charts, airspace & navigation · special use airspace – cont. tfrs (temporary flight...

Charts, Airspace & Navigation

AAAA

Commercial Pilot Ground School

AAAA Education Foundation 2

Objectives

To review latitude and longitude on Sectional Charts.

To review time zones of flight and convert to UTC.

To identify and explain items on Sectional Charts.

To use Sectional Charts for navigation.

To identify the different airspace on Sectional Charts.

To explain the characteristics of different airspace.

To list the requirements for flying in different airspace.

To answer the questions on the Knowledge Test.


Overview

Longitude & Latitude

Time Zones

Charts and Topography

Airspace

Pilotage

Plotting Courses

Magnetic Variation

GPS


Latitude & Longitude

Latitude = Parallel (around)

Longitude = Meridian (up & down)

Increment

Degrees (denoted by a °)

Minutes (60 minutes/degree, denoted by ’)

Seconds (60 seconds/minute, denoted by”)

What are GPS increments?


Latitude / Parallels


Longitude / Meridians


Longitude / Meridians International Date Line = 180°

180°

90° East 90° West

0° Greenwich, England

North

Pole


Read Latitude and Longitude

Longitu

de lin

es

Latitude

35°

36°

106°

105°

35°20’ North

105°37’ West


Finding Latitude/Longitude How high is the peak at 36°18’N, 110°03’W?


Latitude & Longitude Exercise

Answers are:

1. a

2. c

3. b

4. b

5. b


Aviation Time

Aviation time is Zulu (Z)

based on

Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)

expressed in 24 hour clock i.e. 1600Z = 4:00pm GMT = 9:00am MST or 10am MDT


Time Zones


U.S. Time Zones


Conversion to Zulu/UTC time

Eastern Standard Time – add 5 hrs Eastern Daylight Time – add 4 hrs

Central Standard Time – add 6 hrs Central Daylight Time – add 5 hrs

Mountain Standard Time – add 7 hrs Mountain Daylight Time – add 6 hrs

Western Standard Time – add 8 hrs Western Daylight Time – add 7 hrs


Time Conversion Exercise

Answers are:

1. c

2. b

3. c

4. a


Charts & Topography

World Aeronautical Charts (WAC) Appropriate for moderate speed aircraft

1:1,000,000 scale (1” = 13.7 NM)

Sectional Aeronautical Charts Appropriate for slow/medium speed aircraft

1:500,000 scale (1” = 6.86 NM)

VFR Terminal Area Charts For Class B Airports

1:250,000 (1” = 3.43 NM)


Sectional Chart vs. VFR Terminal Area Chart


Information on Sectional Charts


Airport Information


Obstruction Symbols

Both elevation and heights for obstacles are shown on sectionals.

2049 = top of obstruction in MSL

(1149) = height of obstruction above ground (AGL)


Contour Lines & Shading


Contour Lines


Maximum Elevation Figures

Shown in thousands & hundreds of feet

The maximum elevation figure is based on the highest known feature in each quadrangle, including terrain and obstructions.


Charts & Topography Exercise

Answers are:

1. c

2. c

3. c

4. c

5. c

6. b

7. c


Airspace

Controlled Airspace

Class A

Class B

Class C

Class D

Class E

Uncontrolled Airspace

Class G

Special Use Airspace


Airspace on Sectionals


Class A Airspace

Altitude or Above

18,000 ft MSL to FL 600

IFR only

NOT shown on Sectional Charts

IFR charts are available for this airspace


Class B Airspace

at Biggest or Busiest airports

Upside down wedding cake Inner circle from ground to 10,000 ft MSL

2nd circle from ~2,900 ft AGL to 10,000 ft MSL

3rd circle from ~5,500 ft AGL to 10,000 ft MSL

Actual heights depend on elevation of airport

Solid blue lines on Sectionals

30 nm veil around all Class B airspace


Class B Airspace

Must have permission from ATC to enter

Need Mode C Transponder within the 30 nm veil

Student pilots can NOT fly in Class B airspace without training and sign off


Class B - Biggest & Busiest

Surface to 10,000 ft.

