gl3ll9lgl.t9 Wg. ob..o.!r lnolrtrtr !r r tr.!Elt. friatrtlilu tcltrl .lc Dlrtlt tlab rtt tutl r.l.tlt rtnrroturlt c&i,b 3ro... Pt|l I dla ritaolrl oiirr olcrl r.rhtcat nl I ru egl, lr u"rtrrt o.p.oltrt.. or prlrrltr Port.atf, 11 rc' !r rilpot! ribctrt.il :,ttrtratr lrtcrrle . luoilatlllo !r iaotr.otrl 9r obrlorne rlat ta conrtruotllic fluYhla tl r.tlttrt, . atittr.t r fr amr"rr, ttc plnlat rf.ot.t. dr rfulcrr. .ub loaqli fuodtrrr rrtgurlld .ubt.rana. grcour $l 1r rcrllair.r Btoa ooartrrrotll da obt o r l , r i l a Chcrora clc rin t cletcnt c dt ooaat r uc f b, b?to! traatr otra ir coborrl ln tcrca rtu lo rplq lnorrtriaob.rorcoborirll, b[a dc fundrrc. Ec tilpul , Ou-rc la rtratul ,' aclc aalgurd ll aprljlalrce rlpf,turllorr 1.r dupl aJungorc lr '. cotl rtcvln plrll rru colrtructlllot . tuod!!1tfor htccr.at. 'It ' FraProtlrt. Dln punot da rrata:ri ooattruotlv. flo.r lnr oba.orrc al.robl.aI - ohar,oa!. o|r acr aolprl$tf - ohcaoaaa oatatat!. rc prcrlatl Cbcaoraclc dcrollre oobortrcr crooranr obctolnal. rc Fot clast-

. ohbc la arbck orprtt, grla I grcutatce proprb,

rub forra uDor ootll drrlor h ootl flciadu-!. .ub gl iartoplrtrrcr ptlalatulut

dln btarlor. Ghcrornclc cu ..! ooaprlut rlat foilt. dla un. ..u 161 aultc canrrr dr luoru.!,o crrr rrrnl rrtr rcaflaut aub prr:tuoc. pltruadcnt prntrr r.tc pnllattrplaa pcnlll latcrlor, aprl t1p d. rlprrror gt cobortrtr r.tt.l h ootl. loirt ttodq-& pc roerl ul Ln tnout ohrro.D! a to.t.tolotlt 1116l, h fun* datll pcatru podurl. Chcso.!.I. omctrir d.!ur1t. !1 ob.fo.ar Flutltorrcivrrl capltolul l9), au forrr uror outll llobl.f Bsrrl l* unril dj.s c.F.tr, ooartrst.tr dr oblocl il rfan .rgler.rcntuiul *i trlllport.tc 1r looll & l,.arcrf b ortl prla plutlrc.

_18{_18.2. Ghcasrnc dcrcblrc dctoitt' qL.s!f1c.r'" cbaroaltlor 18.2.I. !' dcrcblt' (flg'18'1)r obrroanclc b plso ltnpit torrr iD! pot clrtlt''ca cha!o!!a rccteugnlerci cclularrt - chtloala (Pulurl)i cbcloroc clr:aulrrc oe 'lcdocrcrrt.' prnlclo Faofllatt latorl - cbceoanc cu

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? l .8 .l 8 . l. Choaoenc dr s o b l s c e u d l fa tl tro c c tl u q l o rl zontal c' b-r.ctsngnl'ar- cu pgnlt :latcrlort 5-cn lsta;l Pala1clc araoortatc "-i"t"og"far; o-cr"csliri i-"ii"rtil ccce ct tor:ra la praa a! tL strttrlor, rcrttcalitltll F ralgurl coadttll ral bulc pctrtflr glstnria coborirLl la cotl a chcrocnclor ' ttlpul Aupd.Srcutatca I'or pc unltatca d' 8srgttf,atl, obtleracbdcscblsc _ Pst tl: 'chasoalr lrgia! cbagoagr lgoarai io cild cazll lund[r11 b adiactlau ^gFe1c:

"'r:T::;;:'""

