characteristics of adaptive immunity -...
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Characteristics of Adaptive Immunity
Antigenic specificity.
Diversity- can recognize > billion different antigens.
Specificity & Response increases & improves as it is being mounted.
Immunological Memory
Self vs nonself recognition.
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Specificity is achieved by Ig & the TCR.
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Functional gene composed to two or more gene segments joined together.
The diversity of the Ig & TCR is generated
by gene rearrangement.
A lymphocyte prior to development:
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B cells stimulated by antigen will have increased diversity through
somatic mutations.
Provides diversity & increases specificity of Ig!
Point mutations
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How does the immune response amplify & remain specific towards a pathogen?
Early theories:
Friedrich Breinl & Felix Haurowitz, 1930sInstructional Theory-
Paul Ehrlich, early 1900s:Selective theory: “Cells in the blood express side chain receptors that will react with infectious agents and inactivate them.” Kuby, Immunology
Macfarlane Burnet, 1950s:Further defined Ehrlichs selective theory into the clonal slection theory
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Clonal Selection Theory
Memory is achieved by the “memory cells”
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Fig. 1.15, Janeway (p. 16): The 4 basic principles of the clonal selection theory.
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How does the immune system prevent
recognition of self?
Tolerance: occurs in the primary lymphoid tissue by positive* & negative selection of lymphocytes.
Clonal DeletionAnergy
* Not shown
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Apoptosis:Protease (caspases)
are activated.
DNA degradation.
Nuclear membrane integrity compromised.
Organelle/cell shrinking.
Blebbing
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Kuby, Immunology
Apoptotic lymphocyteHealthy lymphocyte
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How do B cells & T cells recognize & bind to antigen?
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bacterium
B cell
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APC
Antigen must be presented
to T-cells.
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Antigen Presentation to T-cells
MHC class I Expressed on all nucleated cells.
MHC class IIExpressed on Professional Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs):
MφDCB cells
Other cells types can be induced to express MHC II.
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Antigen must be processed to be displayed on MHC.
alpha betaalpha
B-2 microglobulin
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The Endogenous Pathway:MHC class IEndogenous Ag:
derived from pathogens that multiply intracellularly.
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Exogenous Pathway
MHC class IIExogenous antigen:
derived from pathogens that multiply outside of host cells or inside the phagolysosome.