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Charlemagne Occupation: King of the Franks and Holy Roman Emperor Born: April 2, 742 in either Liege, Belgium or Aachen, Germany Died: January 28, 814 in Aachen, Germany Charlemagne, or Charles I, was one of the great leaders of the Middle Ages. He was King of the Franks and later became the Holy Roman Emperor. He lived from April 2, 742 until January 28, 814. Charlemagne means Charles the Great. Early Life Charlemagne was son of Pepin the Short, King of the Franks. (Who are the Franks? Germanic tribes living in modern-day France.) Pepin had begun the rule of the Carolingian Empire and the golden age of the Franks. When Pepin died he left the empire to his two sons, Charlemagne and Carloman. There would likely have been war between the two brothers eventually, but Carloman died leaving Charlemagne to be King. Charlemagne’s Family In his personal life, Charlemagne had multiple wives and mistresses and perhaps as many as 18 children. He was reportedly a devoted father, who encouraged his children’s education. He allegedly loved his daughters so much that he prohibited them from marrying while he was alive. Einhard, a Frankish scholar, wrote a biography of the emperor after his death. In the work, titled “Vita Karoli Magni (Life of Charles the Great),” he described Charlemagne as “broad and strong in the form of his body and exceptionally tall without, however, exceeding an appropriate measure…His appearance was impressive whether he was sitting or standing despite having a neck that was fat and too short, and a large belly.” Expanding the Empire Charlemagne expanded the Frankish Empire. He conquered much of the Saxon territories expanding into what is today's Germany. As a result, he is considered the father of the Germany Monarchy. At the request of the Pope, he also conquered the Lombards in Northern Italy and took control of the land including the city of Rome. From there he conquered Bavaria. He also took on campaigns in Spain to fight the Moors. He had some success there and a portion of Spain became part of the Frankish Empire.

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Page 1: Charlemagne - West End Middle School - Homewestend7thgrade.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/9/5/57956367/charlemagne... · Holy Roman Empire He developed a strong relationship with the Church

CharlemagneOccupation: KingoftheFranksandHolyRomanEmperor

Born:April2,742ineitherLiege,BelgiumorAachen,GermanyDied: January28,814inAachen,Germany

Charlemagne,orCharlesI,wasoneofthegreatleadersoftheMiddleAges.HewasKingoftheFranksandlaterbecametheHolyRomanEmperor.HelivedfromApril2,742untilJanuary28,814.CharlemagnemeansCharlestheGreat.

Early Life CharlemagnewassonofPepintheShort,KingoftheFranks.(WhoaretheFranks?Germanictribeslivinginmodern-dayFrance.)PepinhadbeguntheruleoftheCarolingianEmpireandthegoldenageoftheFranks.WhenPepindiedhelefttheempiretohistwosons,CharlemagneandCarloman.Therewouldlikelyhavebeenwarbetweenthetwobrotherseventually,butCarloman diedleavingCharlemagnetobeKing.

Charlemagne’s Family Inhispersonallife,Charlemagnehadmultiplewivesandmistressesandperhapsasmanyas18children.Hewasreportedlyadevotedfather,whoencouragedhischildren’seducation.Heallegedlylovedhisdaughterssomuchthatheprohibitedthemfrommarryingwhilehewasalive.

Einhard,aFrankishscholar,wroteabiographyoftheemperorafterhisdeath.Inthework,titled“VitaKaroli Magni (LifeofCharlestheGreat),”hedescribedCharlemagneas“broadandstrongintheformofhisbodyandexceptionallytallwithout,however,exceedinganappropriatemeasure…Hisappearancewasimpressivewhetherhewassittingorstandingdespitehavinganeckthatwasfatandtooshort,andalargebelly.”

Expanding the Empire CharlemagneexpandedtheFrankishEmpire.HeconqueredmuchoftheSaxonterritoriesexpandingintowhatistoday'sGermany.Asaresult,heisconsideredthefatheroftheGermanyMonarchy.AttherequestofthePope,healsoconqueredtheLombards inNorthernItalyandtookcontrolofthelandincludingthecityofRome.FromthereheconqueredBavaria.HealsotookoncampaignsinSpaintofighttheMoors.HehadsomesuccessthereandaportionofSpainbecamepartoftheFrankishEmpire.

Page 2: Charlemagne - West End Middle School - Homewestend7thgrade.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/9/5/57956367/charlemagne... · Holy Roman Empire He developed a strong relationship with the Church

Holy Roman Empire HedevelopedastrongrelationshipwiththeChurchasanallyofthepope,whogavereligiousblessingtoCharlemagne’spower.In799,PopeLeoIIIwasattackedandforcedfromRomebyinfluentialRomans.CharlemagneprotectedthepopeandescortedhimbacktoRometoreclaimhispower.In800,CharlemagnewascrownedastheHolyRomanEmperorbyPopeLeoIII.ThistitleshowedtherelationshipbetweentheChurchandpower.ItmadeCharlemagnethesuccessorofgreatRomanemperorslikeConstantine.Italsoshowedthattheblessingofthepopecouldmakealeaderintoanemperor.HegavehimthetitleCarolusAugustus.Althoughthistitlehadnoofficialpower,itgaveCharlemagnemuchrespectthroughoutEurope.

