chem packet 3
TRANSCRIPT
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Chemistry!
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Do Now:
• Look at your periodic table, what one word to the symbols for these three words spell?• Calcium• Neodymium• Yttirium
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What is Chemistry?
Chemistry is the study of __________and it’s
__________.But what is matter
anyway?
matter
reactivity
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Matter is…Anything that has ______
and takes up ___________________. In other words it’s stuff. Not Energy! But Stuff!
mass
Space (volume)
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Matter is…Stuff that’s made of tiny particles called ______! atoms
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Matter Exists in 4 forms:
• SOLID• LIQUID •GAS•PLASMA:
Most important on Earth, we will focus on these.
an ionized charged gas. Most common in the universe.
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Four States of Matter:
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Gas• Particles have _______
spaces between them. Gases are mostly empty space.
large
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Gas: (continued)
•Particles can ___________ in all directions•Particles _______________
their containers• _________ energy
Move freely
Expand to fill
Highest
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Liquids!
•Particles are in contact but they are ____________ as in solids.
Not as close
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Liquid: (continued)
•Particles can ___________ Past one another, changing
their positions.• Liquids _______________
their containers
Slip and slide
Take the shape of
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Solid
•Particles are ____________ in an orderly arrangement
Tightly Packed
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Solid (Continued)
•Particles __________ but ____________ move freely.• Solids have a ______ shape• ________________
Vibrate do not
definite
Lowest Energy
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Changes in State (Phase)
•Matter can change from one form into another by either changes in _______ or changes in ___________.
Pressure
Temperature
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You must be able to
describe all phase changes!
Do they require
addition or release of
heat?
Phase Changes
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Phase Changes of Water
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Heating Curve
Each Substance undergoes phase changes at different temperatures!
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Important Fact!The temperature _______
change during a phase change. This is indicated by a __________ (flat) line on a heating curve.
does not
horizontal
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Part Two: Atomic Structure
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Chemistry Review!1. An ELEMENT is: A simple ______
substance made from one type of atom that can’t be further broken down.
pure
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Chemistry Review!2. An ATOM is:
the smallest part of an _______ that retains the properties of the element.element
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Chemistry Review!3. A COMPOUND is: two or more _______
joined ____________.chemicallyelements
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Chemistry Review!4. A MOLECULE is: the smallest part of a
_________ that retains the properties of the compound.
compound
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Chemistry Review!5. A Chemical Bond is: the ____________
(joining) of atoms. connection
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Must know Facts about Atoms!!!
a. The center of an atom is called the ________.
b. Two Particles in the nucleus are the ______ and the _______
nucleus
protonsneutrons
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Must know Facts about Atoms!!!
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Must Know facts about Atoms!!!
c. The protons have a ________ charge and the neutrons have ___ charge.
positive
no
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Must know Facts about Atoms!!!
d. Tiny _________ orbit the nucleus in specific regions called ___________ or _______. These particles have a ________ charge.
electrons
energy levels Orbitals
negative
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Must know Facts about Atoms!!!
e. _____ electrons fit in the first energy level, _______ in the second, and _______ in the third.
Two eight
eight
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Must know Facts about Atoms!!!
f. The number of protons in an atom is called the _____________. Atomic Number
Atomic NumberSymbol
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Must know Facts about Atoms!!!
g. The number of protons and neutrons added together is called the _____________. Atomic Mass
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Must know Facts about Atoms!!!
h. Atoms without an overall charge are called _______.i. Atoms with an overall charge are called ______.
neutral
ions
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Must know Facts about Atoms!!!
j. Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons (and different atomic masses) are called _____________.
isotopes
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Must know Facts about Atoms!!!
Atomic NumberSymbol
Atomic Mass
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Do Now:
•Put Homework in the box!• Sit quietly in your seats and
wait for Ms. Gaga’s Performance… you must be very very quiet or she will not perform!
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Must know Facts about Atoms!!!
Simple Carbon Atom
+
4e-
2e-
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A Visual Representation
Notice that the same elements can combine in a variety of ways to form new, unique substances that have different chemical properties!
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THOUGHT QUESTION:
Are there more compounds or elements in the world? Explain. There are more compounds.
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Structure of the Atom
ATOMIC NUMBERThe atomic number
determines the __________ of the
element.
Identity
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Structure of the Atom
In a NEUTRAL atom with no charge, the
electrons ________ the protons.
equal
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Structure of the Atom
Use your notes to label the diagram!
