chem biopol and commercial cells

8/10/2019 Chem Biopol and Commercial Cells

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2/2/2011

Year 12 Miss Hanna | Anthony Bekhit

HSCCHEMISTRY

PROBLEM S OL I!" A !# P ROCESSI!"

I!$ORMATIO!


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Part 1 Use available evidence to gather and present data from secondarysources and analyse progress in the recent development and use of anamed biopolymer. This analysis should name the speci c enzyme(s)

used or organism used to synthesis the material and an evaluation onthe use or the potential use of the polymer produced related to itsproperties.

Introduction

As te%hno&o'y a()an%es* so (oes the h+,an ra%e- In the .ast ossi& +e&s haseen )ery (e.en(e( on or ,any thin's* s+%h as the %reation o .o&y,ers-

A&tho+'h* there is a nite a,o+nt o ossi& +e& in the or&( an( it is kno n thatthe s+..&y i&& not &ast )ery &on'- As a res+&t* s%ientists are (e)e&o.in'

a&ternati)e o.tions or the +se o ossi& +e&s-

Cr+(e oi& as )ery (e.en(e( on or the .ro(+%tion o .&asti%s- These .&asti%s*hi%h are .ro(+%e( y .etro%he,i%a&s* are non3 io(e'ra(a &e- There ore ,akin'

this kin( o .&asti%s is )ery har, +& to the en)iron,ent* as the a,o+nt o these+n ante( .&asti%s +i&(s +. an( &oiters r+ ish ti.s itho+t any (e%ay or(e%o,.osition- Conse4+ent&y* resear%h has e'+n into the .ro(+%tion o syntheti%

io.o&y,ers an( +sin' the, to %reate .&asti%s* as its .ro.erties i&& ,ake itio(e'ra(a &e an( i&& re(+%e the ne%essity or non3 io(e'ra(a &e .&asti%s-

A .o&y,er is a &on' %he,i%a& %hain or,e( ro, the re.etition o n+,ero+s,ono,er +nits- $or these ,ono,er +nits to or, the .o&y,er a s,a&& ,o&e%+&e,+st e e&i,inate(* 'enera&&y this,o&e%+&e is ater 5H 2O6- The +nits ,ay

e o the sa,e %he,i%a& or (i7erent- This is i&&+strate( in '+re 1-1* as itsho s the ,ono,er +nits o

Tere.htha&i% a%i( an( Ethy&ene "&y%o&or, an( ater ,o&e%+&es are re,o)e(*or,in' Po&y5Ethy&ene Tere.htha&ate6 or

,ore %o,,on&y kno n as PET-

$i'+re 1-1

o! the "iopolymer is Produced

A io.o&y,er is a &on' %he,i%a& %hain or,e( y the re.etition o ,ono,er%e&&s- These ,ono,er %e&&s are or,e( ro, rene a &e so+r%es* s+%h as .&antsan( ,i%ro3or'anis,s* this a&&o s or the io.o&y,er to e io(e'ra(a &e an(

io%o,.ati &e- One e8a,.&e is Bio.o&* hi%h or,e( ro, t o other io.o&y,ersPo&yhy(ro8y +tyrate 5PHB6 an( Po&yhy(ro8y)a&erate 5PH 6-$i'+re 1-2 sho s PHB*PH an( the %o.o&y,er o Bio.o&-


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Bio.o& is syntheti%a&&y .ro(+%e( thro+'h the +se o the a%teria* A&%a&i'enesE+tro.h+s* hi%h is 'ro in tanks an( ee( a %ar on ase( oo( so+r%e- The.o&y,er is o&&o e( y a .+ri %ation ste.- This is (one y rst iso&atin' the.o&y,er then (isso&)in' it in Tri%h&oro,ethane or a %h&orinate( hy(ro%ar on*then .re%i.itatin' an( (ryin' the Bio.o& on%e the aste so&i( has een re,o)e(-

