characterization of extrasolar...
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Characterization ofExtrasolar Planets
Mark MarleyNASA Ames Research Center
Characterizing Planets
•Why do it?
•How to measure M and R?
•Evolution and spectral fitting
•Atmospheric modeling and spectra
•Conclusions
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Why Characterize GiantPlanets?
Giant Planets are notInteresting
•Radial velocity & SIM will determine masses and orbits
•Giants are not interesting for astrobiology
•Giant planet science provides no heritage for terrestrialplanet characterization and is a “niche” field
•Why build specialized instruments?
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Giant Planets are Interesting
•Radial velocity & SIM will determine masses andorbits: Planets are more than masses on springs and wellcharacterized planets are fiducials for more distant objects
•Giants are not interesting for astrobiology: theyprovide a record of stellar system formation &perhaps volatile transport
•Giant planet science provides no heritage forterrestrial planet characterization: provide end to endexperience of planet characterization, heritage forbigger efforts
Characterization•Mass - Images can resolve
sin i; RV less useful forsome groundbaseddetections (longer P, youngstars)
•Radius - Scattered lightalone does not tightlyconstrain radius sincealbedo uncertain - R2a
Need independent M & R measures
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Fortney et al. (2005)
Kuchner (2005)
Fortney et al. (2007)
Planet radii yieldbulk composition
Gl 436b
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How to Constrain M & R?
Radius: IR + Visible
Mid-IR Visible
R
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M = 1 MJ; age = 1 - 3 Gyr
⇒ δL/L = 60%also will dependon composition
MJ
Constraining R
Mid-IR Visible
R
easily 30% or more
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Kuchner (2005)
Mass from Evolution
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Burrows et al. 1997
Tef
f (K)
log Age (Gyr)
3500
500
A case study: Gl 570D (T8) - Saumon et al. (2003)
Primary (Gl 570A):
d = 5.91±0.05pc(Perryman et al. 1997)
[Fe/H] = 0.00±0.12(Feltzing & Gustafsson 1998)
Age = 2−5 Gyr(Saumon et al. 2000)
Spectroscopy:Optical (Burgasser)Near IR (Leggett)M’ (Geballe)Mid IRS (Spitzer/IRS Dim Suns team)
~70% of SED has been sampled
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1 Gyr
2
5
10
0.005
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.060.07Mo
Luminosity constrains Teff & g
1) bolometric correctionfrom model spectra
2) Evolution
3) Teff(g) follows from
Teff=800 K log g=5.09 Lbol/Lo=2.99X10-6
The resulting spectrum (not normalized!)
λ (µm)
NH3
Wavelength (µm)
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Evolution Works,But....
•Assumes companion composition = primary
•Substantial wavelength coverage to measure Lbol
•Gyr age primary
•Radii of mature brown dwarfs understood
•More challenging at young ages & lower masses
•Spectra most definitive
Metallicity1/2 to 2 solar
Gravity15 - 75MJ
Teff
600 to 800 K
Wavelength (µm)
750 K, log g = 5.0, m/H = 0
R = 400Legg
ett
et a
l. (2
007)
1.0 2.4
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Wavelength (µm)1.0 2.4
Legg
ett
et a
l. (2
007)
HD 3651B
Results from good spectral coverage
Radius (arcsec)
H b
and
Con
tras
t
10-4
10-6
10-8
10-10
0.01 0.10 1.00
Courtesy B. Macintosh & J. Graham
Real Data More Like This
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2M1207 Companion
• Companion to ~M8 brown dwarf inTW Hydrae (age ~ 8 Myr)
• red J-K implies late L, Teff
~ 1250 K
• Models give M = 5 ± 2 MJup
Chauvin et al. (2004)
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Burrows et al. 1997
Tef
f (K)
log Age (Gyr)
3500
500
Believable at young ages?
Stassun et al. (2006)
M1 54 ± 5 MJ
M2 34 ± 3 MJ
R1 6.5 RJ
R2 5.0 RJ
2M0535eclipsing binary in Orion
age “few 106 years”
Burrows et al. (2001)
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Young Brown Dwarfs
•Evolutionary models passed some tests
•But...early evolution is highly sensitive toinitial conditions
•Need more observational tests
Planets remember their formationmechanism, which is likely different from low
mass companions.