39c.1,aii ' - .ahlsoasa al fcloscec Frol. Cbcaoaaric !r rrB?. (a-a a;uoa Pl'gE as 50 l); d flradara cct!1 p!!i-u atis8rra S" c ort e3llo n r g z i d e f ' e ln ccp u t

8t!stlr:l1c

stribitstc laterslc !"sr,.' 8? l en8cazq gp::

dau lrecirl cu p cr e tl

;r o e l' 9i ctn d n ite lrrl

d e pe : . ia3 s i s e u d e p e J' o sa le ' a r tiSici- a la ' a c llqs oe ! 1 r i : lrsosle er ig le i.g csa n u ci Fr a rpies s mt l' l . a s i . a u e t i i t i " s s u i r g l:v:1 r ilu :tcr a n :r 1 iij' ' I; j.l r a cu t6 - ' p e Ee l e i a r E !i i :::-" i' e c e6t aa: c : r e g o r u f p c s t? pe '''rcl -p t o sc.l'i { 8 6 u se :t' cu i5 auplaael; ot F:lrr 31uiit?' prei :i p lu lir ca cSr lcr u lu i, P c a t r : s r a e : tr s dr lgoaarc.

- 1E6Iaolllarcr prreflior ort.rtorl o. 1ll t!rrt.&f Or rr.t;r!o c6 soop prlaclprl tcn, nduoclaa troolrtt pr.aprfr!1 b_ terall Lntrc ohcaon 91 gb,iat. Olrrorarlc.otr p.ttlttl r.+l_ call, au stb1l,lt.tr ral burrr aobot{,to. rcrltrtan*;*, itir crvlcrr' de ra vcrtlaerl routuad.H 9r frrr r]r grd,atnlat: ta r.c lndtatca cbcsooul.ut . Cutl.tulur. ohraoaulul I rc dl o forrl (!lg. ao[rfur,rl I8.l).carr cll arlgurc pltrua0crr oi! rl a;sfrl !1r tj:i.li. Unghlnl ilc taqlttrlr. c( lr1 Uttrc. t r lqlrl cutltol,ul rtnt lunsttr dr lator.gri rcrh_. t!at. rtrrtustl$.ac torc! or!, .e drkt la ooborf.rra ohrroaulsl, racouadli,nda-lc urnlltoarclc itorcll1 atc falort l Q - J oo. . . 600 b O r l5. . . O r ilo r . Inf,lllncr rlatrf, r pofil,rat'l t.gtt, r or_ gr lrcoirsdl lltulul d r lr br.or60 r. Yl,rful o6tltul4l.rc arotcJrell Err,rJqto_ rul unor profllc tctelloc a{dat. rb rrrl* tura laglobrtl ta bctoa. Do rrrlpma, r.rr_ zist.ltr crtltqlrl .rtr lpo,rttl ;t prta_ Flg.18.l. Cu!1iul tr-o t]|nrrit rugllrcatul. cb cl oDulul. Pcrc tll LotrrlsrJ aolparthcotcarl ohcror_ oclc cu dl.coaiual lerl ra prrn, rcduci,oi! rtoeE.btdcrlrc dc orfcul al,c pcrctllor crtirlorif itt-guacrcr lor pottr fi La ecar longltudlaal earl trlqrrcrrll, frlt dc t:rr o!.sorrclur,. Cutltul pcrctllor (bua oulltnlut) htcrtor! rc rr.artl da rcgull cu 50 or lal rur itrcit lc pcrattt .rtcriofl. !a ohcaoaaclc crrr tr.nault !.ralnl lrportcatc, pcrrill btarlorl au gl rolul de a aporL enprafafa dr ?cz[arr. La aoctt oas, cup.rrtLlor iltul lntarlorl ec crccutl la llrclul outrtuhl pc_ rclllor crt"rloli. Pcrctll lntcrlorl alat prrvtlzutl cu golurl de I'o r 1,o a, prltru e rerg're lcgrtnrc iatrG coupart!.Ecrta. Dlgtanta n1nlnl dintrc pcrclll iatcrlorl cctc dc 2rjO r, sr!_ 8uliodu-ao poalbllltatca ctocrlrll prrral6*1 in fntcrtorgl coapartLtent.l,or o.r dlfcrltc rcoalrc. GrosLlae ptrcfllor lntcr!'ort .c riroorrndl o6 f1c 6> 40el,