Re%ent&y* in(+stries ha)e %reate( ,ore e%ono,i%a& an( e9%ient ays o .ro(+%in' Bio.o&* o +sin' iote%hno&o'y- "enes ro, the ,i%ro3or'anis,s that.ro(+%e Bio.o&* s+%h as the A&%a&i'enes E+tro.h+s* are taken an( then inserte(into a%teria s+%h as E- %o&i- This a&&o s or the E- %o&i to .ro(+%e Bio.o&- The +seo the a%teria E- %o&i a&&o s %hea.er oo( so+r%es to e +se( to ee( the

a%teria* s+%h as hey* ,o&asses an( a'ri%+&t+ra& aste-

The a()anta'es o +sin' E- %o&i as the a%teria to ,ake Bio.o& a&so in%&+(e:aster 'ro th* easier re%o)ery* etter yie&(s an( &ess or,ation o aste io,ass

Properties of the "iopolymer

Po&y.ro.y&ene is a .o&y,er .ro(+%e( )ia the +se o .etro%he,i%a&s an( its.ro.erties a&&o or )arie( +ses- Ho e)er* .o&y.ro.y&ene is not io(e'ra(a &e*&ea(in' to a &ar'e +i&(3+. o aste .&asti%- Conse4+ent&y* Bio.o& is a )ery(esire( an( sort a ter io.o&y,er as its .ro.erties are si,i&ar to that o .o&y.ro.y&ene yet it is io(e'ra(a &e as e&& as ein' io%o,.ati &e- These.ro.erties in%&+(e3

Inso&+ &e in ater Per,ea &e to o8y'en 5 a&&o s o8y'en to .ass thro+'h6 I,.er)io+s to ; &i'ht


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;nres.onsi)e to a%i(s an( ases So&+ &e in %h&orinate( hy(ro%ar ons 5Tri%h&oro,ethane6 Bio%o,.ati &e Bio(e'ra(a &e Hi'h ,e&tin' .oint 5 1


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Bio.o& is )ery ene %ia& to the en)iron,ent* it is io(e'ra(a &e* res+&tin' in ani,.ro)e,ent o aste ,ana'e,ent an( +ti&isin' rene a &e reso+r%es- Ho e)erit is ,ore e8.ensi)e to .ro(+%e than the .&asti%s ,a(e y the +se o .etro%he,i%a&s- !e resear%h has a&&o e( or the (e)e&o.,ent o io.o&y,ers+sin' trans'eni% .&ants an( s+ se4+ent&y &o erin' the %osts an( ,akin' the

io.o&y,ers .ri%e %o,.etiti)e ith the .etro%he,i%a& .&asti%s-

Bi &io'ra.hy

Part 1

S,ith* R 200@* Con4+erin' Che,istry* M%"ra Hi&&* !orth Ry(e !S

htt. // -eren-(oe-'o)/ io.o er/ asi%s/in(e8-ht,&

htt. // -ott-(oe-'o)/ io +e&s

htt. // -n%a+r-+s(a-'o)/..&/resear%h-ht,

htt. // -te%hno&o'yst+(ent-%o,/.r((es1/ io.o&a-ht,&

Po&yhy(ro8y +tyrate an Intri'+in' Bio.o&y,er* E( in A-#a es* Bios%ien%eRe.orts* o&- * !o- D* 1

htt. //hs%%he,- ikis.a%es-%o,/ &e/)ie / io.o&-.(

Part 2

htt. // -easy%he,-%o,-a+/.ro(+%tion3o 3,ateria&s/e&e%tro%he,i%a&3,etho(s/%o,.arison3o 3 attery3%e&&s

htt. //%he, iki-+%(a)is-e(+/Ana&yti%a&FChe,istry/E&e%tro%he,istry/ o&tai% FCe&&s

DuPont, Preston S., and Howard H. Rogers. "Battery electrode structure." U.S. Patent No.4,250,235. 0 !e . #$ .

htt. //a,eri%anhistory-si-e(+/ +e&%e&&s/ asi%s-ht,

htt. // -ener'y,atters-%o,-a+/%o,.onents/ +e&3%e&&s/

S,ith* R 200@* Con4+erin' Che,istry* M%"ra Hi&&* !orth Ry(e !S

htt. // -easy%he,-%o,-a+/.ro(+%tion3o 3,ateria&s/e&e%tro%he,i%a&3,etho(s/%o,.arison3o 3 attery3%e&&s


