chemistry water eei

Josie Ochsner Chemistry 2012 Miss Wang

Contents1.0 Abstract:......................................................................................................................................3

2.0 Introduction:................................................................................................................................4

3.0 Hypothesis:..................................................................................................................................6

3.1 Temperature vs. dissolved oxygen...............................................................................................6

3.2 Turbidity vs. pH............................................................................................................................6

3.3 Salinity vs. pH...............................................................................................................................6

4.0 Aim:.............................................................................................................................................7

5.0 Materials:.....................................................................................................................................8

5.1 Dissolved oxygen:........................................................................................................................8

5.2 Turbidity:.....................................................................................................................................8

5.3 pH:...............................................................................................................................................8

5.4 Temperature:...............................................................................................................................8

5.5 Salinity:........................................................................................................................................8

6.0 Method:.......................................................................................................................................9

7.0 Risk Assessment:........................................................................................................................10

8.0 Results:......................................................................................................................................12

8.10 Saltwater lake longitudinal results:..........................................................................................12

8.11 Longitudinal pH data for saltwater lake...................................................................................12

8.20 Fresh water pond longitudinal results:....................................................................................13

8.21 Longitudinal temperature data for freshwater pond...............................................................13

8.22 Longitudinal DO data for freshwater pond..............................................................................14

9.0 Discussion:.................................................................................................................................15

10.0 Conclusion:..............................................................................................................................17

11.0 Bibliography.............................................................................................................................18

12.0 Appendices:.............................................................................................................................19

12.1 Water collection sites:.............................................................................................................19

12.20 Dissolved oxygen colorimeter instructions:...........................................................................19

12.21 Dissolved oxygen colorimeter instructions:...........................................................................20

12.31 Turbidity colorimeter instructions:........................................................................................20



12.4 Dissolved oxygen saturation graph:.........................................................................................22


13.0 Acknowledgements:................................................................................................................23

1.0 Abstract:

The sites that were experimented on were the saltwater lake and the fresh water pond water in the Emerald Lakes system, in which the results were compared and contrasted to outline any differences in findings and it was determined there was no chemical corruption. The variables tested were temperature, pH, turbidity, salinity and dissolved oxygen. A Multiparameter meter was chosen to test for temperature, pH and salinity in which 2L jugs were filled with the water samples and the meter inserted. Although a turbidity tube and a dissolved oxygen test kit were used to find the turbidity and DO content, colorimeters were also used. The turbidity was tested in a colorimeter back at the laboratory and a dissolved oxygen colorimeter was used on site and the results from both colorimeters will be used for this investigation. It was expected that the saltwater lake would be healthier than the pond water because it is used more so it would have more circulation and therefore higher DO content and it also appeared less turbid. This was shown to be correct as the saltwater DO content was 9.5mg/L and the pond water had only 7.3mg/L and for turbidity, the salt water had 0.01NTU whereas the pond water had 0.03NTU. It was expected that the higher the temperature, the lower the DO content but this was incorrect as the saltwater had a higher temperature and DO content than the pond water, being 18.15°C with 9.5mg/L of DO and 17.45°C with 7.3mg/L of DO in the pond. It was expected that the higher the turbidity level, the less neutral the water will be, which was incorrect as the pond water was more turbid and was closer to having a pH of 7 than the saltwater. The salt water’s turbidity was 0.01 NTU with a pH of 7.38 (0.38 away from neutral) and the pond water had a higher turbidity of 0.03NTU with a pH of 7.22 (only 0.22 away from neutral). It was expected that the higher the salinity, the more acidic the water would be, making the pH less than 7 but this was incorrect also as the salt lake’s salinity was 827ppm with a pH of 7.38 and the pond water’s salinity was 114ppm with a pH of 7.22.


2.0 Introduction:

This Extended Experimental Investigation is based on the health of different water sources in Emerald Lakes. The two sites chosen to test water from were the freshwater pond and the saltwater lake (see appendices 11.1). Both of these sites contain fish life and are not considered as drinking water. The different variables that can be tested for water quality are as follows: temperature, turbidity, salinity, pH and dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrate content. For different types of water sources, different results are suitable, which will be analysed in depth later on.