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Structure of the Atom
The center of the atom is called the _______
It is a cluster of ________ & ________
Nucleus
(0 charge) (+ charge)
NeutronsProtons
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Structure of the Atom
If you add the number of protons and the
number of neutrons you get the _____________ Atomic Mass
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Structure of the Atom
The number of _______ can be obtained by subtracting the proton number from
the atomic mass.
neutrons
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Structure of the Atom
The rings represent different regions around the nucleus called energy levels,
shells or _____________ Orbitals
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Structure of the Atom
Let’s read the explanation paragraph at the bottom
of the page!
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Do Now: Focused Free Write
Today is Twin day…. Explain how even though you are wearing the same
clothes, that I can still tell you apart. Relate this concept to what you
know about chemistry. Hint: use words such as “compound”
“element” “isotope” “properties”
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Diagram of an AtomUse this page to review
vocabulary and to complete the Atomic Structure Activity
on the next page!
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The Periodic Table
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Look at this page:
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Elements and the Periodic Table:
1. PERIODIC TABLE: a chart which organizes elements by their _________.Atomic #
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Elements and the Periodic Table:
2. METALLOIDS: elements that are located along the ________. They have properties of ________ metals and non-metals.
staircaseboth
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Elements & the Periodic Table:
3. A NON-METAL: an element located to the _____ of the staircase elements which is usually ____, ________ and a ______ conductor or energy. ________________
right
dull brittle
(or they are a gas)poor
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Elements & the Periodic Table:
4. A METAL: is located to the ______ of the staircase. Metals are usually _______ and good _________ of energy.
leftshiny
conductors
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Elements & the Periodic Table:
4. Metals (continued)a.They are _______, which means they can be drawn into thin ______.b.They are ________, which means they can be hammered into thin sheets.
ductile
wiresmalleable
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Elements & the Periodic Table:
5. NOBLE GASES: belong in group ___ . They are _______, which means they ________ react with any other elements.They’re SNOBS!!!
18 inertDO NOT
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Do Now: Debate
Why does ice float in water?
This is confusing because solid are usually denser than liquids… think about this!!! Isn’t
water wacky!!! What do you think?
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Elements & the Periodic Table: Use your periodic table to complete the
information in the chart.
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Part Three: Chemical Reactions
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Why do Atoms form Chemical Bonds?
To get a “full” Valence shell of electrons
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Valence Electrons
Electrons located in the outermost energy level of a
given atom
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Sodium (Na)
P=___N=___
1112
2e-
Valence Electrons
8e-
1e-
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Chlorine (Cl)
P=___N=___
1718
2e-
Valence Electrons
8e-
7e-
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Valence Electrons
Atoms need to have FULL valence shells or they will
react with other substances!
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Valence Electrons
How many valence electrons are in one
sodium atom? ______ Is it full? _____
Will sodium react?_____
1
No
Yes
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Valence Electrons
How many valence electrons are in one
chlorine atom? ______ Is it full? _____
Will sodium react?_____
7
No
Yes
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Valence ElectronsSodium will donate (give
away) it’s one valence electron to chlorine. This way both atoms will have
their out shell filled!
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Valence ElectronsWhen this happens, sodium
will become a +1 ION and chlorine will become a -1
ION. Since opposite charges attract, sodium and chlorine
will form an…
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Ion:A charged atom (either
because electrons are lost or gained!)
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Ionic Bond:The force of attraction
between oppositely charged ions
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However,Some atoms do not
transfer or donate their electrons. Instead, the share their electrons!
this is called…
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Covalent Bond:
A chemical bond formed by the sharing
of one or more electrons
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One oxygen atom will form covalent bonds with two hydrogen atoms to form one molecule of water.
Lets draw it!
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Oxygen (8)
P=___N=___
88
2e-
Valence Electrons
6e-
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Hydrogen (1)
P=___N=___
10
Valence Electrons
1e-
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Complete the THOUGHT QUESTION on the bottom or
your page:Helium and Neon never form compounds? Explain why. (Hint: you may need to draw the atoms) They have a full valence shell.
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Important Fact:When atoms form
chemical bonds, the properties of the
elements __________!change
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Important Fact:For example, sodium is
highly reactive metal and chlorine is a
greenish gas. However, when they chemically form crystalline salt!
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Chemical Reactions Notes
Chemical Reaction: When _____ are ____ or ______to form new
___________
bonds
substancesbroken
made
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Turn the page!
Lets look at this cartoon which models
different kinds of chemical reactions.
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Clues that would indicate a chemical
reaction:1. A SPONTANEOUS ________ change. I’m not talking about painting a house! It’s a change that happens on its own like a apple that turns brown in the air
color
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Clues that would indicate a chemical
reaction:2. A SPONTANEOUS production of energy such as _______ or ____. If you mix two substances without Adding or Removing heat and you notice a temp change or light. Bingo!!!