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Core Accreted Planets:
•Smaller
•Cooler
•Fainter
R
Teff
L
time (years) Marley et al. (2007)
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Marley et al. (2006)
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Marley et al. (2006)
Core Accreted Giants•Model luminosity depends on treatment of
accretion shock
•Many uncertainties (geometry, energy partioning,disk) remain
•Baseline model suggests young Jupiters aremuch fainter than expected
•Discrepancy increases with mass
• See Marley et al. (2007)
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Low Mass Companions canbe Distinguished from
Planets•Formation clues are detectable
•Composition (different from primary)
•Radius
•Luminosity
Radius (arcsec)
H b
and
Con
tras
t
10-4
10-6
10-8
10-10
0.01 0.10 1.00
Courtesy B. Macintosh & J. Graham
True Jupiters
Low Mass Companions
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Characterization•Mass - spectra
•Radius - spectra
•Albedo
•Effective temperature - spectra
•Equilibrium temperature
• Internal luminosity
Characterization•Mass
•Radius
•Albedo
•Effective temperature
•Equilibrium temperature
• Internal luminosity
•Atmospheric Composition
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Owen et al. (1999)
signature of planethood?
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But...
Requiring compostioninformation turns most ofthe “Known Exoplanets”into “Known Exoplanet
Candidates”
Known Exoplanets:HD149026b
Gl 436b
Models
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Appleby & Hogan (1984)
McKay et al. (1989)
Marley & McKay (1999)
• Composition
• Chemistry
• Opacities
• Condensates
• + Dynamics
• Thermal Structure & Spectrum
Metallicity, C/O, ...
Sedimentation
High T CH4
Cloud Physics
Circulation, f
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EGP Characterization RequiresSpectra
Band depthsare crucial
Fortney & Marley
1440 K
870 K
375 K 115 K
135 K
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Jupiter Cloudless Hot Jupiter
Lodders (2005)
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Marley et al. (1999)
CH4
H2O Na, K
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Lessons from Brown Dwarfs
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Sudarsky et al. (2003); Burrows (2005)
Photochemistry
• 25x higher UV flux
•H, C, O, N, S, P chemistry
•Many pathways to hazes
• But...Liang et al. (2004) find nohazes in hot Jupiters
Jupiter at 1 AU
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Haze Production
• CH4 + UV
•C2H2 C2H6
•C6H6 C3H8
•Soot parafin
•New Paradigm? Old School
Substantially alter spectra andcolors of canonical haze-freemodels
Dynamics & ChemicalEqulibrium
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Noll et al. (1997)
Non-equilibrium CO• Convection or eddy mixing can
transport CO• Strong bond allows dynamical τ
<< chemical equilibrium τ• Excess CO observed in Jupiter
(Prinn & Barshay 1977)• Predicted (Fegley & Lodders
1996) and observed (Noll et al.1997) in Gl229B• Can CO attenuate EGP 5-µm
excess? Relevant for JWSTplanet search
CO and Vertical Mixing•Models fit observed J,H, K, L’ reasonablywell
• T dwarfs are generallyfainter at M thanexpected
• Brightness at M bandadvertised to easeEGP direct detection:“...we believe that thisband is a universaldiagnostic for browndwarfs and jovianplanets.” Marley et al.1996
Burrows et al. 1997
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H2O
CH4CO
1000 K; 1 bar
Methane arrives late at L, CO hangs in longer
Saumon et al. 2003
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Saumon et al. 2003
Leggett et al. (2007)
M4.5M3.6
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M band Less Favorable forPlanet Searches
•Up to 40% dimmer than previously expected
•Full phase space of mixing, chemistry not yetexplored
•Clouds also major impact
•L’ may be more favorable (lower background,less affected by mixing)
At Low Spectral Resolution
•Clouds trump
•Hazes are a concern
•Metallicity
•C/O ratio
•Non-equilibrium chemistry influences searchband (L’ vs. M)
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Conclusions•Modeling issues are well understood
•Mass and Radius are just starting points
•For most objects, composition should bemajor goal of characterization
•Condensates can cloud our vision
•True characterization is challenging, butrewarding