Charlemagnewasawell-respectedandpowerfulkingwhopromotedChristianity.HereformedtheChristianChurchtoclarifyChristianvalues,responsibilities,andmorals.Heopenedmissionsinnewterritoriesand,accordingtosomehistorians,heforcedmanyofthepeopleheconqueredtoconverttoChristianity.Healsoaimedtomakehispeople,especiallytheclergy,moreeducated.Heorderedthatallclergyshouldlearnhowtoread,becausehefeltthiswasessentialtohelpingthemunderstandChristianityandtheworld.CharlemagnerevivedRomancultureaswell.Hepromotedthevisualartsandarchitecture,spendingrichesfromhisconquestsoncathedralsanddecorations.CharlemagnealsoestablisheddiplomaticrelationshipswithpowerfulkingsacrossEurasia,includingtheMuslimleadersintheMiddleEast.

Government and Reforms Charlemagnewasastrongleaderandgoodadministrator.AshetookoverterritorieshewouldallowFrankishnoblestorulethem.However,hewouldalsoallowthelocalculturesandlawstoremain.Hehadthelawswrittendownandrecorded.Healsomadesurethelawswereenforced.AnumberofreformsoccurredundertheruleofCharlemagne.Heinstitutedmanyeconomicreformsincludingestablishinganewmonetarystandardcalledlivrecarolinienne,accountingprinciples,lawsonmoneylending,andgovernmentcontrolofprices.Healsopushededucationandpersonallysupportedmanyscholarsastheirpatron.HesetupschoolsinmonasteriesthroughoutEurope.Charlemagnehadanimpactinmanyotherareasaswellincludingchurch music,

cultivationandtheplantingoffruittrees,andcivilworks.OneexampleofacivilworkwasthebuildingoftheFossaCarolina,acanalbuilttoconnecttheRhineandDanuberivers.

AfterCharlemagne'sdeathin814,theempireagainfragmented,orbrokeapart,intosmallerkingdoms.Eachofthesekingdomswasdividedintosmallersections,calledfiefsorestates.AlthoughCharlemagnewasafamousandpowerfulruler,hisrulewasunusualinEuropeduringhistime.IntheEarlyMiddleAges,mostkingsdidnothavemuchcontrolovertheirkingdoms.However,manyofthepeoplewhocontrolledthefiefsgainedalargeamountofpower.

Page 3: Charlemagne - West End Middle School - Homewestend7thgrade.weebly.com/uploads/5/7/9/5/57956367/charlemagne... · Holy Roman Empire He developed a strong relationship with the Church

Fun Facts about Charlemagne HelefthisempiretohissonLouisthePious.HewascrownedHolyRomanEmpireonChristmasDay.Charlemagnewasilliterate,buthebelievedstronglyineducationandenablinghispeopletobeabletoreadandwrite.Hetookclasseslaterinlife.Hewasmarriedtofivedifferentwomenduringhislifetime.Heisnicknamedthe"FatherofEurope"asthefoundingfatherofboththeFrenchandtheGermanMonarchies.

Additional Resources• http://www.historyforkids.net/charlemagne.html

• https://kids.kiddle.co/Charlemagne

• https://kids.britannica.com/students/assembly/view/195320

• VIDEOhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VEtbdUvGW1c

Homework:

Readthefollowingexcerptsandrespondtothequestionsbelow.

“CharlestheGreat(Charlemagne)becamekingoftheFranksatage29.Hemarriedanddivorcedmanydifferentwomenandhadatleast18children.”

“Charlemagnewasanintelligentperson.Hestudiedmanysubjectsandespeciallyenjoyedastronomy.Hecouldspeakmanylanguages,includingGermanandLatin.Healsocouldreadbuthadtroublewriting.Einhard,theking’shistorianandscribe,wrotethatCharlemagne“usedtokeeptabletsunderhispillowinorderthatatleisurehourshemightaccustomhishandtoformtheletters;butashebegantheseeffortssolateinlife,theymetwithillsuccess.”

“CharlemagnewasdisappointedtolearnthattheFrankswerenotaseducatedasthepeopleofBritainandIreland.In782C.E.hearrangedforseveralfamousscholarstocometohiscapitalinAachenandcreateaschoolintheroyalpalace.Duringhisreign,schoolsopenedthroughouthisempire,andmanypeoplewereeducated.”

Respond:WhydoyouthinkCharlemagnetooksuchaninterestineducatinghissubjectswhilehewasking?Whattopesofschoolprogramsdoesourgovernmentfund?Whatwouldhappenifthegovernmentchosenottofundschoolprograms?


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