HeatLight
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Clues that would indicate a chemical
reaction:3. The production of a ____________! This is when you mix two liquids and get the formation of a solid substance. This is seldom in everyday life!
Precipitate
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Clues that would indicate a chemical
reaction:4. The formation of a _____. Bubbles and fizzing indicate the formation of new substance. Bubbles during boiling do not count! Phase changes are physical changes!
Gas
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Do now: What do call these two atoms? (hint compare the nucleus)
Protons Neutrons
Isotopes!!
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Label the following: positive ion, negative ion, neutral atom
Protons Neutrons
Electrons
Negative Ion,
because there are
more electrons
than protons!
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Label the following: positive ion, negative ion, neutral atom
Protons Neutrons
Electrons
Positive Ion,
because there are
more protons
than electrons!
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Label the following: positive ion, negative ion, neutral atom
Protons Neutrons
Electrons
Neutral Atom,
because the electrons equal the protons!
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Writing Chemical Equations:
A CHEMICAL EQUATION is a ______________ way of showing showing what’s
happening during a chemical reaction.
Short- hand
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Writing Chemical Equations:
Scientist are busy!!! They can’t write out everything! Its just
like how you text message your friends… TTYL… LOL… J/K…
Please read the box…
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Do Now!
• Keep Homework on your desk…• Complete Part One of the Do
Now Ditto!• It is very warm in here today…
please be quiet so that it cools down in here!
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Helpful Terms:
1. REACTANT: a __________ material. Reactants are written BEFORE the arrow
starting
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Helpful Terms:
2. PRODUCT: an ________ material. Products are written after the arrow.
ending
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Helpful Terms:
3. COEFFICIENT: A number placed __________ an atom or molecule to show the amount of each atom or molecule. ( Doesn’t jump the plus sign)
in front of
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Helpful Terms:
4. SUBSCRIPT: A small number placed in the lower______ of a chemical symbol to show the number of atoms of the element. It only applies to the element to the left of it!
right
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Helpful Terms:
5. A BALANCED EQUATION: When writing a chemical equation the number of atoms on the reactant side MUST _____ the number on the product side? Why?equal
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Law of Conservation of Mass: (same for mass)Mass/ NRG ____________
Mass/ NRG ______________
Mass/ Energy can only __________
Can’t be madeCan’t be destroyed
Change form!!!
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Law of Conservation of Mass: (same for mass) CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H20 C=1 C=1 H=4 = H=4 O=4 O=4The equation demonstrates the
law of conservation of mass.
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Classwork!!!
Determine the number of atoms in the following chemical
formulas.
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Do Now:
Answer do now questions on the catalyst review
demo…
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Reaction RatesWhat factors affect how quickly or
slowly a reaction takes place?
Factor #1 _____________________
Factor #2 _____________________
Factor #3 _____________________
Factor #4 _____________________Catalysts / Inhibitors
Concentration
Surface Area
Temperature
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Reaction RatesHow do these factors affect the rate
(speed) of a chemical reaction?
1. TEMPERATURE is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance. The higher the temperature, the faster the particles move.
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Reaction RatesHow do these factors affect the rate
(speed) of a chemical reaction?
1. TEMPERATURE: The greater the temperature the _________ the reaction time.
greater
temperature
reac
tion
rate
slow
fast
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Reaction RatesHow do these factors affect the rate
(speed) of a chemical reaction?
2. SURFACE AREA: is the amount of an object that is exposed to the environment. The smaller the particles in a sample the greater the surface area
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Reaction RatesHow do these factors affect the rate
(speed) of a chemical reaction?
2. Surface Area: The greater the surface area the _________ the reaction time.
greater
Surface area
reac
tion
rate
slow
fast
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Reaction RatesHow do these factors affect the rate
(speed) of a chemical reaction?
3. CONCENTRATION: refers to the amount of solute dissolved in a solvent. The more stuff dissolved in a given volume of solvent the more concentrated the solution
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Reaction RatesHow do these factors affect the rate
(speed) of a chemical reaction?
3. Concentration: The greater the concentration the _________ the reaction time.
faster
Concentration
reac
tion
rate
slow
fast
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Reaction RatesHow do these factors affect the rate
(speed) of a chemical reaction?
4. The ADDITION OF A CATALYST: Catalysts are substances that
___________ a reaction rate. Watch the hydrogen peroxide demonstration to show how yeast acts as a catalyst.
increase
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Reaction RatesHow do these factors affect the rate
(speed) of a chemical reaction?
4. The ADDITION OF A INHIBITOR:
An inhibitor will decrease a reaction rate!
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Do Now: Free Write!
