PPREFACEREFACE

I EXPRESS MY HEARTFUL GRATITUDE TO MADAM MONIKA DAS BORKOTOKI, S/T & HOD OF DEPT. OF BIOTECHNOLOGY, DARRANG COLLEGE, TEZPUR FOR GIVING ME AN OPPURTUNITY TO PRESENT THIS PRESENTATION ON “CHEMOTHERAPY & ANTIBIOTICS” AND HELPING ME TO COLLECT AND ORGANIZE THE PRESENTATION DATA. I SINCERELY HOPE THAT THE KNOWLEDGE PROVIDED BY HER WILL BE

BENEFICIAL IN MY FUTURE LIFE.

CCONTENTSONTENTS

TTERMSERMS A ANDND T TERMINOLOGIESERMINOLOGIES RRELATEDELATED T TOO C CHEMOTHERAPYHEMOTHERAPY

CCHEMOTHERAPEUTICHEMOTHERAPEUTIC A AGENTSGENTS A ANDND CCHEMOTHERAPYHEMOTHERAPY

CHEMOTHERAP-EUTIC AGENTS

PREPARATION

COMPOUNDS NOT TREATED

AS CHEMOTHERAPE-UTIC AGENT

CCHARACTERISTICSHARACTERISTICS O OFF A A CCHEMOTHERAPEUTICHEMOTHERAPEUTIC A AGENTGENTDESTROY OR PREVENT THE ACTIVITY OF A PARASITE

WITHOUT INJURING THE CELLS OF THE HOST OR

WITH MINOR INJURY TO ITS CELLS

BE ABLE TO COME IN CONTACT WITH THE PARASITE BY PENETRATING THE CELLS AND TISSUES OF THE HOST IN EFFECTIVE CONCENTRATIONS

LEAVE UNALTERED THE HOST’S NATURAL DEFENSE MECHANISMS, SUCH AS PHAGOCYTOSIS AND THE

PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODIES

HHISTORICALISTORICAL H HIGHLIGHTSIGHLIGHTS O OFF CCHEMOTHERAPEUTICHEMOTHERAPEUTIC A AGENTGENT

HAS BEEN PRACTICED FOR CENTURIES EARLY IN THE PRESENT CENTURY, IN THE MID 1930S,

THIS THERAPY REVOLUTIONIZED THE FIELD OF MEDICINE THIS TURN IN EVENTS ATTRIBUTED TO TWO

DISCOVERIES- SULFONAMIDE COMPOUNDS (SULFA DRUGS) COULD BE

USED SUCCESSFULLY FOR THE TREATMENT OF CERTAIN BACTERIAL DISEASES

DISCOVERY OF A NEW AND POTENT CLASS OF ANTIBACTERIALLY ACTIVE CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS, NAMELY ANTIBIOTICS

EUROPEANS USED NATURAL QUININE FROM THE BARK OF THE CINCHONA TREE TO TREAT MALARIA AS EARLY AS 1630

MERCURY WAS USED TO TREAT SYPHILIS AS EARLY AS 1495

PAUL EHRLICH, IN ABOUT 1910, SYNTHESIZED AN ARSENICAL COMPOUND SALVARSAN, CAPABLE OF CURING DISEASE WITHOUT CAUSING GREAT DANGER TO THE PATIENT

DOMAGK, IN ABOUT 1935 SHOWED THE THERAPEUTIC VALUE OF A GROUP OF COMPOUNDS KNOWN AS THE SULFONAMIDES

AANTIBIOTICSNTIBIOTICS, F, FLEMINGLEMING A ANDND PPENICILLINENICILLIN ANTIBIOSIS, FIRST DEFINED BY VUILLEMIN IN

1889 IN 1929, ALEXANDER FLEMING NOTICED THAT

AN AGAR PLATE INOCULATED WITH Staphylococcus aureus HAD BECOME CONTAMINATED WITH A MOLD. BECAUSE THE MOLD WAS IDENTIFIED AS A Penicillium sp., FLEMING CALLED THE ANTIBOTIC PENICILLIN

Alexander Fleming in his Laboratory

Agar plate inoculated with Staphyllococcus aureus

CCHARACTERISTICSHARACTERISTICS O OFF A ANTIBIOTICSNTIBIOTICS TTHATHAT Q QUALIFYUALIFY T THEM HEM AASS CCHEMOTHERAPEUTICHEMOTHERAPEUTIC A AGENTSGENTS SHOULD HAVE THE ABILITY TO DESTROY OR

INHIBIT MANY DIFFERENT SPECIES OF PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS, i.e. BROAD SPECTRUM ANTIBIOTIC

SHOULD PREVENT THE READY DEVELOPMENT OF RESISTANT FORMS OF THE PARASITES

SHOULD NOT PRODUCE UNDESIRABLE SIDE EFFECTS IN THE HOST

SHOULD NOT ELIMINATE THE NORMAL MICROBIAL FLORA OF THE HOST

AANTIBIOTICSNTIBIOTICS A ANDND T THEIRHEIR M MODEODE O OFF AACTIONCTION

ANTIBIOTICS CAN BE CLASSIFIED IN SEVERAL WAYS-

BACTERICIDALBACTERIOSTATICCHEMICAL STRUCTUREMODE OF ACTION (MAJOR POINTS OF ATTACK)- INHIBITION OF CELL-WALL SYNTHESISDAMAGE TO THE CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE INHIBITION OF NUCLEIC ACID AND PROTEIN

SYNTHESIS INHIBITION OF SPECIFIC ENZYME SYSTEMS