Temperature is an important variable to test as it influences the amount of dissolved oxygen contained in the water (Monteath, 2008). A water sample should not be tested for health through only the analysis of temperature, but also with a combination of other tests (Monteath, 2008). These may include tests regarding; temperature, turbidity, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide and nitrate content. This is because the temperature naturally changes depending on the season, weather or day (Monteath, 2008). Not only is dissolved oxygen a linking factor, but if water temperature is too high or low the organisms may begin to die (University of Wisconsin, 2007). Fish are cold-blooded but they have different body temperatures depending on the temperature of the water they naturally occur in (Guderley, 2007). Temperature can be tested using a thermometer or data logger (Monteath, 2008). A data logger, also known as a Multiparameter Meter, was used for this investigation as it was easier to read and could be used to test other variables at the same time.

Turbidity is the measure of water transparency due to the amount of sediments withheld (HarperCollins Publishers, 2009). Turbidity is significant to the overall health of water as it determines the water’s purity or pollution. It is measured in nephelometric turbidity units (NTU), which can be measured with a Colorimeter or a turbidity tube (University of Wisconsin, 2009). Freshwater should be 5 or less NTU and a water system is considered ‘polluted’ if the NTU is >20 (Monteath, 2008). This long, thin, clear tube is filled with the water sample until the mark on the bottom is no longer visible (University of Wisconsin, 2009). A sample of the water is inserted into the Colorimeter to determine the amount of penetrable light. The best method is using the Colorimeter as it is more accurate because an exact number is given for the result rather than relying on one’s eye sight for the turbidity tube.

Dissolved oxygen is vital for the health of water as organisms rely on oxygen for survival. Dissolved oxygen is used by both underwater plants and animals for respiration at night (Gould, 2008). This can be tested using Dissolved Oxygen monitoring test kits or a Dissolved Oxygen Colorimeter. Dissolved Oxygen monitoring test kits contain reagents that must be added to determine the results (University of Wisconsin, 2009). It is measured in milligrams


per litre (mg/L) but can also be expressed using percentage saturation (Gould, 2008). Freshwater should contain between 80-90% saturation but for fish life there needs to be at least 5-6mg/L (Gould, 2008). Saturation should not reach over 110% as such a high level of oxygen indicates a high level of algae growth. Both of these methods were undertaken but the colorimeter results will be used as they are more likely to be accurate. This is because it gives an exact reading rather than relying on eye sight to determine when the solution has turned clear as is done with the Dissolved Oxygen Test Kits.

Salinity is the amount of salt that is dissolved in water. This must be monitored as high salinity can makes it harder for plants to absorb water so they may become wilted, growth stunted or die and is also unpalatable for animals and humans to drink. It can be measured using a Multiparameter Meter or through titration, in which the water is reacted with silver nitrate to determine the concentration of chloride ions (measured in mg/L) using the formula: Clˉ(aq) + Ag⁺(aq) AgCl(s) (Gould, 2008). Alternatively, a calibration graph can be used if the concentration of the salt solution is known to determine the amount of current flowing through, measured in ųS/cm (Gould, 2008). Freshwater can contain 100-1000mg/L and salt water between 1000-35 000mg/L (from slightly saline to ocean water) (Gould, 2008). The results from the Multiparameter Meter will be used in this investigation as it seems a more accurate method than manually testing the sample, as with the titration.

Another very important factor in the health of water is pH as organisms require a specific range to survive, usually between 6.5 and 8, where 7 is neutral (Smith, 2008). It can be measured using a pH meter or universal indicator or paper (Smith, 2008). A pH meter will be used for this investigation as determining the colour from a universal indicator/paper could be inaccurate compared to a reading on the meter.

A Multiparameter Meter was used to measure pH, temperature, conductivity, salinity and dissolved solids because it did all the calculations together, which was helpful with the limited time frame on the excursion day. Also on the day of collection, the turbidity was tested with a turbidity tube and the dissolved oxygen was tested with a colorimeter and a Dissolved Oxygen Test Kit. These were all quantitative tests that were carried out on site. The qualitative tests were carried out in the science laboratory using the 2L samples collected from each site (tests can be found under method). These include finding the presence of the following: chloride, iron, calcium, lead, copper, sulphate and phosphate ions. These qualitative tests were done because, in every case, the ions are healthy for marine life, but only in moderation. If the quantities of these ions dramatically increase or decrease, the health of marine life will deteriorate and organisms won’t survive, therefore starting a chain link of event, resulting in the whole ecosystem collapsing.