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Part 2

$ather and present information on the structure and chemistry of adry cell or a lead%acid cell and evaluate it in comparison to&

"utton cell 'uel cell anadium redo cell

*ithium cell +evice (e.g. the $ratzel cell)


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In terms of&

,hemistry ,ost and practicality Impact on society #nvironmental impact

Introduction

"a&)ani% %e&&s harness the e&e%tri%a& ener'y a)ai&a &e ro, the e&e%tron trans erin a re(o8 rea%tion to .er or, +se +& e&e%tri%a& ork- The key to 'atherin' thee&e%tron Go is to se.arate the o8i(ation an( re(+%tion ha& 3rea%tions*%onne%tin' the, y a ire* so that the e&e%trons ,+st Go thro+'h that ire-

That e&e%tron Go * %a&&e( a %+rrent* %an e sent thro+'h a %ir%+it-

The o8i(ation rea%tion o%%+rs at the ano(e 5an e&e%tro(e here o8i(ation takes.&a%e6* hi&e at the %atho(e 5an e&e%tro(e here re(+%tion takes .&a%e6* the

re(+%tion rea%tion o%%+rs- A&tho+'h* or the e&e%tri%ity to e 'enerate( the ha& rea%tions ,+st e se.arate( an( the e&e%trons trans.orte( ro, the ano(e to the%atho(e thro+'h a ire* .ro(+%in' a %+rrent-

These e&e%tro(es are s+ ,er'e( into so&+tions in (i7erent &o%ations a&&o in' a%+rrent to e .ro(+%e(- A sa&t ri('e et een the t o so&+tions is re4+ire( toa&&o or the ,i'ration o ions to o%%+r an( %reate a ne+tra& a&an%e o ions- Thisso&+tion ,+st e a &e to %on(+%t e&e%tri%ity- This so&+tion is %a&&e( an e&e%tro&yte-$i'+re 2-1 is an e8a,.&e o a attery that sho s the ano(e* the %atho(e* the.ath o the e&e%trons thro+'h the ire as e&& as the sa&t ri('e-

The sa&t ri('e or .oro+s (isk is ne%essary to ,aintain the %har'e ne+tra&ity o ea%h ha& 3%e&& y a&&o in' the Go o ions ith ,ini,a& ,i8in' o the ha& 3%e&&so&+tions- As e&e%trons are trans erre( ro, the o8i(ation ha& 3%e&& to there(+%tion ha& 3%e&&* a ne'ati)e %har'e +i&(s in the re(+%tion ha& 3%e&& an( a.ositi)e %har'e in the o8i(ation ha& 3%e&&- That %har'e +i&(+. o+&( ser)e too..ose the %+rrent ro, ano(e to %atho(e33 e7e%ti)e&y sto..in' the e&e%tronGo 33i the %e&& &a%ke( a .ath or ions to Go et een the t o so&+tions- $i'+re2-1 is an e8a,.&e o a attery that sho s the ano(e* the %atho(e* the .ath o thee&e%trons thro+'h the ire as e&& as the sa&t ri('e-


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$i'+re 2-1

+ry ,ell

The (ry %e&&* a&so kno n as the &ea( a%i( %e&&* is ,ost i(e&y an( %o,,on&y+se( attery* as it is the ,ost a7or(a &e- Its +ses in%&+(e tor%hes an( ra(ios- Theano(e o the (ry %e&& is ?in%* hi&e the %atho(e is 'ra.hite- $i'+re 2-2 sho s theha& rea%tions o%%+rrin' at the ano(e an( the %atho(e- The e&e%tro&yte so&+tion+se( is a ,i8 o a,,oni+, %h&ori(e* ?in% %h&ori(e an( ,an'anese (io8i(e-$i'+re 2- sho s a %ross3se%tion o the str+%t+re o a (ry %e&&-

The ener'y (ensity o the (ry %e&& is 0-0 k h/k'- This is a&so the ,osta7or(a &e attery a)ai&a &e or %o,,er%ia& +se-

