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Check Out These Pages
• www.nacha.org
• www.federalreserve.gov
• www.afponline.org
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The U.S. Financial Environment
Reference:ECM Chapter 3
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Financial Markets
• Money Markets & Capital Markets
• Security Exchanges & Markets
• Primary Markets & Secondary Markets
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Financial Institutions
• Commercial Banks• Investment Banks and Brokerage Firm • Thrift Institutions• Credit Unions• Mutual Funds• Factors• Insurance Companies• Consumer Credit Companies
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Commercial Bank Services
• Intermediation Services
• Payment and Collections
• Guarantor Services
• Agent or Fiduciary Services
• Consulting Services
• Risk Management Services
• Broker/Dealer Services
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Intermediation Services
• Deposit Products
Demand Deposit Accounts (DDA)
Time Deposit Accounts
Other Interest Bearing Accounts• Credit Services
Short-term Loans
Long-term Loans
Leasing
Mortgages
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Intermediation Services(continued)
• Investment Banking
Commercial Paper (CP)
Loan Sales
Private Placement
Corporate Bonds and Equity
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Guarantor Services
• Letters of Credit
• Standby L/Cs
• Credit Enhancement Standby L/Cs
• L/Cs Confirmations
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Agent or Fiduciary Services
• Trustee Services
• Investment Management
• Corporate Pension Plans
• Qualified Employees Benefit Plans
• Corporate Trustee
• Transfer and Paying Agent
• Registrar
• Custody Services
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Investment Banking and Brokerage Firms Services
• Bond and Stock Underwriting
• CP Dealers and Underwriters
• Institutional and Retail Brokerage
• Investment Advisory and Portfolio Management
• Risk Management
• Insurance Services
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Regulatory Environment
• Federal Level
• State Level
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Federal Regulatory Agencies
• Federal Reserve
• Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
• Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC)
• Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
• Department of Justice
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Federal Reserve: Roles
• Bank supervision
• Monetary policy
• Banking services
• Fiscal Agent
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Federal Reserve Supervision
• Member commercial banks
• Bank holding companies
• Edge Act banks
• U.S. banking activities of foreign banks
• Foreign activities of U.S. member banks
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Federal Reserve: Monetary Policy
• Reserve Requirements
• Discount Window Rate
• Open Market Operations
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Federal Reserve:Banking Services
• Check clearing
• Wire transfer through Fedwire
• Automated Clearing House System (ACH)
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Federal Reserve: Fiscal Agent
• Banker for the federal government.
• Accepts payment for federal taxes on behalf of the IRS.
• Fiscal agent for the Treasury when issuing, redeeming, and transferring ownership of government securities.
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Federal Reserve: Organization
• Board of Governors
• Advisory Committees
• Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC)
• Federal District Banks
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FDIC: Roles
• Supervisor of state-chartered non-member banks
• Insurer
• In charge of bank failure
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FDIC: Insurance
• Administers the BAIF and SAIF
• FDICA of 1991 mandates risk-based deposit insurance premiums
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SEC: Roles
• Disclosure regulation for public companies, including quarterly and annual report filings.
• Registration of securities to be sold to the public.
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Federal Legislation
• Federal Reserve Act (1913)
• Edge Act (1918)
• McFadden Act (1927)
• Glass Steagall Act (1933)
• Electronic Funds Transfer Act (1978)
• Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act (1980)
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Financial Legislation
• Garn-St Germain Depository Institutions Act (1982)
• Expedited Funds Availability Act (1988)
• Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act (1989)
• Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act (1991)
• Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act (1994)
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Federal Reserve Act1913
• Provided for the formation of FRS and the foundation for the current banking system
• Gave the Fed supervisory powers over member banks
• Member banks subjected to reserve requirements (RR)
• Allowed the Fed to create a payment and collection system through member banks
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Edge Act1918
• Permits domestic banks to invest in corporations that engage in international banking and finance.
• Edge Act corporations can operate anywhere in the U.S.
• Edge Act corporations are not subject to state banking laws.
• Edge Act corporations can’t accept domestic deposits and make domestic loans.
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McFadden Act1927
• Governs geographical expansion for banks.
• Prohibited branching across state lines unless otherwise allowed by state laws.
• Gave states jurisdiction over bank. Expansion within and across state lines.
• Restrictions apply to state and national banks.
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Glass Steagall Act1933
• Established the separation of banking and commerce, including investment banking
• Prohibited commercial banks from underwriting securities other than government securities
• Established deposit rate ceilings on deposit account, including a prohibition against payment of interest on DDA
• Established the FDIC to insure bank deposits up to a stipulated maximum amount
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Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary
Control Act (DIDMCA)1980
• Imposed RR on all depository institutions regardless of FRS membership status.
• Extended fed services to all deposit-taking institutions.
• Mandated the fed to reduce or price payment system float.
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DIDMCA (Continued)
• Mandated the pricing of previously free fed services according to standards of a tax-paying vendor.
• Reduce banking float.
• Allowed interest on consumer checking accounts.
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Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act
(FDICA)
• Established higher standards for safety and soundness for financial institutions.
• Requires early closure of banks and thrifts when net worth falls below 2%.
• Requires the establishment of risk-based deposit insurance premiums.
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Interstate Banking and Branching and Efficiency Act
1994
• Permits BHCs to acquire banks located in any state after September 1995.
• Allows banks to merge operations with banks in another state so long as states have not opted-out of bill.
• Allows banks to establish new branches provided state laws expressly permit it.
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Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act1999
• Eliminated barriers among banking, insurance and securities firms.
• Allowed easier entry by foreign banks.
• Established Federal Reserve as the primary regulator of banks.
• Establishment of privacy policies.