"* ;l;fiil1.:'.LEj::,1:r3 I'*r.a c**ro'r c p*c!11or chceoaulcl acq ro bltonculta pra.tll etcrtorl tl

-lE?ln!cpcrlrtiutol, olld .t grcconltaatf, porlbl)'ltatcr rorltqia; llc rcrlataralc rerl' aaor frcclrl itatorltE rJ-l ch.iooprnlt vcgs l.a lntroduoarca itc apll aub prcatunc, tn eoopul raduoarll d1a Jur' dr'atrt oh.aon 91 phlatal aitcrcrtcl !t pr6c(totridortlc) obctonulul' ln pcrcttl 3anturllc dc adlnclnc trcbulc al sc tlcl atuacl ci.oil 1a anulltc llrelc flc ilc daetlaacrccutc uoul sau lal raltc p1angcc1lcc.8ltltr (dr crcnplu plangcu p'atru !ona conat'rucilcl tl.a tcbnologlcl 1a o gtatlc dc Aonparc), flc dc traasfor'latana egragatclor Pc tllPul rcs cbr-oBu]'ul dcscbl! I'a obcaoa cu acr corprlnat cobortril. ca radlcr ll partce Ilc aacncaca, la.cbceoanclc prcrlzutr gantu1 aalgurd lncastrarca aoaatula tn Pcrctll lofcrloarl, r cbtloaulntcrloarc chcgonulul. Iodul dc lncbldarc a p6rtll a chcroqut.hlologlod doplnttc dtc Snportaata F1 dcgtlla!b }u1 181, aolaata putladu-ac faoc co uD dop dln bcton e!"nplu !!u os dup{ cara cicntuaf u:ncaz{ bctonad1n bcton ailatt uE radllr a cbcsonul'ul. rca conplatC lau parllal{ 18.2. 1, pc apar urrf,toar'ola ctapc ta fundatlllc . "l".o"ii-dil1ec itc clcaultcl dlstbctc cbtroenclorl conf.atloElraa la cota dc fuodarc dln prolcctt coborirca chcsoaltlot -.rccuta rea tasbla lcrllc bc s oaulullapar t c ainf c r loar 4' adu raspactlv ulplcrca clrcaonulul, la cazul cl'ad loterlorul oarccar'' uacl crploat{r1 nu rstc dcstlnat C onf 6ctlo n8 raa cb cg oanc lor dc aoblac c upr lndc t n p r l n c l p i u ur-cdtoarclc opcretllr pr ot t c t lr a cu!itululi - axccuta rca picstlo r t s c t allc c dc moBtlrta cofrai.lo! 91 r 8!rltut11; pc t r oneoan6, c onc ollt lo ? c u n c n - bet on arca cbra on ulul g1 e co f r ajelor . t a rca arE 4tu rii ln cazul cio d chceo nul s ilc az C a f 1 c obc r lt 1 a c o r 6 i n lul ar a ioc l i r p a c 1 r t r-o zonl a co pcrltd cu a p6, c r . c uil! pt un tgncrca ti apc c lal ir ac c et ec c p, f k s s i i artif : cla ii, l o o s"i. dc pind 1o 1C s ' Vat l I t r . c u '- 3 - ! ' C hrso cn alc cu in4 l'llnl r s i a t : 'i , t'c:;u : ! 4i' ; j5r r ! toati 1r,1 1!.Ltn ce . C' ) ' a ic c r put . r x c c!i! e sa fe cr pi trcr s oenc dc l- 4n-