Bands individually tailored

Around the nations busiest

Airports (12)


Class B Airspace (Denver)

30 NM veil

Blue rings of airspace

White box Indicates a

1:250,000

airport chart

is available


Class C Airspace

At Common or Congested airports

Must Communicate

Upside down, 2 tier wedding cake

Inner circle from surface to 4,000 ft AGL

Outer circle from ~ 1,200 ft AGL to 4,000 ft AGL

Top is 4,000 ft AGL

Communication with ATC required

Radio & transponder w/ mode C required*

Solid magenta lines on Sectionals

*Although required in Class C, ABQ allows balloons there without them.


Class C - Communication within 20 miles of outer area

5 NM radius

1200 to

4000 above

airport elevation

10 NM radius

Surface to 1200

C


Class C Airspace

Solid magenta lines on Sectionals

Ceiling in MSL above a line,

Base under the line i.e. 57 = 5,700 top

29 2,900 base


Class D Airspace

At airports with operating control tower (When tower is not operating, the

airspace become Class E)

D is for Dialogue with the tower

Single circle up to ~2,500 ft AGL

Radio communications required

Dashed blue line on Sectionals


Class D - Dialogue with Tower

Operational Control Towers

Surface to 2,500 ft.


Class D Airspace

Airport with operating control tower

Dashed blue line on Sectionals

Top of airspace is in a box

= 6800 ft MSL

68


Class E Airspace

Outside of other airspace or Everywhere Else

Goes up to 17,999 ft MSL

Floor of airspace is:

the surface inside dashed magenta lines at airports

700 ft AGL inside magenta shaded circles

1,200 ft AGL outside magenta shaded circles

14,500 ft MSL outside of blue shaded lines

At assigned altitudes inside “zippered” areas


Class E Airspace

No special equipment required

No communications required

VFR flights have visibility and clearance from clouds requirements


Class E - Everywhere Else

B C

D


Class E Airspace

Floor is at the surface inside dashed magenta lines at airports

Floor is 700 ft AGL inside magenta shaded circles

Floor is 1,200 ft AGL outside magenta shaded circles


Class E Airspace – cont.

Floor starts at elevation specified inside “zippered” blue lines

Floor starts at 14,500 ft MSL outside of blue shaded area


Class G Airspace (uncontrolled)

Hugs the Ground under other airspace, is Government free

Surface to 700 ft AGL inside magenta shaded circles

1,200 ft AGL outside magenta shaded circles and inside blue shaded areas

14,500 ft MSL outside blue shaded areas

Up to specified altitude inside “zipper” areas


Class G Airspace (uncontrolled)

As uncontrolled airspace, no equipment or communication is required.

VFR flights have visibility and clearance from clouds requirements


Class G - Government Free, or by the Ground

Airports


Class G Airspace

Up to 700 ft AGL inside magenta shaded circles

Up to 1,200 ft AGL outside magenta shaded circles


Class G Airspace – cont.

Surface up to specified altitude inside “zippered” blue lines,

i.e. 11,500 MSL

Surface up to 14,500 ft MSL outside of blue shaded area


VFR Weather Minimums - Review

Visibility Cloud Clearance

Class B 3 SM Clear of Clouds

Class C 3 SM 1000 ft above / 500 ft below / 2000 ft horizontal

Class D 3 SM 1000 ft above / 500 ft below / 2000 ft horizontal

Class E <10,000 MSL

>10,000 MSL

3 SM

5 SM

1000 ft above / 500 ft below / 2000 ft horizontal

1000 ft above / 1000 ft below / 1SM horizontal

Class G Daytime, <1,200 AGL

1 SM

Clear of Clouds


Special Use Airspace

Prohibited Area

No flights permitted

Restricted Areas

Unusual hazards such as artillery, aerial gunnery, missile firings

Permission from controlling agency required to enter


Special Use Airspace – cont.