The (ry %e&& a&so ha( a )ery &ar'e e7e%t on so%iety as it as one o the rst.orta &e atteries to e .ro(+%e( hi%h a&&o e( it to ,ake tor%hes* ra(ios* toysan( %&o%ks to e .orta &e- Ho e)er* the (isa()anta'es or (ry %e&&s are it (oesnot .ro(+%e hi'h %+rrents or its si?e an( it ,ay (e)e&o. &eaks as the ?in% %asin'%orro(es- As a res+&t* the (ry %e&& atteries are har, +& to the as they re&ease

ha?ar(o+s ,ateria&s an( %reate &ar'e a,o+nts o aste-


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$i'+re 2-

$+e& Ce&&

The +e& %e&& is one ty.e o 'a&)ani% %e&& that %an e re%har'e( si,.&y y a((in',ore +e&- These atteries ork y a((in' hy(ro'en an( o8y'en to'ether to%reate ater an( heat* an( .ro(+%e e&e%tri%ity- This is (one y insertin'hy(ro'en 'as into the ano(e hi%h s.&its the hy(ro'en 'as into e&e%trons an(hy(ro'en ions* hi&e on the o8y'en 'as is inserte( into the %atho(e an( isse.arate( into o8y'en ions- The hy(ro'en ions an( the o8y'en ions are then%o, ine( to or, ater* hi&e the e&e%trons are .asse( thro+'h a %ir%+it hi%h'enerates e&e%tri%ity- $i'+re 2-< sho s the ha& rea%tions o%%+rrin' at the ano(ean( the %atho(e* an( '+re 2- (is.&ays the str+%t+re an( the .ro%ess o the +e&

%e&&-

A&tho+'h the +e& %e&& is reasona &y %hea.er than the (ry %e&&* it (oes not 'i)e ahi'h eno+'h o+t.+t o e&e%tri%ity* as a res+&t ,ore than one +e& %e&& are sta%ke(to .ro(+%e the %+rrent as the (ry %e&&- A&so the hy(ro'en that is +se( to s+..&ythe attery is (i9%+&t to store an( is not easi&y a%%essi &e so a&ternati)e +e&s are

ein' %onsi(ere(-


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E)en tho+'h +e& %e&&s are not ein' +se( i(e&y thro+'ho+t so%iety they are.re(estine( or +se in ,otors an( a..&ian%es* es.e%ia&&y as it has an e8tre,e&yhi'h e9%ien%y rate- A&so the +e& %e&& is )ery en)iron,enta&&y rien(&y as it hason&y ater an( heat as its e,issions* as a .ose to (ry %e&&s ith %ontainha?ar(o+s ,ateria&s-

$i'+re2-

Lea( a%i( %e&& $+e& Ce&&

Che,istry $+&& re(o8 rea%tion $+&& re(o8 rea%tion


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The &ea( a%i( %e&& is ,a(e+. o .&ates* &ea( an(&ea( o8i(e- Ma(e +. o

@ s+&.h+ri% a%i( an(D@ ater so&+tion-

The +e& %e&& %onsists o anano(e %o,.rise( o hy(ro'en'as* an( a %atho(e %o,.rise(o o8y'en- In the %entre is ane&e%tro&yte that on&y a&&o s.rotons to .ass thro+'h it- In

et een oth e&e%tro(es an(e&e%tro&ytes are %ata&ysts that

a%i&itate the rea%tions-

Cost an(Pra%ti%a&ity

Lo ,aintenan%ere4+ire,ents

Ro +st an( to&erantto a +se

Ca.a &e o hi'h(is%har'e rates

Can e %ontin+a&&yre%har'e(

#+ra &e an((e.en(a &e

e&& +n(erstoo(te%hno&o'y

Hea)y* B+&ky* &oener'y (ensity-

Poor ener'y3to3ei'ht ratio- !ot

s+ita &e or (e)i%esthat (e,an(%o,.a%t si?e

Co&o+, i% %har'ee9%ien%y is


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chem biopol and commercial cells

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