I

-188Cobortrcr ohcroallqt dceobtr h oota dc fulrro to froc prtn crorr'cr pr-ittrlql 31 l,attrplrta'rr dta latcrlorcl 11 da .[b parctll .o..tof. ltoavaroa plrl,atolc! .. port. lroa (lr urort) co opulrrrct aprl dln l,atcrlor ru lrb rpl. Daoil t! t''pd poalblll croarlrll, crtc antrclrloc (la alalatotnt egcclar alsrpqrll. floa aorr.fcrc) dlo crtcrlor, carc tratcelonrr chcconuru!'r dc olltrc ourcrtor dc a9{ crcareroa & w taoc sub op[, htrndualld apl Ln latcrlortrl ohcrolqlut ptal la na nlvcl oc dcplgcatc arvclul brdrortrtlo al rp.ler dra ctcrr.or. SIparca io lntcrlor m locc dc obtool r.s.a1c prln d1proccdrrr ou cupc gralflr, r*sa oo itrrgllal artld cupc rol_ prln htdrorroanrrra, tlprcl cu r*-lt?t cto. pcltrn lcdnocrcc fraclrll pc parclll crtcrlor\tn rtc rctngr6olnl lbat pcrctllor rllc rc poeta polpa loro! britolttto. D. ,!!tr!..r pcnt'r ufq""'na coborlriliptirrtnl ilc ac,b rl,rtql ocfltulul ic portc .ubspilla, taJcctl,aO apt rob prcrlaacr pr1! tEburr. rontatc apecl,al Ln coaat aoop. , It gctul oboroanclor dcgohlcc oare oc fiudatll, ilopl e, s_a 'trrfao a-a aJoar b ootl rc to.stl lc par_ tca lafcrlorrll oa dog do bctoa (lc uaort aro aub apl)r_ itnpl oarc, arcn_ tual, rc aptllcrrl rp! tl !G proocdcaz[ Is uglcrra totall r rocstora cu b.ton elab raa clt rrterlal dc urpluturl. !r chceoaac carn acrrlro atrcpt ooartrtratll aobtcraac (pafurl dc cap_ 116.18.4. Dcta1lu dc crc- tarc, rtalll ih ponp*!, dccaatoan cuilc a radlcrulol I .t ua rcrtloalc cto), rcallrarcc chcsoa dcschle. :rittcrukI' clasoDulol, dapl tarnrnr dopu_ 1u1' oc co[ttrud cu c&cEtrr.a hidrolrora]lal gl a plrsll itln bcto! r:ilat (flg.l8.4). 18. 2.4. Calc[lul

ohasoaacler rtcacbt'rr lr froc fu dont atepcr rtrpr oorcrgoatlto.ta .tldlulul dc cryloclir5cl rtadlnhl - rtrgr corcepuarltocrc ata arcsutlc. Ia ctcpe corcrpanrltorrc rtadtnlul atc .rplorta.ra, ollco* 1ul sc laoc or lc o fcadrttc l:eletl rtgldl, rcfcrl"ldu_sc L qrrltoerelc j clcrcntc prlaolpelcr

-1 6 9 adl,rclnll dc fuadarc, l,n funcf li dc notura - tt.blllrc! t c rc t u lut b l. dr ogc ologlc o, r . ap. c t lv tl co ad ltlllc aI.g.raa d lDcnelua1lor ohc eonulul I pot t r nt c a t er c aulul dr f u n d a r r i ca pa cltltll - sllcu lgl dr!nsluallor lnpusc pcDtru auprefa!a ln - rarltloeira pr la c ondllla c a pr c elunea e f o c t l v { p l a n ! tllpll chcso nrlu l, por t ar t E a t c r anulul d c f u o d a r a . e l a u ilcplgalloI cap acltat m La plan 91 a fomcl cbasouulul, La alcgoroa dl,lrasluallor (e1lEc au tn rcdtrr dt.n.aslualk 91 foril! io plau a fuadallcl ( f r uc t ul. ul) piat . t p? r . l 1 1 o : . r a l l c l), !lrl ! . ! rcsp actlr de ratragcrc. chasoaulul aau a trcptclor Ia cazu l cel lal gcner al, c ind ioc { r c ir llc v aloar c a pr c s lunli o c o t r ic dupi ito ul d lrrctll, r a n ac cslcuL ca zA cu rcle! l. ar l(_ r_ N ac ! l . o n d a z { q t p. t.c f . c ti v .

