Chemistry For Life• Matter - occupies space and has mass

• Elements - C,H,O,N,S,Fe,Ca,Na,Cl,K; make up matter and can’t be decomposed by ordinary chemical means

• Atoms

• Protons

• Neutrons

• Electrons

location weight charge

• Protons - nucleus 1 +

• Neutrons - nucleus 1 none

• Electrons - orbit 0 -

• Atomic number - number of protons

• Atomic weight - protons + neutrons

• Ions - cations (+ ions that have lost an electron), anions (- ions that have gained an electron)

• Isotope - same atomic number, different atomic weight - thus the number of neutrons differs

• Radioisotopes - break down and emit radiation that may be of clinical value

Covalent - sharing of a pair of electrons

Ionic - giving and taking electrons

• Hydrogen - weak attraction between the positive part of one polar molecule and the negative part of another polar molecule; provides stability to large molecules

Atomic Combinations• Molecules - stable combination of 2 or

more elements

• Polar - electrons are unequally shared

• Nonpolar - electrons are equally shared

• Compounds - stable combination of 2 or more different kind of elements

• Synthesis - anabolism - building molecules

• Decomposition - catabolism - breaking molecules down

• Exchange - buffers

• Reversible - goes in both directions depending on the conditions

• Oxy-Redox - leo the lion goes ger

Factors Influencing Reactions

• Temperature - rises increase speed of reactions to a point and vice versa

• Concentration - same as temp.

• Particle size - smaller ones act faster

• Catalysts - speed up reactions

• Kinetic energy (being used) and potential energy (being stored)

• Chemical - in bonds• Mechanical - muscles moving body• Radiant - heat or light• Electrical - flow of electrons in

nerve impulses

Inorganic Compounds• Lack carbons bonded to hydrogens

• Water - 60-80% of our weight

• Acids - release H ions when dissociating in water; tastes sour

• Bases - release OH ions when dissociating in water; tastes bitter

• pH - a measure of how acidic or basic a substance is. It runs from 0, which is most acidic, to 14, which is most basic. 7 is neutral.

• Buffers - maintain the pH of a particular region by forming weaker acids or bases

• Salts - dissociates into cations and anions, which are not H or OH ions, when in water

Organic Compounds• Compounds containing carbon

bonded to hydrogen and oxygen

• C, H, O

• Monosaccharides

• Glucose - blood sugar

• Fructose - the sweetest sugar

• Ribose - part of RNA

• Disaccharides

• Lactose - milk sugar

• Sucrose - table sugar

• Maltose - in beer

• Polysaccharides

• Starch - our most abundant dietary carbohydrate

• Glycogen - our stored carbohydrate in our muscle and our liver

• Cellulose - a fiber that keeps us regular

• C, H, O

• Fats and oils - glycerol + 3 fatty acids, a triglyceride; SFA, MUFA, PUFA

• Eicosanoids such as prostaglandins which influence the cells that produce them

• Phospholipids - build cell membranes

• Sterols - cholesterol, sex hormones

• Vitamins - A, D, E, K

• C, H, O, N• Amino acids - amino, carboxyl, hydrogen

and radical around a C; they bind by peptide bonds to make polypeptides

• Enzymes are all proteins – they catalyze reactions and often require coenzymes (vitamins or minerals); work like a lock and key

Other Organic Compounds

• Nucleic acids - DNA, RNA

ATP Structure

• ATP - the energy compound

• Cyclic AMP - involved in hormone and neurotransmitter action