3.0 Hypothesis: It is expected that the saltwater lake will be healthier than the freshwater pond because it is a much larger, open area which is used for recreational activities more, therefore there is more circulation to increase DO, and it appears less turbid.

3.1 Temperature vs. dissolved oxygen- It is expected that the higher the temperature is, the lower the level of dissolved oxygen will be and the lower the temperature is, the higher the level of dissolved oxygen will be.

3.2 Turbidity vs. pH- It was expected that the higher the turbidity level, the less neutral the water will be, either turning more acidic or more basic depending on the solids contained within.

3.3 Salinity vs. pH- It was expected that the higher the salinity, the more acidic the water would be, making the pH less than 7, because salt is an acid.


4.0 Aim:

To compare and contrast the quality of water contained in the freshwater pond and the saltwater lake from Emerald Lakes by testing for temperature, pH, turbidity, salinity and dissolved oxygen and determine any possible reasons for any substantial chemical corruption if detected and differences in results.


5.0 Materials:

2X 2L bottles Long-handled water scoop Gloves

5.1 Dissolved oxygen: Dissolved oxygen test kit Colorimeter 2X 250mL beakers

5.2 Turbidity: Turbidity tube Colorimeter

5.3 pH: Multiparameter Meter Jug

5.4 Temperature: Multiparameter Meter Jug Thermometer

5.5 Salinity: Multiparameter Meter Jug Salinity Test Kit 25mL pipette 250mL conical flask 1mL chromate indicator 2.902g/L silver nitrate


6.0 Method:

NOTE: Use instructions from test kits

A long-handled water scoop was used to scoop water repeatedly from the freshwater pond (from at least one meter in) into a 2L bottle for analysis back at the laboratory. Another scoop was taken and used immediately in the Dissolved Oxygen Test Kit #HI3810 and the results recorded. The scoop was used to pour water into a turbidity tube where it was filled until the cross at the bottom could no longer be seen from looking down through the tube. The marking where the tube was filled to was recorded in centimetres. Using the long-handled water scoop, a 2L jug was filled and a Multiparameter Meter was inserted to give the pH, temperature and salinity readings.

A long-handled water scoop was used to scoop water repeatedly from the saltwater lake (from at least one meter in) into a 2L bottle for analysis back at the laboratory. Another scoop was taken and used immediately in the Dissolved Oxygen Test Kit #HI3810 and the results recorded. The turbidity tube was again filled until the cross at the bottom could no longer be seen from looking down through the tube and the marking was recorded in centimetres. Using the long-handled water scoop, a 2L jug was filled and a Multiparameter Meter was inserted to give the pH, temperature and salinity readings.

Also, a sample was taken from each site in a beaker then a dissolved oxygen colorimeter (see appendices 12.2) was used consecutively with ‘AccuVac® Ampules’ and the results recorded. In the laboratory, a colorimeter (see appendices 12.3) was used to find the turbidity of both water samples. The salinity was tested with the Salinity Test Kit #HI3835 and a titration was done to test for chloride presence. In the titration, a 25mL pipette was used to transfer the sample into a clean 250mL conical flask (the saltwater was first diluted 1:10 but adding 250mL of distilled water to 25mL of the salt water). 1mL of chromate indicator was added and titrated with 2.902g/L silver nitrate solution to the first permanent red-orange colour. 1mL was subtracted from the result to allow for the solubility product of the indicator which will not change colour until the volume is added. A direct comparison was made for this concentration of silver nitrate; the number of mLs= ppm.


7.0 Risk Assessment:Substance Risk Control measure0.1M Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) Serious eye damage

Corrosive; can cause burns

Always wear safety glasses

Do not make contact with skin

0.1M Silver Nitrate (AgNO3) Poisonous if swallowed or inhaled

Stains skin



0.1M Sodium Thiocyanate (CNNaS)

Harmful if swallowed Poisonous if swallowed

or inhaled


Ensure adequate ventilation

0.1M Ammonium oxalate monohydrate (NH4OCOCOONH4 H2O)

May be fatal if swallowed


Harmful if swallowed or inhaled




1.0M Potassium chromate (K2CrO4)