P t , 2 , 3 , 4 = f i Io i t {

( 1e. 37

in carc r X -tV I^J

( lnc luelv E r o u . , a t r s r er t lc alc - g rua in clrclrllor cha.aoaulul); gl I.,- n on cn tek inc ov olc t oar a c elc ulaNa f a ! 6 d i a r . 1 .princlpalc ale su p r a fctci b e za i d e r czlstcn ld a l su p r a ft!f cb r s{ :,nuIui . i j. bsi .i .:n.r!i .-

. l^J

91 W , , - u o d u l l l

n ulu li S - su pra fa!a b azci c bc s onulul. I n caz ul cind cbcso nul es t c c obc r it c u ninlr lu. o : E s u b po alb llc, co t s af ulcrilo r 1a c alc ulul. pr c s iunilor rftcrlv. sc rs ta poatc fl con aid cra t c E f liad 5. nc as t r at : las t ic in ie3..6. p c etl nc { , ac c as t i inc as t r ar . I n s a zul razcn{rll nu s . n a 1 co n s l.dcr{. I , a calcu lul ch ca oa Dc lor d. s c bls a, c or : epunz lt or c.l,: d r a doua cta p4 , sc a u i.n v ader c ioc lr c { r j. 1c c r lr a c i l o n - a z 4 a s u p ra chcao ou lul in g arl oada do c r ac ut lt 9i d. c ob o r i r a l r co t a da flrode n. In ca zu l c hc s oanc lor c ar a r { o! n n? . - u n p l u t . (p u t url dc cap tart, d rca nt oar e, c as a dc ponpr et c ) , e c . r s t { l p o t cz5 corcspu na lc Al -6ts dlului da ; x ploat ar t . I n cad rul d c!stci lpot c z c s t v . r lf 1c t r , f r apt c t : . v s . r . J : c u l , caz{ urn lto s ,rlc rlen .nt c : c ! . ec aul, uli - gros lue a pfrc!lIor g o1 ur l1o: . a. c . s a! . r r c ar dr lj. gl i n d r p i r - dimc nsiu!lIc t a rl l pdnintu luti

- 19c grcutat.a cb.sontrlul, arccaarl rrlgurlrlt' aDCl-oobopini[ la cotdt rlr!. netotrcruptr che8oadtrll - scclluaca cutltului plllcll dc eoopcrr.n r c.bcroaslnl 91 rdbtoElu!1lc pllc11 radfurulul, pcatru ohesoaaelo a clror rpallu bterlor rs t c d.gt la at crp loa tilrll. grollr.a Ia afaril de coadllla dr r.zlatrDtf,, pcnlllor cnogoeneLor dagchlgc prccun 91 dlr-aslqntlc goluril,or, tnbalt .onletc I a c ot C . Ai ca Sre uta tca n. c c aar ll c obor lr ll cara ar lau in conaldcrarc la calculul cbreoalnc4rcirlla n.lor d.schlgc, ln dlf:ritc lpotezc corcapuaqlltoarc atadlulul d c . xccq!1. (ff8.1 8.5 ), s int : - grrEtrtca proprfu G a cbceonalul, la carc ec adaugl tfrutatca p5niltulul gi a apcl dc pc (ilacl ' lctregcrl .c.ataa crLgtl)I - Ptesluac! lateralC itstl lr s-plagerce phiatului Pa Fl a apcl Pri Fi S.1 S. 5. ln c l r c { r i l e c a :c a cllo a ca zl a so p re c nc s ooul u l drachls, in cta p e d c r r e c!- forfa I datl !b. dc frccatca gl pe suprafa}a latcralI adercn!a p{uiotulul a chceoaulul; r.acliulca 8' a tercnului pa cutltul cbegoaulul. CslcuIul n4rl-o11 ilplngcrll piristal11! pc parc!11 c.bcaonuluj. sa faca confol! tcorirl grnrrllc c lul Coulolb, !!_nlldu-sa scaoe dc prezanla apcl Etrbtcraar. ln cgzul uaaL strat acvllcr alciltult dla phl.nturl ncpc inltl.llnca corzlr!, . coloaacl dc ap[, la calculnl prc\ sluall pihlltulul dla inplogcrca tc ?oloargtc grctrtstf. rolon1c1 ia starc eubrcrsrtil Fr.&r eccaata !c raa[gA prcsitr.lcs .b,1drostatlcl (fr-Sr.cutato r !pc1 pr-&.\ rol'nrJ'cl r epcl). In cazul uaor etraturldlapbinturl coartrr eubrartrtr, Ie calculul. prcelunll dtn irplngcrc tc folorctt. tlertltc. rol.uElci ia star! ..tur.t!l f_g.frrrf tiilrortrtlgt I

