker that indicates the speaker Is a mental state marker that indicates the speaker has realized and understood something such as a has realized and understood something such as a realization or as a repair or clarification marker.realization or as a repair or clarification marker.

For exampleFor example::

II think the law was passed in 1998, think the law was passed in 1998, OhOh, maybe it was , maybe it was 1999. I don’t remember for sure1999. I don’t remember for sure

(repair) (repair)

Girl: How do I learn more about the TESOL program here Girl: How do I learn more about the TESOL program here at CSUSB?at CSUSB?

Boy: You can call Professor Diaz-Rico.Boy: You can call Professor Diaz-Rico.

Girl: Girl: OhOh, I see. , I see.

(realization) (realization)

OkayOkay

a. Wrap up a topica. Wrap up a topic

b. Indicate the speaker’s understandingb. Indicate the speaker’s understanding

For exampleFor example::

Mom: You have to clean up your room, finish your homework, Mom: You have to clean up your room, finish your homework, clean the garage, take out the trash, and…….bla bla blaclean the garage, take out the trash, and…….bla bla bla

Son: Son: Okay, okayOkay, okay, I know, leave me alone., I know, leave me alone.

(Indicates the speaker’s understanding; could also be (Indicates the speaker’s understanding; could also be interpreted as wrapping up a topicinterpreted as wrapping up a topic))

Mom: And you have to finish it in 1 hour.Mom: And you have to finish it in 1 hour.

Son: Son: OkayOkay. I will. . I will.

(Wrap up a topic)(Wrap up a topic)

RightRight

a. Initiate a new phase in the conversationa. Initiate a new phase in the conversation

b. Indicate comprehension and agreementb. Indicate comprehension and agreement

b. A tagb. A tag

A: I registered for my final three TESOL classes for next quarter.A: I registered for my final three TESOL classes for next quarter.

B: B: RightRight, now you can think about the comprehensive exam., now you can think about the comprehensive exam.

(Indicates comprehension and agreement)(Indicates comprehension and agreement)

Husband: I finished all the housework you asked me to do.Husband: I finished all the housework you asked me to do.

Wife: Wife: RightRight, now you can start cleaning the backyard., now you can start cleaning the backyard.

(Indicates comprehension and agreement)(Indicates comprehension and agreement)

Husband: You know that I’m not a slave, Husband: You know that I’m not a slave, rightright? ?

(A tag) (A tag)

LikeLikea. Mark the salient word or phasea. Mark the salient word or phase

b. Soften requestsb. Soften requests

c. Mark an approximationc. Mark an approximation

d. Introduce reported speechd. Introduce reported speech

A: You know, my boyfriend, he’sA: You know, my boyfriend, he’s like like so cool and stuff, he’s got so cool and stuff, he’s got this really this really

cool tattoo. cool tattoo.

(Marks the salient word or phase).(Marks the salient word or phase).

B: Excuse me, Susie, B: Excuse me, Susie, likelike um, can I borrow some money? um, can I borrow some money?

(Softens request).(Softens request).

A: I couldn't believe it. She was A: I couldn't believe it. She was likelike “ Um, my boyfriend is a slob, I “ Um, my boyfriend is a slob, I think I’ll break up with him” think I’ll break up with him”

(introduces reported speech).(introduces reported speech).

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XYI5hNXvaPA

Count how many discourse Count how many discourse markers you can hear.markers you can hear.

• Um Um • (6) (6) • Oh Oh • (1)(1)• Like Like • (2)(2)

Thank youThank you

chiao-yu lou gary mccloud kyoung a you. shortening sentences that involve coordination sentences...

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auxiliary verb

verb phrase ellipsis

auxiliary auxiliary

identical constituent

conjoined clauses

modal modal alice

john hadnt

repeated verb phrases