Can cause cancer or reproductive defects

May be fatal if swallowed

Harmful if there is skin contact or inhaled

Always wear safety glasses and gloves



0.1M Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

Serious eye damage Corrosive; can cause

burns



0.1M Barium chloride (BaCl2) Serious eye damage May be fatal if

swallowed Harmful if there is skin

contact or inhaled




Nitric acid (HNO3) Serious eye damage Corrosive; can cause

burns Fumes are harmful if

inhaled


Do not make contact with skin- even if diluted


0.1M Ammonium molybdate (H24Mo7N6O24)

Irritating to eyes, lungs and, if there is pronged contact, skin


0.1M Lead chloride (FeCl2) Harmful if swallowed, inhaled and if there is skin contact


Do not make contact


with skin Ensure adequate

ventilation0.1M Calcium chloride (CaCl2) Harmful if swallowed

Irritating to eyes Always wear safety

glasses and gloves0.1M Iron (III) chloride (FeCl3) Serious eye damage





0.1M Copper (II) sulfate (CuSO4)


burns




0.1M Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4 7H2O)

Irritant to eyes Harmful if swallowed


0.1M Sodium phosphate (Na3PO4)

Irritant to eyes and skin Harmful if swallowed



Phenolphthalein (C3H6O) Harmful if swallowed Can cause cancer or

reproductive defects Harmful if there is skin

contact or inhaled



0.1M Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)


burns Harmful if swallowed





8.0 Results: Pond and lake test results

Variable Test Saltwater results Pond water resultsSalinity Multiparameter meter 827ppm (826.1 mg/L) 114ppm (113.8 mg/L)Temperature Multiparameter meter Surface: 18.4°C

Bottom: 17.9°CAverage: 18.15°C

Surface: 17.7°CBottom: 17.2°CAverage: 17.45°C

pH Multiparameter meter 7.38 7.22Dissolved oxygen Colorimeter 9.5 mg/L 7.3 mg/LTurbidity Colorimeter 0.01 NTU 0.03 NTU

8.10 Saltwater lake longitudinal results:

Variable 2009 2010 2011 2012Temp– surface

(0C)16 21 19 18.5

Temp – bottom (0C)

17 20 19 18

Temp – average (0C)

16.5 20.5 19 18.25

Turbidity (cm) 73.5 62 >80 >100Dissolved Oxygen

(mg/L)7.5 6.2 7.5 9.0

Salinity-probe (mg/L)

7400 11400 10200 9700

pH 7.2 7.5 7.8 7.9

8.11 Longitudinal pH data for saltwater lake


8.20 Fresh water pond

longitudinal results:Variable 2009 2010 2011 2012

Temp– surface (0C)

17 22 21 19

Temp – bottom (0C)

16 19 17 17.5

Temp – average (0C)

16.5 20.5 19 18.25

Turbidity (cm) 25 72 25 35Dissolved Oxygen

(mg/L)7.3 5.0 6.7 6.1

Salinity-probe (mg/L)

600 180 200 110

pH 7.3 6.7 7.2 6.8

8.21 Longitudinal temperature data for freshwater pond


2009 2010 2011 20126.8

7

7.2

7.4

7.6

7.8

8

Longitudinal pH data

pH


2009 2010 2011 20120

5

10

15

20

25

Longitudinal pond temperatures

SurfaceBottomAverage

Year

Tem

pera

ture

(°C)

8.22 Longitudinal DO data for freshwater pond


2009 2010 2011 20120

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Longitudinal DO Content

DO

Year

DO (m

g/L)

9.0 Discussion:

A few issues were apparent in this investigation. When testing temperature for the freshwater pond, a thermometer was used but the mercury didn’t seem to be moving correctly and other groups specified that they also had troubles with the thermometer. Instead, a Multiparameter Meter was used. On first attempt, a sample of water was collected in a small container to get the readings from a Multiparameter Meter. The pH reading was changing very slowly but continuously so instead we used a 2L jug to hold a larger sample of water and the reading settled soon after. When using the large jug, it was held at the rim so body temperature wouldn’t affect the water temperature. When using the colorimeter to find the dissolved oxygen content in the saltwater, an ‘AccuVac® Ampule’ was used to suck up a sample of the water. It was accidentally lifted out of the sample before it was filled so it sucked up some air. This one was discarded and another one used because it gave a much higher dissolved oxygen reading of 13.0mg/L, which was incorrect.