-1r1rcdtr.l l,a acort o.rr r.ooLndl.n6u-rc c. orrgal ar oonlldrtl (0. f. ball) tl rc lr o,?.9rr rrrtll do!.tr la ootl r oberoeulul ro fror grlo In oaqrl ollll oobor{lra pr..uD.. bltlroetr.pol!r.Et.r rob .plr d!1ot tlrl cro.r.rr pc pcnlll obctoaulul lo rrduor sc .otlopa.la tLcl ortcrlo*l cocrlrc ott 11 b cclc !!ooc!lt.. oa 5olr ctlt h pbraturl cha.oaulul h cotl, c.tc !atratrn a .algnta cobortror adlnclrc rf, flc lndcpllnltl'oolttr.l'dr oe..r o. la llcouc dlttt t

rL-I >1,4

(r8.f )

ln oucr rcrtlcrlc; tuturor lacltro{rllor V - rcs[Itanta olrc !c cPoo coborlrll tutlrlot toltrlor ! - razultrntr adcrcat{). obcaonnlul (frccerc pc auprtfafa latcrall, forlclor c.rt 3. Ia cacul ccl u1 goorral, rczultaata grto rcla|lar opua ooborl.rll port. ll crprlnatl F .F + F c

(l e.5 )

in oarct plriotulrplagarll dc lrccarc datorltl lg .LL.E, - tort. dc frccarc iatrc., Plblnt l1 tllaal-co.ft'c1.otul . lalrru oh! toB 3 !o= c.ho. -4,- to rta d c at t c r c nll pr lo c oet luna, c f l i n d r aduad c u 2/ ) Pr ot t u l t n t u r 1 l ' co estBnGr sp cclf lc l oc rc gfucac dorauprr apcl 91 cu 1/3 pcade phtrt tru cclc dc rab ePtr; lar 'doaruprc bulrl cutltului'r bo- io61!1rca tcreaulul pr carc at coralderl forta do flglel cetc lltlrcc adcrcqtl. o1r.lt dt dc coborirc la dlfcrl'te Ycrltlc.r.r coarlltlcl !a carr d. c obor lr c ( f 19. ] 9. 5 i , a d t a clrc sc fa cc p rU dl.gr au eu 1,2 .1ar Prln G" e-a aotrt laforta ! cetc rultlpllcatll Is cotl a cbraolulul. coborirll olroarca p! cuttt la tlrpul dr coborlrc .c Pot !t!b111 ?1 atllgr.rcl Prlo saellclrcr pentru calcql'ul itc rczistca!i eobcrcla oclc rai dctorrebll; aI cbr8onulu1. a Prlio g.tao rcrtlcrl la !'acorolcrl ?cntru.vorr.f1c6r.. d. r"ttrltc 8c adoptC rcbcralc !l cbatoBalul ttoaro! ulql al! l1t.l8.? !t 18.8. prrrrcEt.tl Sohc ln flg.18.? eorrrgurdr frrcl tc orloal

- 792 cbccosalul'' c oalaJclor dc aub cutltal dr scottcrc initialo fdctndu-sc lr patru putrct6' Cr aobcll ater"zellarca accgtula r l c hc looulul ! o e o n s l 'l c r d cri do l pa rctl looglt udlnat l t ici, grtozl slnplu r.zcnatt cu consolct lncllrcatc cu grcutttlc rcp roprie a culltu lui 91 a pr loulul t r ot r s on' I n Sc n c r a l ' s c 806 prinulul tronaoo sil nu comandd ca inilllnca 'lcp{gcaacd s ; a l c d in 1{!ir Dca ch tso nu lul ' Poz t ! 18 puac t c lor dt ! t t c [ a t r pt rcaatlt s[ f1c dc tr astf4l ca monantclc incovolctoarccp rox inat t r cgsle c u c c1 d 1 n clr p '

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D188raBa : Lq. lb. o. r rbc : ' ira .

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1 Fle. 18. ?' Sc h c n a d c c a l c u 1 e c hc aonulul Ia s c o a t q r c a c alajelor .

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b\ a cb r g o n u lu l b - r czcE8 r . d u s4 :.ncr|.rae p r istu"r'i 1o l -u.ngi ':

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