Military Operations Area (MOA)

Military training activities

Heads up

No restrictions, just best to avoid if they are active


Information on Sectionals for:

Control Tower Frequencies

Restricted Areas

MOA - Military Operational Areas



Warning Area International airspace

beyond 3 sm of coast

Same hazards as restricted areas

No flight restrictions

Alert Area High volume of pilot

training

Unusual aerial activity

No flight restrictions



Military Training Routes

Low level

IR = IFR routes

VR = VFR routes

3 numbers = some > 1,500 ft AGL

4 numbers = all <1,500 ft AGL

Low Altitude Airways

In Class E airspace

4 NM each side of centerline



TFRs (Temporary Flight Restrictions)

Areas of no fly zones

Issued by FAA

For areas when President or other high ranking government and foreign officials are present

Over large sport events

Fiesta gets one for non balloon aircraft

Always ask weather briefer for TFRs



National Parks /Wildlife Refuge /other national areas

Min. 2,000 ft AGL, recommended


Airspace Exercise

Answers are:

1. a 8. a 15. c

2. c 9. b 16. b

3. b 10. a 17. b

4. b 11. b 18. a

5. b 12. a 19. a

6. b 13. c 20. a

7. c 14. b


True North Compass Rose

N

E

S

W

NE NW

SE SW

0°

360°

45°

90°

135°

180°

225°

315°

270°


Plotting Balloon Flights

Winds are true

Winds are from

Balloon travels with the wind or

away from the direction of the wind Winds of 270°, balloon goes to 90°

Winds of 100°, balloon goes to 280°


Plotting – Identify points


Draw line between points


Extend line


Put plotter on line you drew


Use of Plotter

Put center hole on longitude line

Use correct side of plotter

i.e. 1:500,000 for Sectionals


Slide plotter until center hole is over a longitudinal line & edge is alone the line you drew


Up or down does not matter


Read true direction of flight from longitude line at circle edge


True direction of flight from longitude line = 56° or 236°

56° or 236°

depending on direction of flight


Magnetic vs. True North


Magnetic Variation Chart


Magnetic Course

A course measured on a Sectional, is a True North course.

A magnetic compass is sometime used to maintain a course while flying.

Since a magnetic compass will point to the magnetic pole, a true course must be converted to a magnetic one.


Converting True to Magnetic

With an EAST variation, subtract variation from the True heading to get Magnetic heading.

With a WEST variation, add variation to True heading to get Magnetic heading.

Only for converting TRUE to MAGNETIC.


Plotting Course Exercise

Answers are:

1. a

2. b

3. b

4. a

5. c


Measuring Distance

STATUTE MILE (SM) = 5,280 feet

NAUTICAL MILE (NM) = one minute of arc along a longitude line, or about 6,076 feet.

One NAUTICAL MILE = 1.15 STATUTE MILE

One STATUTE MILE = 0.97 NAUTICAL MILE

Statute mile

Nautical mile

Statute mile


Speed

Mile per Hour (MPH) is the distance covered in STATUTE miles in one hour.

KNOT (KPH) is the distance covered in NAUTICAL miles in one hour.

A KNOT is about 1.15% faster than a MPH.


Formulae

Speed = Distance / Time

Time = Distance / Speed

Distance = Speed x Time


Time, Rate, Distance Exercise

Answers are:

1. c

2. a

3. b

4. a


Global Positioning System (GPS)

Satellite-based radio navigational, positioning, and time transfer system

Operated by the Dept. of Defense


Global Positioning System (GPS)

Total of 24 satellites

Minimum number always seen = 5

Need 4 satellites to get three dimensional position

(Latitude, Longitude, Altitude)


Review

Longitude & Latitude

Time Zones

Charts and Topography

Airspace

Pilotage

Plotting Courses

Magnetic Variation

GPS

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