A long-handled water scoop was used to get water samples from further into the pond/lake so they are a more accurate representation of the whole body of water. If the water was collected from the edge there may be more dirt, causing higher turbidity or more warmth from the soil, causing a temperature change and so on. 2L samples were retrieved to be tested on back at the laboratory so qualitative tests could be done that wouldn’t be effected by the amount of time after it was removed from the pond/lake. Other tests, such as dissolved oxygen and temperature had to be done on site as the results would differ if they were done a while after collection. Testing temperature is important as it directly affects the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water and aquatic life need dissolved oxygen for survival. If the temperature is increased, the amount of dissolved oxygen decreases, therefore temperature is an important factor in water health. The level of dissolved oxygen is also important to test to ensure there is a sufficient amount for marine life and with the amount of dissolved oxygen (in mg/L) and the temperature of the water, the saturation can be calculated. Salinity and pH are important factors to keep controlled as the healthy level may vary depending on the water source and the organisms that live there so the delicate balance in each ecosystem must be preserved. An error that occurred was that when temperature was being measured in the small container it settled on a reading the first time then it was re-tested and it had raised 0.7°C due to hand temperature. This second result was then discarded as it was inaccurate and the rest of the variables that were measured with the Multiparameter Meter were tested in the 2L jug. This would have slightly changed the saturation reading as the temperature would seem higher for the same dissolved oxygen level.

Longitudinal data has been recorded over the past 4 years to monitor how the water systems are changing (see results 8.1 and 8.2). It can be seen in graph 8.11 that the pH for the saltwater lake is steadily increasing each year so if that trend continues, the lake will continue to become less neutral and therefore more unhealthy. It can be seen by comparing graphs 8.21 and 8.22 that DO content has changed inversely as a result of the changing temperature- so when the temperature is at it’s highest; the DO is at its lowest and so on.

The first hypothesis was shown to be correct as the saltwater lake had a higher DO content and lower turbidity than the pond water. The DO for the saltwater was 9.5mg/L where it was only 7.3mg/L for the pond water and the turbidity was 0.01NTU for the lake and 0.03NTU for the pond.


The second hypothesis was incorrect as it was expected that the higher the temperature is, the lower the level of dissolved oxygen will be and vice versa but instead, the salt water had a temperature and DO content higher than the pond water’s. The saltwater was, on average, 18.15°C with 9.5mg/L of DO and the pond water was 17.45°C with only 7.3mg/L of DO. This may be because the salt lake has a much larger surface area than the pond so it can absorb more heat, thus explaining the higher temperature and the DO may be as a result of more water circulation in the lake due to human activity where there is none in the pond. Therefore, the DO content wouldn’t have been relying on the temperature alone so the temperature being higher didn’t result in the DO being lower. The third hypothesis was also wrong as it was expected that the higher the turbidity level, the less neutral the water will be, either turning more acidic or more basic depending on the solids contained within but the pond water was more turbid and was closer to having a pH of 7 than the saltwater. The salt water’s turbidity was 0.01 NTU with a pH of 7.38 (0.38 away from neutral) and the pond water had a higher turbidity of 0.03NTU with a pH of 7.22 (only 0.22 away from neutral). This may have been the result of an inaccurate method as the turbidity was tested in the colorimeter in the laboratory on a different day to the testing of the pH, which would allow the sediments in the water time to settle, causing a lower turbidity. It is a possibility that if the tests were done on the same day, the salt water’s turbidity may be higher than the pond water, thus giving a reason for the pH to be further away from neutral. The fourth hypothesis was incorrect as it was expected that the higher the salinity, the more acidic the water would be, making the pH less than 7, because salt is an acid but actually the salinity and pH for the salt lake were both higher than the pond water’s. The salt lake’s salinity was 827ppm with a pH of 7.38 and the pond water’s salinity was 114ppm with a pH of 7.22. This may have been a result of other sediments floating in the water, which could have been more alkaline in the salt lake, therefore neutralizing the high amount of salt and causing the pH to be even more basic than the pond water, which has less salt.