Is it possible to produce (make heat) with out adding something that is already hot (like the sun, or the oven) … If so, how?
Lab Today!!! Please read directions quietly, and have you homework out on your desk!
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Lab today
Chemical Reactions! Lets read the directions together!
Don’t forget to wear your goggles at all times!
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Do Now: Tell me what you think!
Let’s take a quick break from chemistry… Instead check out my awesome new lava lamp!!!! Make some observations… Why are the colors separated? Why do they move? Can you figure out the science
behind the funky lamp? Write your answer down on a clean sheet of paper!
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Mixtures Review!!!
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Mixtures Review!!!
1. MIXTURE:
When two or more substances are joined (combined) physicallynot chemically
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Mixtures Review!!!
2. State two ways that mixtures are different from compounds.
a) The substances in a mixture _____________________ Retain their properties
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Mixtures Review!!!
2. State two ways that mixtures are different from compounds.
b) Mixtures can be _________ by physical means such as: ________, ___________, ________ and __________________.
separated
filtering evaporationmagnet
Density differences
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Mixtures Review!!!
3. What are the two types of mixtures?
a) Heterogeneous:
A solution that looks different throughout. Example: Chef Salad
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Mixtures Review!!!
3. What are the two types of mixtures?
a) Homogeneous:
A solution that looks same throughout. Example: a glass of lemonade
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Mixtures Review!!!
4. Dissolving: The process in which particles spread _______ in a mixture. evenly
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Mixtures Review!!!
5. Solution: a ____________ mixture in which one substance called a ______ is _____________ in another substance called a ______. _______ is often called the _________ solvent because it can dissolve many things
homogeneous
Water
solute
universal
dissolved
solvent
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Mixtures Review!!!
6. Dilute: A solution with a _______ amount of solute
7. Concentrated: A solution with a ______ amount of solute
small
large
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Mixtures Review!!!
8. Unsaturated: a solution that contains ____ solute than it can hold at a given temperature.
9. Saturated: a solution that contains ____ the solute it can hold at a given temperature.
less
all
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Mixtures Review!!!
10. Supersaturated: A _________ solution that contains _____ solute than it normally does at room temperature.
saturated more
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Factors that affect solubility!
a. TEMPERATURE:Higher temperatures Higher Solubility
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Factors that affect solubility!
b. SURFACE AREA:Greater surface area Higher solubility
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Factors that affect solubility!
c. STIRRING:Stirring will increase the reaction rate.
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Factors that affect solubility!
d. PRESSURE:An increase in pressure can increase the amount of gas that can dissolve in a liquid
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Do Now: Use this Cartoon to make a Acid Vs Bases Chart
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Acids and Bases:Two Types of Solutions
1. INDICATOR: A substance that detects the presence of an acid or a base
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Acids and Bases:Two Types of Solutions
Common Indicators to detect the presence of an acid or base:
a._______________________pH paper (numerical scale)
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Acids and Bases:Two Types of Solutions
Common Indicators to detect the presence of an acid or base:
b. ______________________Litmus paper (red/blue color change)
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Acids and Bases:Two Types of Solutions
Common Indicators to detect the presence of an acid or base:
c. _______________________
The juice ofRed Cabbage
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Characteristics of Acids and Bases:
pH paper (numerical scale)
The juice of Red Cabbage
Acids BasesDonates ______________
to a solutionDonates _______________
to a solution
May taste ____ May taste ________
Turns Litmus ____ Turns Litmus _________
Has a pH value _______ 7 Has a pH value _________ 7
Turns Cabbage juice _____ Turns cabbage juice _____________
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Usually feels _______
Hydrogen (H+)
bitter
red blue
below above
RedGreen/blue
Slippery
sour
Hydroxide ion (OH-)
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Acids and Bases:Two Types of Solutions
2. pH Scale: a. A scale used for
measuring the _________ of an acid or a base.
b. It is a numeric scale from _____________
strength
0-14
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Acids and Bases:Two Types of Solutions
2. pH Scale: c. Any value less than
___ represents an _____. The lower the value, the ________ the acid.
7acid
stronger
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Acids and Bases:Two Types of Solutions
2. pH Scale: d. Any value more than __
represents a ______. The higher the number, the _________ the base.
7base
stronger
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Acids and Bases:Two Types of Solutions
2. pH Scale: e. A substance
with a value of 7 is called _______.neutral
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Acids and Bases:Two Types of Solutions
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Acids and Bases:Two Types of Solutions
3. Neutralization Reaction: The reaction of an acid and a base
to produce two neutral products:
_________ and _________Salt
NaOH + HCL NaCl + H2O
water(SALT)(ACID)(BASE) (WATER
)