The salinity for the freshwater pond was within the guidelines as it can have from 100-1000mg/L of salt and it contained 113.8 mg/L. The salt water lake was slightly under the normal range for a salt water system as the range is usually between 1000-35000 mg/L but it only contained 826.1 mg/L. The pH for both sites was within the guidelines; salt water having a pH of 7.38 and the pond water being 7.22, where it could range from 6-8. Both water systems contained enough dissolved oxygen to sustain fish life (at least 5-6 mg/L); the lake contained 9.5mg/L and the pond 7.3mg/L. The saturation levels were measured (see appendices 12.4) and the saltwater lake’s saturation level was too high, being 136% where it should be no more than 110%. The pond water was at exactly 110% saturation, which is right on the limit for the guidelines, but the high amount of saturation in the lake must be due to large amounts of algae growth. The turbidity for freshwater must be below 5NTU and anything above 20NTU is ‘polluted’ so both sites fit into those guidelines as the freshwater pond was only 0.03NTU and the saltwater lake was 0.01NTU. The body temperature for fish depends on the environment they naturally occur in, but they are cold-blooded (blood is below 30°C) so the water should be below 30°C to sustain fish life. High dissolved oxygen saturation occurs when both the temperature and DO are high. The DO saturation was quite high for both sites but the DO results were in normal range so that means that the temperatures must have caused the high saturation. The salt lake temperatures were: surface- 18.4°C, bottom- 17.9°C and average- 18.15°C and the pond’s were: Surface- 17.7°C, bottom: 17.2°C and average- 17.45°C so although there are no guidelines stating exact ideal temperatures (as it changes based on season, weather or day) they must be slightly too high to give such a high saturation.


10.0 Conclusion:

The quality of water contained in the freshwater pond and the saltwater lake from Emerald Lakes were compared and contrasted by testing for temperature, pH, turbidity, salinity and dissolved oxygen and any possible reasons for any substantial chemical corruption and differences in results were determined. The first hypothesis was shown to be correct as the saltwater lake had a higher DO content and lower turbidity than the pond water as expected. The second hypothesis was incorrect as it was expected that the higher the temperature is, the lower the level of dissolved oxygen will be and vice versa but instead, the salt water had a temperature and DO content higher than the pond water’s. The third hypothesis was also wrong as it was expected that the higher the turbidity level, the less neutral the water will be, either turning more acidic or more basic depending on the solids contained within but the pond water was more turbid and was closer to having a pH of 7 than the saltwater. The fourth hypothesis was incorrect as it was expected that the higher the salinity, the more acidic the water would be, making the pH less than 7, because salt is an acid but actually the salinity and pH for the salt lake were both higher than the pond water’s.


11.0 Bibliography

Gould, M. (2008). Chemistry in Use, book 1. North Ryde: McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd.

Guderley, H. (2007, March 15). Metabolic responses to low temperature in fish muscle. Retrieved August 26, 2012, from Wiley Online Library: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1017/S1464793103006328/abstract

HarperCollins Publishers. (2009). Turbidity . Retrieved July 24, 2012, from Dictionary.com: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/turbidity?s=t

Monteath, S. (2008). Chemistry in Use, book 1. North Ryde: McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd.

Smith, R. (2008). Chemistry in Use, book 1. North Ryde: McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd.

University of Wisconsin. (2009). Dissolved Oxygen. Retrieved July 24, 2012, from watermonitoring: http://watermonitoring.uwex.edu/wav/monitoring/oxygen.html

University of Wisconsin. (2007). Temperature. Retrieved July 24, 2012, from Watermonitoring: http://watermonitoring.uwex.edu/wav/monitoring/temp.html

University of Wisconsin. (2009). Transparency. Retrieved July 24 , 2012, from Watermonitoring: http://watermonitoring.uwex.edu/wav/monitoring/transparency.html


Emmanuel College

Saltwater lake

Freshwater pond

12.0 Appendices:

12.1 Water collection sites:

12.20 Dissolved oxygen colorimeter

instructions:


12.21 Dissolved oxygen colorimeter instructions:

12.31 Turbidity colorimeter instructions:


12.4 Dissolved oxygen saturation graph:


13.0 Acknowledgements:

My group members, Kate Morris and Alex Butler helped me to collect and analyse water samples. Miss Wang taught us the basic information needed to know about water quality and helped us complete and understand the tests and their results. James McVicar, Kyle Jackson, Olivia Tregoning and Alex Philips where part of an online chemistry group in which they helped to answer some questions I was unsure about.


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